美洲黑杨次生维管组织发育的内在节律性与细胞内含物的动态变化

美洲黑杨（Populus deltoids）是一种重要的商业用材树种,在我国多用作胶合板和纸浆原料,其速生性的特点也很早为人们所认识。众所周知,树木次生维管组织的发育具有内在的节律性,与此同时维管组织的细胞内含物也会发生动态变化。利用电镜技术及细胞化学方法,研究了美洲黑杨次生维管组织的发育以及细胞内含物分布的变化,发现次生维管组织的发育具有内在节律性,在年周期中表现为分化期和休眠期交替出现,次生韧皮部与次生木质部交替分化形成。在维管组织发育过程中,早期蛋白质和脂类物质首先减少,然后淀粉粒解体消失,发育期内维管组织的蛋白质、脂类和淀粉的积累最少,休眠期内维管组织细胞内最早出现淀粉的积累,然后蛋白质和脂类物质积累大大增加。杨树维管组织发育过程的内在节律性与细胞内含物的动态变化密切相关。     

四合木扦插生根过程中淀粉粒和蛋白质积累动态研究

利用高碘酸-锡夫试剂(PAS)—萘酚黄S对染法对四合木扦插不定根发生发育过程中淀粉粒和蛋白质分布的动态变化进行观察分析,为进一步揭示四合木不定根发生、发育机理提供解剖学依据。结果表明:(1)扦插后,淀粉粒在茎的木栓层和维管形成层之间的薄壁细胞内积累,至愈伤组织发育初期达到高峰,随着愈伤组织的继续发育,淀粉粒逐渐减少;(2)蛋白质在茎的木栓层和维管形成层之间的薄壁细胞内逐渐减少,至愈伤组织形成后,细胞内含少量蛋白质;(3)淀粉粒和蛋白质主要分布在分裂旺盛的胚性细胞、不定根原基细胞、不定根细胞及其附近细胞内。研究认为,蛋白质和淀粉粒为四合木不定根的形成和发育提供了物质和能量。     

防风胚状体发生发育中多糖的组织化学定位和提取

以防风胚状体的发生体系为材料,利用半薄切片技术研究了培养物中淀粉体的组织化学定位,并采用分光光度法测定了不同培养阶段多糖含量的动态变化。结果发现在胚性细胞内积累了大量的淀粉体;在4%蔗糖浓度培养基中培养的胚性愈伤组织多糖含量最高。研究表明多糖为胚性细胞的分化和发育直接提供了物质和能源;胚性愈伤组织可以推荐为药性成分多糖的提取材料之一。     

防风体细胞胚发生发育中的淀粉体和多糖动态

以防风体细胞胚的发生体系为材料,通过半薄切片技术研究了培养物中淀粉体的组织化学定位,并采用分光光度法测定了不同培养阶段的多糖含量.结果发现在胚性细胞内积累了大量的淀粉体;含4%蔗糖的培养基中的胚性愈伤组织阶段多糖含量最高.研究表明糖类物质的活跃代谢为胚性细胞的分化和发育直接提供了物质和能源;大量淀粉体的存在可作为胚性细胞分化的标记.     

六盘山鸡爪大黄蒽醌类化合物积累特征的研究

采用多种组织化学方法研究了六盘山鸡爪大黄营养器官中蒽醌类化合物的积累特征.结果显示:蒽醌类化合物在根中分布于周皮的木栓层和栓内层、次生维管组织的维管射线和根中央的部分木薄壁细胞内,且维管射线是根中贮藏和积累蒽醌类化合物的主要组织;在根茎中分布于周皮的木栓层和栓内层、次生维管组织的形成层和维管射线,以及髓的异常维管束射线中,且维管射线是根茎中贮藏和积累蒽醌类化合物的主要组织;在茎中主要分布于表皮、近表皮皮层和维管束的维管束鞘及其薄壁细胞,大型和小型维管束之间和周围的部分薄壁细胞,以及髓射线中有不同程度的分布;在叶中主要积累在叶柄的表皮、叶柄和大叶脉的部分基本组织、维管束的部分薄壁细胞等部位.结果表明,六盘山鸡爪大黄的根和根茎是蒽醌类化合物贮藏和积累的主要器官,维管射线是其贮藏和积累的主要组织,而且各营养器官中蒽醌类化合物积累的数量与植物各相关器官组织的发育程度、细胞中含淀粉粒的多少存在着一定的相关性.     

中国鹅掌楸小孢子发生的细胞化学研究

多糖、脂类和蛋白质的消长变化与花粉发育过程中营养供应存在着密切的关系。雄蕊特别是花药壁内的多糖在减数分裂过程中逐渐消耗殆尽。初期的小孢子母细胞内脂滴的含量丰富,无淀粉粒,也无颗粒状的蛋白质。进行减数分裂的小孢子母细胞内、中层及绒毡层细胞积累了大量的蛋白质与脂类;减数分裂完成后,绒毡层和四分体小孢子开始逐渐积累淀粉与脂类,但蛋白质的含量较少,至小孢子时期,小孢子壁及绒毡层细胞的径切向壁和内切向壁沉积了大量的脂类物质,而且小孢子核周围分布大量淀粉粒,未观察到蛋白质颗粒。     

中国鹅掌楸小孢子发生的细胞化学研究

多糖、脂类和蛋白质的消长变化与花粉发育过程中营养供应存在着密切的关系。雄蕊特别是花药壁内的多糖在减数分裂过程中逐渐消耗殆尽。初期的小孢子母细胞内脂滴的含量丰富,无淀粉粒,也无颗粒状的蛋白质。进行减数分裂的小孢子母细胞内、中层及绒毡层细胞积累了大量的蛋白质与脂类;减数分裂完成后,绒毡层和四分体小孢子开始逐渐积累淀粉与脂类,但蛋白质的含量较少,至小孢子时期,小孢子壁及绒毡层细胞的径切向壁和内切向壁沉积了大量的脂类物质,而且小孢子核周围分布大量淀粉粒,未观察到蛋白质颗粒。     

六盘山鸡爪大黄葸醌类化合物积累特征的研究

采用多种组织化学方法研究了六盘山鸡爪大黄营养器官中蒽醌类化合物的积累特征。结果显示：蒽醌类化合物在根中分布于周皮的木栓层和栓内层、次生维管组织的维管射线和根中央的部分木薄壁细胞内,且维管射线是根中贮藏和积累蒽醌类化合物的主要组织;在根茎中分布于周皮的木栓层和栓内层、次生维管组织的形成层和维管射线,以及髓的异常维管束射线中,且维管射线是根茎中贮藏和积累蒽醌类化合物的主要组织;在茎中主要分布于表皮、近表皮皮层和维管束的维管束鞘及其薄壁细胞,大型和小型维管束之间和周围的部分薄壁细胞,以及髓射线中有不同程度的分布;在叶中主要积累在叶柄的表皮、叶柄和大叶脉的部分基本组织、维管束的部分薄壁细胞等部位。结果表明,六盘山鸡爪大黄的根和根茎是蒽醌类化合物贮藏和积累的主要器官,维管射线是其贮藏和积累的主要组织,而且各营养器官中蒽醌类化合物积累的数量与植物各相关器官组织的发育程度、细胞中含淀粉粒的多少存在着一定的相关性。     

中国鹅掌楸子小孢子发生的细胞化学研究

多糖,脂类和蛋白质的消长变化与花粉发育过程中营养供应存在着密切的关系。雄蕊特别是花药壁内的多糖在减数分裂过程中逐渐消耗殆尽。初期的小孢子母细胞内脂滴的含量丰富,无淀粉粒,也无颗粒状的蛋白质。进行减数分裂的小孢子母细胞内,中层及绒毡层细胞积累了大量的蛋白质与脂类;减数分裂完成后,绒毡层和四分体小孢子开始逐渐积累淀粉与脂类,但蛋白质的含量较少,至小孢子时期小孢子壁及绒毡层细胞的径向向壁和内切向壁沉积了     

如何观察植物细胞的后含物和质体

1 观察植物细胞的后含物植物细胞在生长分化的过程中,及成熟后由于代谢活动产生的贮藏物质或废物统称为后含物。后含物有的存在于液泡中,有的存在于细胞器内。在后含物中主要是贮藏物质,其中以淀粉、糖、脂类和蛋白质为主。排泄物常为各种晶体。     

Distribution of insoluble polysaccharides, neutral lipids, and proteins in the developing anthers of Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. (Bignoniaceae)

In this study, distribution of polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins in the developing anthers of Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. was examined from sporogenous cell stage to mature pollen, using cytochemical methods. To detect the distribution and dynamic changes of insoluble polysaccharides, lipid bodies, and proteins in the anthers through progressive developmental stages, semi-thin sections of anthers at different developmental stages were stained with periodic-acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent, Sudan black B, and Coomassie brilliant blue, respectively, and examined under light microscope. Ultrastructural observations with TEM were also carried out to determine the storage form of starch in the connective tissue, and storage form of lipids in the tapetal cells. In sporogenous cell stage, anther wall contains numerous insoluble polysaccharides. However, from the sporogenous cell stage to the vacuolated microspore stage, the amount of insoluble polysaccharides in the anther wall decreases gradually. At bicellular pollen stage, tapetum degenerates completely and polysaccharides are not seen in the anther wall. Lipid bodies are observed in the cytoplasm of both middle layer and tapetal cells at tetrad stage, whereas they disappear in the vacuolated microspore stage. Compared with polysaccharides, proteins are limited in the anther wall at early stages of development. During pollen development, polysaccharides, proteins, and lipid bodies are scarce in the cytoplasm of sporogenous cells, but their amount increases at premeiotic stage. From tetrad stage to bicellular pollen stage, microspore cytoplasm contains variable amount of insoluble polysaccharide grains, lipid and protein bodies. At bicellular pollen stage, plentiful amount of starch granules are stored in the cytoplasm of the pollen grains. Proteins and lipid bodies are also present in the cytoplasm.     

Dynamic changes in insoluble polysaccharides and neutral lipids in the developing anthers of an endangered plant species, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pancratium maritimum</Emphasis>

Dynamic changes in the distribution of lipid and insoluble polysaccharide reserves of Pancratium maritimum L. (Amaryllidaceae) anthers were investigated throughout the successive stages of pollen development, using cytochemical methods, to determine whether the synthesis, transformation, and mobilization of reserve materials in developing anthers follow the regular pathway in angiosperms and support the physiological activities in developing pollen. Polysaccharides and lipid reserves exhibited a variable pattern of distribution from the sporogenous cell stage to the anthesis. Starch granules and lipid bodies were scarce in the cytoplasm of sporogenous cells, but their number increased significantly at the premeiotic stage. Conversely, starch and lipid reserves of meiocytes reduced at the early prophase of the first meiotic division, and then their amount showed fluctuations during the microsporogenesis. The cytoplasm of free and vacuolated microspores was poor regarding the polysaccharide and lipid reserves. However, at the late vacuolated microspore stage, small insoluble polysaccharides began to appear in the microspore cytoplasm, and their number increased remarkably in the cytoplasm of the bicellular pollen grain. During the maturation of pollen grains, polysaccharide reserves were replaced with lipids. The starch and lipid reserves of the staminal envelope also showed variations at different stages of the anther development. The dynamic changes in the polysaccharide and lipid reserves of P. maritimum anthers were consistent with the physiological activities such as differentiation, cell division and material synthesis that occur in the anther tissue at different stages of the male gametophyte development, and supported the normal pollen development.     

Starch Synthesis and Programmed Cell Death during Endosperm Development in Triticale(× Triticosecale Wittmack)

Triticale(× Triticosecale Wittmack) grains synthesize and accumulate starch as their main energy source.Starch accumulation rate and synthesis activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase,soluble starch synthases,granule-bound starch synthase and starch-branching enzyme showed similar pattern of unimodal curves during endosperm development.There was no significant difference in activity of the starch granule-bound protein isolated from total and separated starch granules at different developmental stages after anthesis in triticale.Evans Blue staining and analysis of DNA fragmentation indicated that cells of triticale endosperm undergo programmed cell death during its development.Dead cells within the endosperm were detected at 6 d post anthesis(DPA),and evidence of DNA fragmentation was first observed at 21 DPA.The period between initial detection of PCD to its rapid increase overlapped with the key stages of rapid starch accumulation during endosperm development.Cell death occurred stochastically throughout the whole endosperm,meanwhile,the activities of starch biosynthetic enzymes and the starch accumulation rate decreased in the late stages of grain filling.These results suggested that the timing and progression of PCD in triticale endosperm may interfere with starch synthesis and accumulation.     

Starch Synthesis and Programmed Cell Death during Endosperm Development in Triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack)

Triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) grains synthesize and accumulate starch as their main energy source.Starch accumulation rate and synthesis activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, soluble starch synthases, granule-bound starch synthase and starch-branching enzyme showed similar pattern of unimodal curves during endosperm development. There was no significant difference in activity of the starch granule-bound protein isolated from total and separated starch granules at different developmental stages after anthesis in triticale. Evans Blue staining and analysis of DNA fragmentation indicated that cells of triticale endosperm undergo programmed cell death during its development. Dead cells within the endosperm were detected at 6 d post anthesis (DPA), and evidence of DNA fragmentation was first observed at 21 DPA. The period between initial detection of PCD to its rapid increase overlapped with the key stages of rapid starch accumulation during endosperm development. Cell death occurred stochastically throughout the whole endosperm, meanwhile, the activities of starch biosynthetic enzymes and the starch accumulation rate decreased in the late stages of grain filling. These results suggested that the timing and progression of PCD in triticale endosperm may interfere with starch synthesis and accumulation.     

Cytochemical investigation of genic male-sterility in Chinese cabbage

A genic male sterile Chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino, was examined using cytological and cytochemical methods to characterize the process of pollen abortion in this plant. Thick sections of both fertile and sterile anthers at different developmental stages were stained using Toluidine Blue O, Periodic Acid-Schiff’s (PAS) reaction and Sudan Black B to detect cytochemical changes that may occur in the distribution of insoluble polysaccharide and lipid storage bodies. Pollen abortion in sterile anthers occurs at an early stage of microspore development. During early microspore development, reductions in the number of starch grains in the connective tissue of fertile anthers coincide with the accumulation of starch grains in cells of the anther wall. In the late microspore stage, a large vacuole forms in the microspore, and tapetal cells synthesize and accumulate lipid droplets. The cellular organization of tapetal cells in sterile anthers appears similar to that in fertile anthers, except for the absence of lipid droplets in cells of sterile anthers and diffusely labeled tapetal polysaccharides, suggesting defects in nutrient storage. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of CHINA (30170060)     

玉米种子萌发过程幼叶细胞中淀粉粒的积累观察

研究玉米萌发初期幼叶的发育。在幼叶不同的发育时期 ,分别用 PAS反应 ,考马氏蓝处理不同叶片 ,结果发现 :叶片细胞内的叶绿体在叶片即将抽出时才形成 ;从浸种萌动到叶片进行光合作用前 ,植株的营养供给 ,主要靠叶片自身淀粉粒的积聚提供 ;在幼叶抽出以前 ,胚芽鞘的薄壁细胞中布满淀粉粒 ,随着叶片的发育 ,这些淀粉粒逐渐减少 ;而幼叶中的淀粉粒的变化情况正好相反 :在种子萌发初期 ,幼叶细胞内只有少量的淀粉粒 ,以后淀粉粒的积累逐渐增多 ;在这个阶段无蛋白质的积聚。幼叶中维管束的发生是先中间后两边 ,维管束中的韧皮部先形成 ,木质部后发生。     

Ultrastructure and Lipase Activity of Cotyledon cell During Pod Development in Peanut

A series of significant changes of the ultrastructure and lipase activity of cotyledon cell were found in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) during pod development. In he initial stage of cotyledon development there were many plastids which kept producing starch grain and there were low lipase activity and very few lipid and protein bodies in the cell. In the middle stage of cotyledon development, a great number of larger lipid bodies were seen in the cell and a lot of protein bodies formed in the vacuoles and continued to increase in size. Lipase activity increased in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, protein bodies, plasmalemma and intercellular space. In the later stage of cotyledon development, the lipid bodies did not increase in number but became slightly larger. The protein bodies continued to increase both in number and in size. Lipase acttvity was even hegher in the cytoplasm. In the final stage the protein bodies became irregular in shape and some of them tended to disintegrate with their content entered into the space around the lipid bodies. The lipase activity in the cell declined. The results indicated that the lipid body originated in the cytoplasm and the protein body originated in the vacuole; that the accumulation of oil and protein in peanut cotyledon resulted from the formation and development of lipid and protein bodies in the cell, and that the changes of plasmid and lipase activity in the cell played a role in the development of lipid body during the development of cotyledon.