表面活性剂TritonX－100对菌紫质蛋白紫外荧光性质的影响

用荧光光谱方法研究了ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００（以下缩写为ＴＸ－１００）对菌紫质蛋白（Ｂａｃｔｅｒｉｏｒｈｏｄｏｐｓｉｎ,ＢＲ）及视黄醛生色团漂白后的紫膜（Ｂａｔｅｒｉｏｐｓｉｎ,ＢＯ）紫外荧光性质的影响．结果表明：表面活性剂ＴＸ－１００使ＢＲ中色氨酸在３２６ｎｍ处的荧光发射强度增加。随着ＴＸ－１００对ＢＲ的增溶,改变了生色团的构象环境,破坏了ＢＲ中色氨酸与生色团之间的能量转移。增溶后的ＢＲ中,Ｔｒｐ趋向于更疏水性的环境。     

温度和pH对嗜盐菌紫膜吸收和圆二色谱的作用

嗜盐菌紫膜可见光区域的圓二色谱由二部分重迭组成,一部分是较宽的正带,它来自细菌视紫红质分子内视黄醛和菌蛋白之间相互作用,另一部分是由对称的正带、负带组成的激子带,它来自膜内相邻细菌视紫红质分子生色团的相互作用。因此,紫膜的圓二色谱可反映膜上蛋白的晶体结构和构象变化,被认为是研究嗜盐菌紫膜结构变化的一种天然探针。本文用圆二色谱和吸收谱观察了温度和pH对光适应紫膜结构的影响。     

水份含量对紫膜薄层某些光学性质的影响

本文研究在乾燥紫膜薄层中不同水合程度对光循环中间体M衰减速率,对园二色谱(CD)和蛋白紫外荧光光谱的影响.在相对湿度小于70%时,M衰减速率相对稳定,不随湿度改变而变化;但当湿度大于70%时,则衰减速率急剧上升.从可见区的CD光谱中,也发现了在相对湿度大于70%后,旋转强度急剧上升.蛋白紫外荧光光谱随湿度增加未发现有明显变化.实验结果说明一定水份的含量对紫膜完成质子泵功能是必不可少的,它能改变色素团的微环境,从而改变色素团和蛋白间的相互作用.     

血卟啉衍生物（HPD）对紫膜菌紫质（bR）的光敏化作用

研究了血卟啉衍生物（ＨＰＤ）对嗜盐菌紫膜上蛋白质菌紫质（ｂＲ）的光敏化作用,结果表明,ＨＰＤ与紫膜结合并不影响ｂＲ的光学性质及活性;但经光照射、ＨＰＤ光敏反应后,ｂＲ丧失光循环活性。进一步的探测显示ｂＲ中的视黄醛色素团及色氨酸均在光敏反应中受损,反映了除视黄醛色素团有可能直接受损外,深埋于折叠蛋白内部的部分色氨酸残基。亦可能在ＨＰＤ光敏化过程中被损伤。实验证明,单线态氧（＾１Ｏ２）的作用是ＨＰＤ光     

菌紫质的结构和功能研究进展

紫膜中具有质子泵功能的菌紫质(bR)是整合膜蛋白,它是7个α螺旋跨膜蛋白家族的基本原型.目前,具有光驱动质子泵的bR是最典型的高效离子转运蛋白之一.它很可能成为其载体转运机制在分子甚至原子水平上被阐明的第一个膜蛋白.概述了近年来对菌紫质结构,光循环和质子泵机理研究的进展.     

竹红菌甲素对红细胞膜的光损伤

光敏化剂竹红菌甲素在可见光区有三个吸收峰,其波长为475nm、545nm和585nm。在有竹红菌甲素存在时,红细胞膜样品用250W碘钨灯照射,其光强度为48尔格/平方毫米·秒。辐照后观察到以下一些效应:1)膜蛋白SH基含量减少。2)膜蛋白敏感的氨基酸残基,如组氨酸、半胱氨酸和色氨酸含量降低。3)膜蛋白发生光??聚集作用。4)多聚不饱和类脂发生过氧化作用。竹红菌甲素光照不同时间后和竹红菌甲素光照后放置一段时间,再加到红细胞膜中,均能观察到膜蛋白SH基含量降低。提示竹红菌甲素的光氧化产物是稳定的,能引起红细胞膜的光损伤。     

用共振喇曼光谱研究血卟啉衍生笺对紫膜菌紫质的光敏作用

本文用准共振喇曼光谱作为研究光动力损伤过程的探讨，从分子水平上研究了光敏剂血卟啉衍生物与紫膜菌紫质的作用。在观察到损伤现象的基础上对损伤部位进行了定位。初步确定生色团视黄醛中Ｃ－Ｃ和Ｃ＝Ｃ等键为其易受损部位。     

含Dsred类似生色团的红色荧光蛋白的发展及应用

自从绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)被发现以来,荧光蛋白在生物医学领域已经成为一种重要的荧光成像工具．随着红色荧光蛋白DsRed的出现,各种优化的DsRed突变体和远红荧光蛋白也不断涌现．其中荧光蛋白生色团的形成机制对改建更优的荧光蛋白变种影响很大,对于红色荧光蛋白而言,大多数的红色荧光蛋白的生色团类型为DsRed类似生色团,在此基础上又出现了Far-red DsRed类似生色团．目前,含DsRed类似生色团的荧光蛋白主要有单体红色荧光蛋白、光转换荧光蛋白、斯托克斯红移蛋白、荧光计时器等．这些优化的荧光蛋白作为分子探针可以实现对活细胞、细胞器或胞内分子的时空标记和追踪,已经在生物工程学、细胞生物学、基础医学领域得到广泛应用．本文综述了含DsRed类似生色团的荧光蛋白的研究进展及其应用,以及由此发展起来的远红荧光蛋白在活体显微成像技术中的应用,并展望了荧光探针技术研究的新方向．     

用共振喇曼光谱研究血卟啉衍生物对紫膜菌紫质的光敏作用

本文用准共振喇曼光谱（ＲＲＳ）作为研究光动力损伤过程的探针,从分子水平上研究了光敏剂血卟啉衍生物与紫膜菌紫质的作用。在观察到损伤现象的基础上对损伤部位进行了定位。初步确定生色团视黄醛中Ｃ－Ｃ和Ｃ＝Ｃ等键为其易受损部位。     

酰化对紫膜结构的影响

在很宽波长和ＰＨ范围内用紫外及可见区光吸收、圆二色及共振拉曼测定了酰化诱导的紫膜溶液的光谱变化。结构表明：酰化引起的表面电位的改变诱导了蛋白局部构象的改变。这种改变在很大程度上离域到整个蛋白分子中而影响了视黄醛结合位点的性质及生色团的结构,从而导致可观察的光谱变化。与未酰化紫膜比较,紫膜对ＰＨ的稳定性减小了。     

Structural change of bacteriorhodopsin in the purple membrane above pH 10 decreases heterogeneity of the irreversible photobleaching components

Kinetic investigations of irreversible photobleaching of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) in purple membrane (PM) at high temperature have previously shown two kinds of bR species upon light illumination. The bR species consist of kinetically fast- and slow-denatured components, whose proportions were dependent upon structural changes in dark, as shown by CD. In order to elucidate electrostatic contribution on the heterogeneous stability and the bR structure in PM, photobleaching behaviour and structural changes over a wide pH range were investigated by kinetics as well as various spectroscopic techniques. Kinetics revealed that photobleaching below pH 9 obeyed double-exponential functions, whereas measurements above pH 10 were characterized by a single-decay component. FT-IR deconvoluted spectra showed a alpha(II)-to-alpha(I) transition in the transmembrane helices around pH 10. Near-IR Raman scattering spectra demonstrated the equilibrium shift of retinal isomers from all trans to 13-cis form. Near-UV CD spectra suggested configurational changes in the aromatic residues around the retinal pocket. An exciton-to-positive transition in visible CD spectrum was observed. This indicates disorganization in the 2D-crystalline lattice of PM, which occurred concomitantly with the changes above pH 10. A model for the changes in kinetic behaviour and molecular structure around pH 10 is discussed, focusing on changes in charge distribution upon alkalinization.     

The fluorescence from the chromophore of the purple membrane protein.

The fluorescence from the purple membrane protein (PM) of Halobacterium halobium and its relation to the primary photochemical events have been studied. The emission spectrum at 77 degrees K has structure, with peaks at 680, 710-715, and 730-735 nm. The excitation spectrum shows a single peak centered at 580 nm. This and a comparison of the fluorescence intensity at 77 degrees K under a variety of conditions with the amounts of the bathoproduct (or K, the only photoproduct seen at this temperature) formed suggest that the source of the fluorescence is the purple membrane itself, not the photoproduct. From the difference in several of their properties, we suggest that the fluorescing state of the pigment is different from the excited state which leads to photoconversion.     

Electrooptic study of the deionized form of bacteriorhodopsin

Electric field induced light scattering by suspensions of cation-depleted purple membranes, obtained by deionization of purple membrane (PM) suspensions on a cation exchange column or by electrodialysis at a pH around 6, shows a strong drop (more than 5 times) in the value of the permanent dipole moment relative to that of PM fragments. The membrane dipole moments were measured both at low dc and ac electric fields as well as by using electric field pulses with reversing polarity. Some slight changes in the dispersion of the electric polarizability were also observed.Microelectrophoretic measurements showed that the electric charge of the membrane fragments is increased by 30% after deionization. The importance of these data for the understanding of the blue membrane properties and subsequently for the mechanism of proton pumping are discussed.     

紫膜蛋白与离子通道物质A23187间的能量转移

紫膜蛋白(即菌紫质)与离子通道A23187之间存在非辐射共振能量转移.能量转移效率随A23187浓度增高而增加,在此体系中,A23187荧光的增强,除由于紫膜蛋白转移能量到A2187外,还有一部分荧光的增强是由于A23187直接吸收激发的结果.Ca~(2+)与Tb~(3+)对紫膜与A23187之间的能量转移的影响均不显著.两种离子对此体系中的A23187的荧光都有降低作用,Ca~(2+)的作用较小,Tb~(3+)的猝灭效应较显著.     

Sensitive detection of protein-lipid interaction change on bacteriorhodopsin using dodecyl β-D-maltoside

A light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin (bR) forms a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice with about 10 archaeal lipids per monomer bR on purple membrane (PM) of Halobacterium salinarum. In this study, we found that the weakening of the bR-lipid interaction on PM by addition of alcohol can be detected as the significant increase of protein solubility in a nonionic detergent, dodecyl β-D-maltoside (DDM). The protein solubility in DDM was also increased by bR-lipid interaction change accompanied by structural change of the apoprotein after retinal removal and was about 7 times higher in the case of completely bleached membrane than that of intact PM. Interestingly, the cyclic and milliseconds order of structural change of bR under light irradiation also led to increasing the protein solubility and had a characteristic light intensity dependence with a phase transition. These results indicate that there is a photointermediate in which bR-lipid interaction has been changed by its dynamic structural change. Because partial delipidation of PM by CHAPS gave minor influence for the change of the protein solubility compared to intact PM in both dark and light conditions, it is suggested that specific interactions of bR with some lipids which remain on PM even after delipidation treatment have a key role for the change of solubility in DDM induced by alcohol binding, ligand release, and photon absorption on bR.     

Reversible loss of crystallinity on photobleaching purple membrane in the presence of hydroxylamine

Structural changes of purple membrane during photobleaching in the presence of hydroxylamine were monitored using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The process of bleaching was associated with the disassembly of the purple membrane crystal into smaller crystals. Imaging steps of the photobleaching progress showed that disassembly proceeds until the sample is fully bleached and its crystallinity is almost lost. As revealed from high resolution AFM topographs, the loss of crystallinity was initiated by loss of lattice forming contact between the individual bacteriorhodopsin trimers. The bacteriorhodopsin molecules, however, remained assembled into trimers during the entire photobleaching process. Regeneration of the photobleached sample into intact purple membrane resulted in the reassembly of the bacteriorhodopsin trimers into the trigonal lattice of purple membrane. The data provide novel insights into factors triggering purple membrane formation and structure.     

Light adaptation of bacteriorhodopsin correlates with dielectric spectral kinetics in purple membrane

The retinal protein, bacteriorhodopsin (bR), has several potential bioelectronic applications and it is considered as a model for G-protein coupled receptors. Its electrical parameters, therefore, deserve particular attention. Such parameters could be determined by virtue of studying its dielectric spectrum in the low frequency range (20 Hz-1 MHz). The kinetics of dark-light adaptation of bR is reported in terms of electrical parameters of the purple membrane (PM) containing bR. The data have exhibited sudden pronounced increase in the ac-conductivity, upon illuminating the dark-adapted bR (DA-bR), which may be considered in further implications of bR for biotechnological applications. These changes turned out to be composed of, at least, two growing exponential components: one relatively fast followed by slower one. Their lifetime ratio exhibited decreases with increasing the frequency; meanwhile, their amplitude ratio displayed very exciting behavior at significant frequencies. This may correlate the kinetics of light adaptation to relaxations in PM. Moreover, the light adaptation has been observed to cause initial fast and large decreases in dc-conductivity with subsequent slower and smaller decreases. Changing the conductivity during the time of light adaptation reflects changes in the surface charge of the PM. The lifetimes of these events, therefore, help follow the kinetics of the pathway of conformational changes that might be occurring during light adaptation. The dipole moment (permanent and induced) of PM, in addition to, its size showed one exponential growth of comparable lifetime (approximately 7 min) during the light adaptation. The variation in PM size from dark to light state should be in keeping with that diffusion may influence the three-dimensional data storage in data processing based on bR.     

Self diffusion and spectral modifications of a membrane protein, the Rubrivivax gelatinosus LH2 complex, incorporated into a monoolein cubic phase

The light-harvesting complex LH2 from a purple bacterium, Rubrivivax gelatinosus, has been incorporated into the Q230 cubic phase of monoolein. We measured the self-diffusion of LH2 in detergent solution and in the cubic phase by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. We investigated also the absorption and fluorescence properties of this oligomeric membrane protein in the cubic phase, in comparison with its beta-octyl glucoside solution. In these experiments, native LH2 and LH2 labeled by a fluorescent marker were used. The results indicate that the inclusion of LH2 into the cubic phase induced modifications in the carotenoid and B800 binding sites. Despite these significant perturbations, the protein seems to keep an oligomeric structure. The relevance of these observations for the possible crystallization of this protein in the cubic phase is discussed.     

Carotenoid photobleaching induced by photosystem II action in the membrane fragments of the blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis : Action of O2

Carotenoid photobleaching induced by photosystem II action wasstudied using membrane fragments of the blue-green alga Anabaenavariabilis. Special attention was paid to the action of O₂. Carotenoid photobleaching elicited by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone(CCCP) depended on O₂. However, the addition of H₂O₂, sodiumsilicotungstate or potassium ferricyanide (Ferri), an electronacceptor for reaction center II action, removed the O₂-dependency.These results indicate that O₂ acts as the electron acceptorfor this reaction. When both CGCP and Ferri were present, a short illumination(0.25 sec) caused a rapid photobleaching followed by a slowrecovery in the subsequent dark period. The spectrum of theabsorption decrease in the light was identical with that ofthe absorption increase in the subsequent dark, indicating thata reversible process is involved in the carotenoid photobleaching.The size in the dark recovery relative to the light bleachingbecame larger under anaerobic conditions and smaller under higherpartial pressure of O₂. The reuslts were interpreted as indicatingthat O₂ does not function in the primary process including areversible bleaching step, but is involved in the slow and irreversiblebleaching process. (Received April 3, 1978; )     

Energy transfer in the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium.

The absorption spectrum of the primary photoproduct (the bathoproduct, or K) of the purple membrane protein (PM) at-196 degrees C has a maximum at 628 nm and an extinction coefficient of 87,000. Knowing the absorption spectrum allowed us to calculate the quantum efficiencies for PM to K and K to PM conversion at -196 degrees C. Direct measurements of these quantum yeilds at -196 degrees C gave 0.33 +/- 0.05 and 0.67 +/- 0.04, respectively. Determination of relative quantum efficiencies for PM to K and K to PM conversion by analysis of the absorption spectra of several photostationary-state mixtures of PM and K at -196 degrees C, however, gave wavelength-dependent quantum efficiencies that appear to be greater than 1. These anomolous results can be readily explained in terms of energy transfer from PM to K within the trimer clusters of pigment molecules which exist in the purple membrane. A model for such a transfer predicts an efficiency of energy transfer from PM to K of about 43%.