蚤数量与宿主数量和气象因子的关系

根据内蒙古自治区鄂托克旗和鄂托克前旗1975一1989年长爪沙鼠密度、蚤指数监测数据和本地区气象站的,项气象因子资料,分别求出了蚤指数与鼠密度的直线和曲线的回归模型,与气象因子的最优回因子集模型和标准回归模型,给出了鼠蚤因子和气象因子间的典型棺关分析。结论：宿主数量变化导致蚤指数变化;气象因子综合影响蚤指数;相对湿度和地表温度是影响蚤数量变动的重要因子;气象因于对蚤指数的影响大于对鼠密度的影响。     

蚤数量与宿生数量和气象因子的关系

根据内蒙古自治区鄂托克旗和鄂托克前旗１９７５—１９８９年长爪沙鼠密度、蚤指数监测数据和本地区气象站的７项气象因子资料,分别求出了蚤指数与鼠密度的直线和曲线的回归模型,与气象因子的最优回归子集模型和标准回归模型,给出了鼠蚤因子和气象因子间的典型相关分析。结论：宿主数量变化导致蚤指数变化;气象因子综合影响蚤指数湘对湿度和地表温度是影响蚤数量变动的重要因子;气象因子对蚤指数的影响大于对鼠密度的影响。     

黄鼠体蚤和宿主密度的年间动态关系

根据内蒙古自治区正镶白旗乌宁巴图苏木1981-1993年达乌尔黄鼠Citellus dauricus密度和体蚤指数监测资料进行分析,得到如下结果。共检体蚤10种,其中方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种Citelloilus tesquorum mongoJicus(72.38%)和光亮额蚤Fronto Psylla luculenta(18.03%)分别为优势和次优势蚤种,阿巴盖新蚤Neopsylla abagaitui、二齿新蚤Neopsylla bidentatifor-mis为常见种,余为少见种。宿主密度与蚤指数均呈指数增长,鼠密度与蚤指数的关系是极为显著的(P<0.0001),关系为鼠密度＝exp(-0.6206十0.1989t),蚤指数＝1.6109+0.8997(鼠密度)。方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种比例的高低显著地影响体蚤的多样性和均匀性.宿主 密度与染蚤率呈正相关关系(P相似文献   

喜马拉雅山南坡小型兽类体外寄生蚤类群落的研究

１９９２－０５－０８、１９９３－０６－０７和１９９４－０６－０７分别在喜马拉雅山南坡,西藏亚东县、错那县和隆子县捕获小型兽类,采集蚤类标本,共获蚤１８０５只,经鉴定它们隶属于４科２２属４６种。以该地区小型兽类作为研究对象,计算其染蚤指数和蚤类群落相似性指数,并对宿主动物体外寄生蚤群落进行主成分分析。结果表明：宿主动物的生境对其体外寄生蚤群落相似性起决定作用,而宿主动物的分类地位亦有一定的影响。     

喜马拉雅山南坡小型兽类体外寄生在群落的研究

１９９２－０５－０８、１９９３－０６－０７和１９９４－０６－０７分别在喜马拉雅山南坡,西藏亚东县、错那县和隆子县捕获小型兽类,采集蚤类标本,共获蚤１８０５只;经鉴定它们隶属于４科２２属４６种。以该地区小型兽关作为研究对象,计算其染蚤指数和蚤类群落相似性指标,并对宿主动物体外寄生蚤群落进行主成分分析。结果表明：宿主动物的生境对其体外寄生蚤群落相似起决定作用,而宿主动物的分类地位亦有一定的影响。     

释放松毛虫赤眼蜂数量与防治效果的关系

释放使用松毛虫赤眼蜂(Trichogramma dendrolimi)不同数量,分别在龙江县错海林场、桦川县横头山林场、鸡西市柳毛林场进行2.5万头/亩、3万头/亩和3.5万头/亩防治落叶松毛虫的试验,释放后对部分释放地进行了跟踪调查,统计寄生率和虫口密度;结果表明,防治寄生率分别为:42.73%,39.25%,44.20%;根据分析,在赤眼蜂释放数量相同的条件下,其寄生率随每株卵量增加而下降,但下降幅度不大。其数据表明,对于株卵量较大的落叶松人工林可采取连续释放赤眼蜂控制松毛虫的虫口密度。由于松毛虫种群密度逐渐被压低,尽管每年释放同样的蜂量,其最高寄生率可提高9.5%以上。该结果可为今后针对不同虫口密度确定赤眼蜂的释放数量提供依据。     

吸虱昆虫群落数量分类及其与小兽宿主的协同进化关系

以云南省16种主要小兽宿主体表吸虱群落为分类单元,以基于共54个群落特征变量的各群落优势虱种的相对优势度D_r、染虱率R_L、虱指数I_L、总染虱率R_LT和总虱指数I_LT及各群落的结构参数（平均丰富度 、平均均匀度 、平均多样性指数 及平均优势度指数 ）来探讨云南省吸虱昆虫与其宿主协同进化的关系。运用SPSS12.0统计软件中的系统聚类分析,对16种主要小兽宿主体表吸虱群落进行数量分析。结果将16种小兽宿主体表吸虱群落分为8个类群。隶属同一个属的小兽,其体表吸虱群落相似程度高,在系统聚类分析中聚为一类; 大多数吸虱群落相似性大小与相应小兽宿主在动物分类上的近缘性高低呈高度一致。结果提示： 吸虱昆虫与其所寄生的小兽宿主存在同步进化的关系,特定的小兽宿主,其体表吸虱群落的构成比较稳定,宿主动物的近缘关系越近,其体表吸虱群落的相似性越高,这是吸虱昆虫与小兽宿主协同进化的一个重要生态学证据。     

旅大地区家鼠蚤类的调查研究

本文对1956年3月至1958年2月旅顺和大连家鼠的蚤种、染蚤率、平均蚤数和鼠蚤的性比、指数及其与季节的关系进行了探讨。提出该地区寄生家鼠的蚤种包括不等单蚤、印鼠客蚤、具带病蚤和缓慢细蚤。在褐家鼠上不等单蚤是优势蚤种;印鼠客蚤居于次位;缓慢细蚤为数最少;具带病蚤只在大连市区和近郊发现,而不见于作为军港的旅顺地区;缓慢细蚤仅偶见于大连市区,而不见于近郊,绝大多数系采自旅顺;不同性别的褐家鼠,在染蚤率及平均蚤数上的差异在统计学上无显著意义。小家鼠染蚤极为罕见,上述蚤种以缓慢细蚤为主。鼠蚤性比,除缓慢细蚤外,均以雌性为多;不等单蚤在夏季时两性数量趋于相等。各种鼠蚤的指数均以冬季的为最低,春季时明显增高;作为优势蚤种的不等单蚤,春季指数最高,以后渐趋下降。     

黄鼠洞干蚤和宿主密度的年间动态关系

根据内蒙古自治区正镶白旗乌宁巴图苏木1981～1993年达乌尔黄鼠Citellus dauriCUS密度和洞干蚤指数监测资料进行分析,得到如下结果。共检洞干蚤9种,其中方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种Citellophilus tesquorum mongolicus (66.0%)为优势蚤种,光亮额蚤Frontopsylla lu-culenta(23.6%)为次优势蚤种,阿巴盖新蚤Neopsylla abagaitui和二齿新蚤N。Bidentatifor-mis为常见种,余为少见种。鼠密度与洞干蚤指数关系显著(PPP<0.05),关系为洞干蚤指数=0.2709+0.0504体蚤指数。洞干蚤和巢蚤指数的关系是显著的(P<0.07),关系为洞干蚤指数＝0.27652+0.00348巢蚤指数。三种蚤指数之间有如下近似 关系：巢蚤指数：体蚤指数：洞干蚤指数：100：10：1。     

云南省34个县市黄胸鼠和褐家鼠体表寄生蚤调查

目的调查云南省黄胸鼠Rattus flavipectus和褐家鼠R.norvegicus体表寄生蚤的感染情况,为云南省鼠疫防控提供科学依据。方法 2012年7月—2013年11月,在云南省34个县市随机选取采样点,笼捕法采集黄胸鼠和褐家鼠,收集并鉴定体表寄生蚤,统计宿主和蚤类物种组成、染蚤率、蚤指数,并根据蚤种组成进行分层聚类。结果采集鼠类842只,其中黄胸鼠714只、褐家鼠128只;共检获体表寄生蚤3227匹,涵盖10个已知蚤种,其中,印鼠客蚤Xenopsylla cheopis和缓慢细蚤Leptopsylla segnis为优势物种。黄胸鼠和褐家鼠的染蚤率分别为48.88%和53.91%,2种鼠的总体蚤指数为3.83匹/只,其中有16个县市的印鼠客蚤指数>1。聚类分析将所有样点聚成3大支系:A支系印鼠客蚤占优势,主要分布于云南省南部地区;B支系优势种不明显或具有其他蚤种,分布于云南省中部地区;C支系缓慢细蚤占优势,分布于云南省北部地区。结论印鼠客蚤和缓慢细蚤是云南省主要蚤种,在接近半数地区印鼠客蚤指数>1,防疫形势非常严峻。云南省黄胸鼠和褐家鼠体表蚤区系组成具有一定的地带性,其中南部地区为印鼠客蚤优势分布区,可视为媒介监测和防控的重点区域。     

SPATIAL PATTERN ANALYSIS OF XENOPSYLLA CHEOPIS (SIPHONAPTERA:PULICIDAE) ON ITS DOMINANT RAT HOST,RATTUS FLAVIPECTUS IN THE FOCI OF HUMAN PLAGUE IN YUNNAN,CHINA*

Abstract Xenopsylla chewpis is the main transmitting vector of plague in the foci of human plague in Yunnan China, where its dominant rat host is Rattus flavipectus Spatial distribution pattern of X. cheopis among the individuals of R fluvipectus is studied. Iwao's linear regression method and a significance test of random deviation for the method were used. in the light of Iwao's method, a regression model was established. The model is M =α+βM = 4.0064 + 2.0153M where both α and β are considerably higher than 0 and 1 respectively, the border values for determining spatial pattern of populations. The calculated F value is 4, 5892 (P<0.05) in the significance test of random deviation. The spatial pattern of X. cheopis among the individuals of its dominant host R flavipectus is of an aggregate distribution. The aggregated distribution pattern means that the flea individuals do not evenly distribute on rat host but gather as different size groups on rat individuals. This uneven distribution further suggests that the transmitting opportunity is not always the same even if the frequency of contacting the same species of infected rat, R flavipectus is the same.     

中国云南人间鼠疫流行区蚤类宿主特异性及宿主选择(英文)

应用生态学中的生态位宽度及生态位重叠研究方法,对中国云南人间鼠疫流行区１１种蚤的宿主特异性及宿主选择进行了研究。宿主特异性用Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ生态位宽度进行测定。宿主选择用夹角余弦生态位重叠进行测定。结果表明：长形病蚤普洱亚种及印鼠客蚤的生态位宽度最窄、宿主特异性最高,近端远棒蚤二刺亚种及斯氏新蚤滇川亚种的生态位最宽、宿主特异性最低。印鼠客蚤（云南人间鼠疫流行区的主要鼠疫媒介）的优势宿主是黄胸鼠。印鼠客蚤较高的宿主特异性意味着该蚤可能主要在其优势宿主的不同个体间保存或传播鼠疫病原体。短突栉眼蚤及端凹栉眼蚤在宿主选择上较接近,而其它蚤种在宿主选择上差异较大。     

长爪沙鼠寄生蚤指数和气象因子关系的研究

根据内蒙古自治区土默特平原1983～1985年长爪沙鼠 Meriones unguiculatus巢蚤、体蚤、洞干蚤指数和6项气象资料进行分析,得到如下结果。① 共获蚤11种, 其中秃病蚤蒙冀亚种Nosopsyllus laeviceps kuzenkovi(67.50%)是优势种, 二齿新蚤Neopsylla bidentatiformis(22.65%)为次优势种。② 3种蚤指数的均值差异显著(P<0.0001)。③ 体蚤与洞干蚤指数相关显著(P<0.05), 模型为(洞干蚤指数)=0.0049+0.0248(体蚤指数), 巢蚤与体蚤、巢蚤与洞干蚤指数的相关不显著(P>0.25)。④ 沙鼠密度与3种蚤指数的相关均不显著(P>0.10)。⑤ 在巢蚤中,月温度是影响巢秃病蚤唯一的气象因子(P<0.05)。⑥ 分别求出鼠体的秃病蚤和同形客蚤指名亚种Xenopsylla conformis conformis与气象因子的最优回归子集(P<0.003、P<0.05), 洞干的秃病蚤和二齿新蚤与气象因子的最优回归子集(P<0.0007、P<0.01), 月蒸发量是影响秃病蚤的最重要因子。⑦ 春季与冬季、夏季与冬季巢蚤指数差异显著(P<0.05); 春季与冬季、夏季与冬季体蚤指数差异显著(P<0.05); 春季与冬季、夏季与秋季、夏季与冬季洞干蚤指数差异显著(P<0.05)。     

Elevational gradients in constitutive and induced oak defences based on individual traits and their correlated expression patterns

Elevational gradients are useful ecological settings for revealing the biotic and abiotic drivers of plant trait variation and plant–insect interactions. However, most work focusing on plant defences has looked at individual traits and few studies have assessed multiple traits simultaneously, their correlated expression patterns, and abiotic factors associated with such patterns across elevations. To address this knowledge gap, we studied elevational variation in direct (phenolic compounds) and indirect (volatile organic compounds) constitutive defences and their inducibility after feeding by a specialist beetle Altica quercetorum in saplings of 18 wild populations of Quercus pyrenaica. We tested for: 1) clines in each defensive trait individually, 2) their patterns of correlated expression and 3) associations between any such clines and climatic factors. We found that constitutive direct defences (lignins and hydrolysable tannins) decreased with increasing elevation. We observed no elevational gradient for constitutive indirect defences (volatile organic compounds) or the inducibility of direct or indirect defensive traits when looking at groups of compounds. However, at individual tree-level, increased induction of two monoterpenes (α-fenchene and camphene) at higher elevation was shown. Furthermore, we show a significant pattern of co-expression of constitutive and induced phenolics across populations, which weakened with increasing elevation. Finally, we found no evidence that climatic factors were associated with either individual or correlated trait expression patterns across elevations. Overall, these findings call for moving beyond elevational clines in individual plant defences, and argue that assessing elevational shifts in trait correlated expression patterns and their underlying mechanisms can increase our understanding of plant defence evolution and plant–herbivore interactions along environmental gradients.     

HOST-SPECIFICITY AND HOST-SELECTION OF FLEAS IN FOCI OF HUMAN PLAGUE IN YUNNAN CHINA*

Abstract The host-specificity and the host-selection of 11 species of fleas collected from 47 species of small mammals in foci of human plague in Yunnan, China, were studied by using methods in the evaluation of ecological niche breadth and overlap. Levins' niche breadth was used for the host-specificity. while clip angle niche overlap and a fuzzy clustering analysis were used for host-selection. Of the 11 species of fleas, the host-specificity of Nosopsyllus elongatus puerensis and Xenopsylla cheopis are the highest (narrow niche breadth), and those of Aviostivalis klossi bispiniformis and Neopsylla stevensi sichuanyunnana the lowest (wide niche breadth). Of 11 species of fleas, the dominant host of X. cheopis (a very high effective vector of plague in the foci of human plague in Yunnan Province. China) is Rattw flavipectus (the main animal host and infectious source of plague in the foci). A high host-specificity of X. cheopis implies that X. cheopis mainly maintains or transmits the pathogen of plague among the individuals of its dominant species of host, R. flavipectus. The result of niche overlap analysis reveals that Ctenophthalrnus In-evipre jiciens and Ctenophthaltnus parcus have a similar host-selection while other species of fleas are quite different in their host selection.     

Transmission Efficiency of Two Flea Species (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oropsylla tuberculata cynomuris</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oropsylla hirsuta</Emphasis>) Involved in Plague Epizootics among Prairie Dogs

Plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, is an exotic disease in North America circulating predominantly in wild populations of rodents and their fleas. Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) are highly susceptible to infection, often experiencing mortality of nearly all individuals in a town as a result of plague. The fleas of black-tailed prairie dogs are Oropsylla tuberculata cynomuris and Oropsylla hirsuta. We tested the efficiency of O. tuberculata cynomuris to transmit Y. pestis daily from 24 to 96 h postinfection and compared it to previously collected data for O. hirsuta. We found that O. tuberculata cynomuris has over threefold greater transmission efficiency (0.18 infected fleas transmit Y. pestis at 24 h postinfection) than O. hirsuta (0.05 fleas transmit). Using a simple model of flea-borne transmission, we combine these laboratory measurements with field data on monthly flea loads to compare the seasonal vectorial capacity of these two flea species. Coinciding with seasonal patterns of flea abundance, we find a peak in potential for flea-borne transmission in March, during high O. tuberculata cynomuris abundance, and in September–October when O. hirsuta is common. Our findings may be useful in determining the timing of insecticidal dusting to slow plague transmission in black-tailed prairie dogs.     

Temporal and host-related variation in frequencies of genes that enable Phyllotreta nemorum to utilize a novel host plant, Barbarea vulgaris

The flea beetle, Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an intermediate specialist feeding on a small number of plants within the family Brassicaceae. The most commonly used host plant is Sinapis arvensis L., whereas the species is found more rarely on Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., Barbarea vulgaris R.Br., and cultivated radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The interaction between flea beetles and Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata (Opiz.) Simkovics seems to offer a good opportunity for experimental studies of coevolution. The plant is polymorphic, as it contains one type (the P‐type) that is susceptible to all flea beetle genotypes, and another type (the G‐type) that is resistant to some genotypes. At the same time, the flea beetle is also polymorphic, as some genotypes can utilize the G‐type whereas others cannot. The ability to utilize the G‐type of B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata is controlled by major dominant genes (R‐genes). The present investigation measured the frequencies of flea beetles with R‐genes in populations living on different host plants in 2 years (1999 and 2003). Frequencies of beetles with R‐genes were high in populations living on the G‐type of B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata in both years. Frequencies of beetles with R‐genes were lower in populations living on other host plants, and declining frequencies were observed in five out of six populations living on S. arvensis. Selection in favour of R‐genes in populations living on B. vulgaris is the most likely mechanism to account for the observed differences in the relative abundance of R‐genes in flea beetle populations utilizing different host plants. A geographic mosaic with differential levels of interactions between flea beetles and their host plants was demonstrated.     

中国云南部分人间鼠疫流行区蚤类区系调查(英文)

归纳了中国云南 13个人间鼠疫流行区的调查资料 ,对调查疫区的蚤类区系进行了研究。总计捕获12 0 77只小兽 ,隶属啮齿目、食虫目及攀目 3个目中的 9科、2 9属、4 7种。从小兽体表共采获 9369只蚤 ,经分类鉴定 ,隶属 5科、18属、33种。 33种蚤及 4 7种小兽宿主均按其分类阶元详细列于文末。结果表明 ,山区蚤及小兽宿主的种数明显多于坝区。坝区农耕地的优势种相对简单 ,优势种地位突出 ,黄胸鼠及印鼠客蚤分别是最重要的宿主及蚤种 (构成比分别为 83 2 7%和 75 32 % )。山区的优势种相对较复杂 ,优势种的种类较多 ,但其构成比较低 ( 10 96%～ 4 7 95% )。黄胸鼠及绒鼠为山区地带的两种优势宿主 ,缓慢细蚤、端凹栉眼蚤、印鼠客蚤、偏远古蚤及短突栉眼蚤为山区地带的 5种优势蚤种。多数蚤种可寄生两种以上的小兽宿主 ,但其所寄生的主要宿主并不多。结果提示 ,作为疫区主要媒介的印鼠客蚤及其所对应的主要寄生宿主 (黄胸鼠 )在坝区突出的优势种地位 ,似可解释近年疫区的鼠疫病人主要出现在坝区的原因