羊草叶片气体交换参数对温度和土壤水分的响应

 采用生长箱控制的方法研究了羊草(Leymus chinensis)幼苗叶片光合参数对5个温度和5个水分梯度的响应和适应。结果表明：轻度、中度土壤干旱并没有限制羊草叶片的生长,对气体交换参数亦无显著影响,反映了羊草幼苗对土壤水分胁迫的较高耐性。叶片生物量以26 ℃时最大,其它依次为23 ℃、20 ℃、29 ℃和32 ℃。温度升高使气孔导度和蒸腾速率增加, 却使光合速率和水分利用效率降低。水分和温度对叶片生物量、光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率存在显著的交互作用,表明高温加强了干旱对叶片生长和气体交换的影响, 降低了羊草对土壤干旱的适应能力。高温和干旱的交互作用将显著减少我国半干旱地区草原的羊草生产力。     

CO2浓度、氮和水分对春小麦光合、蒸散及水分利用效率的影响

研究了不同土壤氮和土壤水分条件下,大气CO2浓度升高对春小麦光合作用、气孔导度、蒸散和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高,干旱处理的春小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）叶片光合作用速率幅度增加大于湿润处理,随着氮肥用量增加光合速率相应增加,而不施氮脂增加有限;干旱处理气孔导度幅度减少大于湿润处理,不施氮肥的大于氮肥充足的CO2浓度升高,干旱处理的蒸散量减少比湿润处理多,不施氮肥的蒸散量减少较为明显;但干旱处理单叶WUE增加大于湿润处理;随着氮肥用量增加,冠层WUE提高,而不施氮肥的冠层WUE最低。因而CO2浓度升高、光合速率增加和蒸散量减少会减缓干旱的不利影响,增强作物对干旱胁迫的抵御能力。     

CO2浓度、氮和水分对春小麦光合、蒸散及水分利用效率的影响

研究了不同土壤氮和土壤水分条件下,大气CO₂浓度升高对春小麦光合作用、气孔导度、蒸散和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,CO₂浓度升高,干旱处理的春小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)叶片光合作用速率幅度增加大于湿润处理,随着氮肥用量增加光合速率相应增加,而不施氮肥增加有限;干旱处理气孔导度幅度减少大于湿润处理,不施氮肥的大于氮肥充足的.CO₂浓度升高,干旱处理的蒸散量减少比湿润处理多,不施氮肥的蒸散量减少较为明显;但干旱处理单叶WUE增加大于湿润处理;随着氮肥用量增加,冠层WUE提高,而不施氮肥的冠层WUE最低.因而CO₂浓度升高、光合速率增加和蒸散量减少会减缓干旱的不利影响,增强作物对干旱胁迫的抵御能力.     

中国潜在植被生产力的分布与模拟

利用中国植被净第一性生产力ＮＰＰ（ｎｅｔｐｒｉｍａｒｙｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ）的散点测量数据及中国一般气象站气候记录资料,并根据附近气象站数据进行地理位置相关插值,采用Ｐｅｎｍａｎ方法计算潜在蒸散,用Ｔｈｏｒｎｔｈｗａｉｔｅ的土壤水分处理方法,计算了ＮＰＰ测定位点的水分平衡。结果表明ＮＰＰ与生长季实际蒸散、总蒸散、潜在蒸散显著相关,与干燥度成负相关。从生长季的实际蒸散、干燥度指标两参数出发,建立了ＷＢＩＮＰＰ模型：ＮＰＰ＝２．５５·ＧＡＥ·ｅ－４．２０９２２－１．９６６５ＡＩ。该模型考虑了植被生产力形成机制,与ＮＰＰ实测值相关性高达０．８４２,高于国际上著名ＮＰＰ模型Ｍｉａｍｉ模型、ＴｈｏｒｎｔｈｗａｉｔｅＭｅｍｏｒｉａｌ模型和Ｃｈｉｋｕｇｏ模型（相关系数为０．６５５～０．７３２）。最后利用ＥＩＳ软件对全国潜在ＮＰＰ分布格局进行了分析,从东南到西北逐渐减少,最大值出现在海南和台湾,大于２２ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,长江中下游地区１２～１６ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,华北平原为８～１２ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,东北地区为４～８ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１;草原地区为２ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１左右,干旱荒漠小于２ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１。     

松嫩平原活动积温变化及其对作物产量的影响

选取松嫩平原长春、哈尔滨、白城、齐齐哈尔、海伦和嫩江6个气象台站1951—2017年逐日气温资料,统计各地区历年≥10℃积温,构建各气象台站的年活动积温时间序列,分析其变化特征,并利用自回归综合移动平均模型(ARIMA模型)预测各气象台站未来10年的活动积温变化,同时利用国家统计局网站提供的2012—2016年黑河市、绥化市、哈尔滨市、四平市和沈阳市的大豆、玉米和水稻的产量数据,建立活动积温与作物产量的回归关系。结果表明:近67年松嫩平原6个气象台站的活动积温年际间波动较大,1981—2010年是积温升高的主要年份,1993年以来,活动积温增加较显著,2001—2017年的平均活动积温较1951—2000年增加243.6～420.3℃·d;松嫩平原北部活动积温上升幅度大于南部;构建ARIMA模型预测2018—2027年松嫩平原的活动积温较2001—2017年有所升高,6个气象台站间升高幅度在25.7～96.9℃·d;活动积温预测值均在置信区间内;活动积温与作物产量呈二次曲线变化,活动积温在3300℃·d以下时,玉米产量随活动积温增加而增加,活动积温在3800℃·d以下时,大豆和水稻产量随活动积温增加而增加。     

春季环境因子对密点麻蜥活动规律的影响

密点麻蜥是变温动物,其活动规律深受环境因子的影响。本文探讨了春季环境因子对密点麻蜥活动规律的影响：４月份,当气温为１８８～２１４℃,栖息地地温为３１５～３６４℃,近地温为２６９～２９８℃,光照度为３３３×１０３～５８２×１０３勒克司时,最适合它们的活动。５月份,最适合它们活动的环境条件是：气温２２～２８８℃、栖息地地温３３９～３６８℃,近地温为３０６～３３℃,光照度为２０９×１０３～５６７×１０３勒克司。由于各项因子差异显著,其活动频率在４月份单峰型,在５月份为双峰型。     

改进Biome-BGC模型模拟哈佛森林地区水、碳通量

Biome-BGC模型通过耦合植被、土壤与大气间的水分与CO2交换过程,实现植被生产力的模拟,但土壤水平衡模块的不够完善,导致在长时间无降水情况下植被生产力模拟存在较大误差.针对这一问题,本文对Biome-BGC模型中土壤水分胁迫气孔导度方程、蒸散计算公式及土壤水分流失过程等3方面进行了改进和调整,利用改进的Biome-BGC模型模拟美国哈佛森林地区蒸散、植被生产力,并与地面通量观测值进行了比较.结果表明,改进后模拟精度有明显的提高,蒸散、植被生态系统生产力(NEE)与观测值间的决定系数分别由0.483和0.658提高到0.617和O.813,蒸散逐年均方根误差平均下降了48.7％,NEE逐年误差平方和平均下降了39.8％.改进后的模型模拟结果更接近观测值.     

呼伦贝尔草甸草原不同土壤水分梯度下羊草的光合特性

为探索气候变化引起的干旱可能对呼伦贝尔草甸草原生产力造成的影响,利用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对呼伦贝尔草原4个土壤水分梯度下羊草的光合生理指标进行测定.结果表明:羊草叶片净光合速率的日变化在土壤质量含水量为(40±1)%、(20±1)%及(10±1)%的条件下呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在8:00和16:00,有明显的光合午休现象,在干旱胁迫(土壤质量含水量为(5±1)%)条件下变化趋势平缓,曲线双峰特征不明显,净光合速率大幅下降;叶片蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化趋势均呈双峰曲线;不同土壤水分梯度下羊草叶片胞间CO2浓度的日变化与净光合速率日变化趋势相反.通过光响应的研究表明,土壤水分胁迫使最大净光合速率、光饱和点、表观量子效率以及水分利用效率降低,而光补偿点升高.干旱胁迫降低了呼伦贝尔草甸草原植被的光合生产能力,从而可能导致草地生产力大幅下降.     

乌鲁木齐河山区树木年轮一积温关系及≥5．7℃积温的重建

为了研究云杉树木年轮生长与环境温度的关系,计算出天山乌鲁木齐河山区大西沟气象站9种类型的369个积温因子序列和9个差值树轮年表的27个年轮指数序列,用逐步回归方法建立积温与年轮指数序列间的关系。结果表明大西沟气象站≥5．7℃积温与树木生长的关系最为密切。对≥5．7℃的积温进行对数变换,使用提取主分量在回归方法建立其与年轮场的4个主分量间的转换函数,该转换函数可解释1962～1992年大西沟气象站≥5．7℃积温方差的55％。交叉检验表明该转换函数是稳定的。由此重建出了1796～1991年≥5．7℃积温长序列。≥5．7℃积温长序列完整地经历了7个偏多及7个偏少阶段,存在着3．32、34、3．84、9、4．36及6．53a的变化准周期。≥5．7℃积温变化具有两个基本特征：一是偏冷年出现的频率大于偏暖年,二是暖年出现的频率多于冷年。两个最暖年出现在1917年及1944年,其≥5．7℃积温分别为415．6C和386．0℃,两个最冷年出现在1803年及1961年,≥5．7℃积温分别是26．5℃和26．9℃。最显著的≥5．7℃积温减少趋势出现在1806～1852年,减少率为15．2℃／10a,显著水平为0．0003。最显著的≥5．7℃积温增加趋势出现在1958～1987,积温增多率是16．6℃／10a,显著水平达到0．003。Mann—Kendall突变检测指出≥5．7℃积温在1835年发生由暖向冷的突变。≥5．7℃积温重建序列对天山山区积温变化的代表性以中段为最佳。     

乌鲁木齐河山区树木年轮-积温关系及≥5.7℃积温的重建

为了研究云杉树木年轮生长与环境温度的关系,计算出天山乌鲁木齐河山区大西沟气象站9种类型的36 9个积温因子序列和9个差值树轮年表的2 7个年轮指数序列,用逐步回归方法建立积温与年轮指数序列间的关系。结果表明大西沟气象站≥5 .7℃积温与树木生长的关系最为密切。对≥5 .7℃的积温进行对数变换,使用提取主分量在回归方法建立其与年轮场的4个主分量间的转换函数,该转换函数可解释196 2～1992年大西沟气象站≥5 .7℃积温方差的5 5 %。交叉检验表明该转换函数是稳定的。由此重建出了1796～1991年≥5 .7℃积温长序列。≥5 .7℃积温长序列完整地经历了7个偏多及7个偏少阶段,存在着3.32、34、3.84、9、4 .36及6 .5 3a的变化准周期。≥5 .7℃积温变化具有两个基本特征:一是偏冷年出现的频率大于偏暖年,二是暖年出现的频率多于冷年。两个最暖年出现在1917年及194 4年,其≥5 .7℃积温分别为4 15 .6℃和386 .0℃,两个最冷年出现在180 3年及196 1年,≥5 .7℃积温分别是2 6 .5℃和2 6 .9℃。最显著的≥5 .7℃积温减少趋势出现在180 6～185 2年,减少率为15 .2℃/10 a,显著水平为0 .0 0 0 3。最显著的≥5 .7℃积温增加趋势出现在195 8～1987,积温增多率是16 .6℃/10 a,显著水平达到0 .0 0 3。Mann- Kendall突变检测     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan