云南禄丰晚中新世的大熊猫祖先化石

本文对1981年以前和1983年在云南禄丰古猿产地发现的,为本文后一作者于1984年和1985年订为Ursavus depereti的化石材料进行了再研究。通过对标本的仔细观察及与有关属种的对比,作者将上述化石材料订为一新属新种Ailurarctos lufengensis gen.et sp.nov.。此种动物在形态特征和系统关系上介于Ursavus和Ailuropoda之间,它很可能代表了目前已知大熊猫类最早的祖先类型。     

我国长头叶蝉科一新纪录属及一新种(同翅目)

长头叶蝉属Bumizana Distant建立于1918年,过去世界上仅发现3种,即B.elon-gata Distant 1918、B.ruberasa Singh-Pruthi 1930、B.ashlocki Morrison 1973,前二种产于印度,后一种产于泰国,我国尚未记载。杨再学在贵州望谟县采到该属一雌虫标本,经鉴定系新种,现记述如下。模式标本存于贵州农学院。     

中国新近纪几种稀有啮齿动物

30多年来,中国新近纪堆积物中发现了大量的小哺乳动物化石,但一些种类的材料很少,而且仅在个别地点出现,在动物群中常以未定属、种记述.详细描述了4种罕见的啮齿动物,其中3种,泗洪豪鼠(Sayimys sihongensis)、亚洲别齿始鼠(Apeomys asiaticus)和新来鼠(未定种)(Neocometes sp.)发现于江苏泗洪早中新世下草湾组,一种,细小云南始鼠(Yuneomys pusillus)产自云南禄丰晚中新世石灰坝组.与欧亚或北美有关材料的比较研究表明,江苏泗洪标本无法归入相关属的任何已知种,因此被确定了两个新种(S.sihongensis和A.asiaticus);禄丰原归入Leptodontomys pusillus的标本与该属的特征不符,被指定为新属Ynueomys.泗洪的A.asiaticus和Neocometes sp.分别代表该属在亚洲和中国的首次记录;它们与S.sihongensis在亚洲远东地区的出现,增加了我们对这些稀有动物地理分布和欧亚古生物地理关系的知识.禄丰的新属Yuneomys与共生的Plesieomys和Heteroeomys属同为丘齿型始鼠类,可能都属热带或亚热带森林型动物;在禄丰动物群中缺少脊齿型始鼠类,与华北动物群的组成不同,似乎表明华南和华北始鼠动物群在中新世期间已有明显的分异,进而支持这一时期亚洲出现了不同生态区系的设想.     

中国新近纪几种稀有啮齿动物（英文）

30多年来,中国新近纪堆积物中发现了大量的小哺乳动物化石,但一些种类的材料很少,而且仅在个别地点出现,在动物群中常以未定属、种记述。详细描述了4种罕见的啮齿动物,其中3种,泗洪豪鼠(Sayimys sihongensis)、亚洲别齿始鼠(Apeomys asiaticus)和新来鼠(未定种)(Neocometes sp.)发现于江苏泗洪早中新世下草湾组,一种,细小云南始鼠(Yuneomys pusillus)产自云南禄丰晚中新世石灰坝组。与欧亚或北美有关材料的比较研究表明,江苏泗洪标本无法归入相关属的任何已知种,因此被确定了两个新种(S.sihongensis和A.asiaticus);禄丰原归入Leptodontomys pusillus的标本与该属的特征不符,被指定为新属Ynueomys。泗洪的A.asiaticus和Neocometes sp.分别代表该属在亚洲和中国的首次记录;它们与S.sihongensis在亚洲远东地区的出现,增加了我们对这些稀有动物地理分布和欧亚古生物地理关系的知识。禄丰的新属Yuneomys与共生的Plesieomys和Heteroeomys属同为丘齿型始鼠类,可能都属热带或亚热带森林型动物;在禄丰动物群中缺少脊齿型始鼠类,与华北动物群的组成不同,似乎表明华南和华北始鼠动物群在中新世期间已有明显的分异,进而支持这一时期亚洲出现了不同生态区系的设想。     

云南禄丰晚中新世鸭类标本的再研究与系统发育分析（英文）

1985年侯连海初步报告了发现于云南禄丰中新世古猿地点的部分鸟类化石,建立了一新种石灰坝潜鸭(Aythya shihuibas),并将另一件标本定为河鸭属未定种(Anas sp.)。针对这两件鸭类标本保存的特征进行系统发育分析,并结合二者目前已知的分布情况,可以确定禄丰鸟类至少存在两个不同种(不同的系统发育支系),这和之前的结论相似。石灰坝潜鸭的肱骨腹侧气窝中具有骨质支柱,异于现生潜鸭类,代表了气窝演化的较原始形态,依此认为其很可能为一潜鸭类冠群以外的绝灭支系。另一件原命名为Anas p.的鸭类标本保存非常破碎,无法对其进行较精确的系统发育分析。它很可能为鸭科成员,或许可以称为河鸭类,尽管此属(Anas)为非单系类群。这件禄丰河鸭类标本可能与发现于蒙古中新世-上新世的另一河鸭属未定种关系较近,二者具有相似的特殊特征组合。     

记甘肃广河晚中新世祖熊头骨化石（英文）

记述了一件与下颌咬合在一起的完整的祖熊头骨化石。化石发现于甘肃临夏州广河县槐沟村柳树组地层中上部,其层位与时代为新近纪灞河阶/期的晚期,距今约8 Ma。对比研究表明,该头骨与目前所有已知熊类祖先类型都不同,应为一新种,定名为Ursavus tedfordi(戴氏祖熊)。采用TNT软件包对11种祖先熊类和37个特征组成的数据进行不同条件(non-additive,additive等)下全搜索(Implicit Enumeration),并采用自引导法(bootstrapping)进行可信度评价。我们从基于部分特征加积(partially additive)条件下所得出8个最简约树中选取树5作为最可信简约树。该树表明,熊科从渐新世-早中新世的豺熊类(hemicyonids)分出后产生了两类基干类型,Ballusia elmensis和B.orientalis。后者稍更进步,可能为一特异支。此后产生了两大次支:一支向印度熊(可能还有郊熊)+大熊猫演化;另一支则由中-晚中新世的祖熊(Ursavus)和此后由某类祖熊所产生的现生熊类(不包括大熊猫)组成。从现有的化石判断,新建戴氏祖熊是与现生熊类在形态上最为接近的祖先类型,但戴氏祖熊具有某些自近裔性状,可能为一早期旁支。     

中国植物一新记录属——聚药罗伞属(报春花科)（英文）

首次发现报春花科(Primulaceae)聚药罗伞属[Hymenandra(A.DC.)]及其模式种——聚药罗伞[H.wallichii(A.DC.)]在中国的分布。据已有文献记载,此种仅分布于印度、孟加拉国和缅甸。最近在中国科学院昆明植物研究所标本馆(KUN)查阅标本时,在原鉴定为紫金牛属的标本中发现了数份采自我国云南的标本实为聚药罗伞,现予以报道。     

云南禄丰川街盆地早侏罗世早期分化蜥脚型类恐龙新材料研究*

目前中国早期分化的蜥脚型类恐龙化石主要发现于云南省禄丰市早侏罗世地层。本文描述的是一件产自禄丰川街盆地禄丰组的早期分化蜥脚型类恐龙新材料, 包括较完整的颈椎、背椎以及破碎的肩胛骨、耻骨和脚趾骨骼。本文对其进行了详细的骨骼形态学描述, 并与其他早期分化蜥脚型类进行了对比。结果表明, 在禄丰组发现的所有早期分化蜥脚型类中, 该标本与禄丰龙(Lufengosaurus)在形态上相似程度较高。系统发育分析结果显示, 该标本与Coloradisaurus和Glacialisaurus构成一个多分支, 该分支又和禄丰龙一起被归入大椎龙科。由于颈椎和背椎的椎体与椎弓未完全愈合, 推测该标本的个体发育阶段为幼年—亚成年。该标本的发现提高了大椎龙科在亚洲的属种分异度, 进一步扩充了对禄丰早侏罗世恐龙动物群的认识。     

中国眼斑螳属新种记述(螳螂科:花螳螂亚科)

眼斑螳属Creobroter Serville,1839隶属于花螳螂亚科Hymenopodinae。迄今已知19种,主要分布于印度、锡金、泰国、菲律宾、斯里兰卡,印度尼西亚和爪哇,我国已记载2种,分布于四川和广东(梅县)。我们在整理本属标本时,发现二新种及一新记录。新种、新记录记述如后,并列出种检索表。 模式标本均保存在中国科学院上海昆虫研究所。     

云南禄丰川街盆地早侏罗世早期分化蜥脚型类恐龙新材料研究*

目前中国早期分化的蜥脚型类恐龙化石主要发现于云南省禄丰市早侏罗世地层。本文描述的是一件产自禄丰川街盆地禄丰组的早期分化蜥脚型类恐龙新材料, 包括较完整的颈椎、背椎以及破碎的肩胛骨、耻骨和脚趾骨骼。本文对其进行了详细的骨骼形态学描述, 并与其他早期分化蜥脚型类进行了对比。结果表明, 在禄丰组发现的所有早期分化蜥脚型类中, 该标本与禄丰龙(Lufengosaurus)在形态上相似程度较高。系统发育分析结果显示, 该标本与Coloradisaurus和Glacialisaurus构成一个多分支, 该分支又和禄丰龙一起被归入大椎龙科。由于颈椎和背椎的椎体与椎弓未完全愈合, 推测该标本的个体发育阶段为幼年—亚成年。该标本的发现提高了大椎龙科在亚洲的属种分异度, 进一步扩充了对禄丰早侏罗世恐龙动物群的认识。     

禄丰古猿地点中国兔猴一新种

本文记述的是在云南禄丰石灰坝古猿化石产地与古猿共生的一种中国兔猴化石。这类化石以下颌骨和牙齿较纤细,牙齿的颊侧齿带较发育,牙齿狭长,齿尖锐利和臼齿咬合面的三角凹较大,下次小尖向后延伸而使下内尖和下次小尖之间有较大间隔;上臼齿的颊舌径较小等特征区别于中国兔猴厚齿种(Sinoadapis carnosus Wu and Pan.)根据以上的形态特征,作者把它订为中国兔猴一新种:中国兔猴石灰坝种Sinoadapis shihuibaensis sp.nov.。     

山东临朐中新世松鼠类一新属

本文描述的Meinia asiatica gen.et sp.nov.代表我国新第三纪首次发现的一类飞松鼠,化石采自山东省临朐县解家河中中新统山旺组,新属的特征表明,它与欧洲新第三纪的Sciu(?)optera类有接近的亲缘关系。     

Monotremes as Pretribosphenic Mammals

An abundance of evidence points to the conclusion that monotremes are phyletically allied with pretribosphenic, rather than with tribosphenic, mammals. Monotremes do not have a tribosphenic dentition. Character analyses that apply tribosphenic cusp terminology to monotreme dentitions are implicitly limited thereby. A review of the molar dentition of living and fossil monotremes suggests that upper molars are composed of a strongly developed pretribosphenic paracone and metacone and a series of stylar cusps attached to them in a bicrescentic, or dilambdodont, fashion. The lower molars are composed of a trigonid, with a pretribosphenic protoconid, paraconid, and metaconid, and distal metacristid. The paraconid of m1 is reduced or lost. The talonid is composed of the pretribosphenic hypoconid, hypoconulid, and cristid obliqua. There is no evidence for a tribosphenic entoconid, nor for a talonid basin. There was no tribosphenic protocone. Monotremes are not related to other taxa included in Australosphenida. The dentition of Cretaceous taxa, such as Teinolophos and Steropodon, apparently still functioned by orthal mechanisms, whereas by the medial Paleocene (Monotrematum) and later (Obdurodon), monotremes appear to have accommodated a diet of soft-bodied organisms that left little trace of a mastication regime that had changed to apical wear via propalinal motion. Monotremes appear to be modern representatives of a Mesozoic radiation of pretribosphenic mammals centered largely in Gondwana, where they still reside today.     

山东昌乐早始新世五图组鼩形类(Soricomorpha,Insectivora, Mammalia)

山东早始新世五图组曾发现原始獏类,Homogalax wutunensis,最近又采到一批化石。这里仅记述其中的一种食虫类,可归入鼩形亚目的昌乐鼩(Changlelestes dissetiformis gen. et sp.nov.)。昌乐鼩与亚洲早第三纪食虫类(Ernosorex.Ictopidium和Tupaiodon)可能有较为密切的亲缘关系,本文将它们归入新科——Changlelestidae fam.nov.。昌乐鼩科与Plesiosoricidae和Soricidae有一些相同的进步特征,这些科与Nyctitheriidae有共同的差别。     

Wear pattern and functional morphology of dryolestoid molars (Mammalia, Cladotheria)

Pretribosphenic dryolestoid molars are characterized by a reversed triangular alignment of the “primary trigon” (formed by the paracone, metacone and stylocone) and trigonid crucial for the embrasure shearing process. These molars are abraded along the protocristid and paracristid, and show a typical wear pattern with mesially and distally sloping dentine fields due to their thin enamel. The wear pattern of lipotyphlan and didelphid tribosphenic molars with considerably thicker enamel does not show this sloping. In dryolestoid molars two directions of striations occur. Steeper striations oriented linguo-buccally are present on facet 1 below the protocristid, and about 10° less inclined striations of the same direction have been observed near the talonid base. This reflects the railing function of the hypoflexid for the paracone of the corresponding upper molar. Facet 3 in the hypoflexid gets steeper with progressive wear, whereas facets 1 and 2 on the mesial and distal sides of the trigonid are flattened during wear. In the masticatory process the hypoflexid has mainly a shearing function with a crushing component because of its lesser inclination than the functional shearing surfaces below the trigonid crests. Striations on the exposed dentine field along the paracristid and in the guiding groove of facet 3 indicate that these two surfaces were formed by attrition (tooth to tooth contact). The exposed dentine fields at the cusp apices and along the protocristid are gauged and therefore must be a result of abrasion (tooth to food contact).     

Genetic integration of molar cusp size variation in baboons

Many studies of primate diversity and evolution rely on dental morphology for insight into diet, behavior, and phylogenetic relationships. Consequently, variation in molar cusp size has increasingly become a phenotype of interest. In 2007 we published a quantitative genetic analysis of mandibular molar cusp size variation in baboons. Those results provided more questions than answers, as the pattern of genetic integration did not fit predictions from odontogenesis. To follow up, we expanded our study to include data from the maxillary molar cusps. Here we report on these later analyses, as well as inter‐arch comparisons with the mandibular data. We analyzed variation in two‐dimensional maxillary molar cusp size using data collected from a captive pedigreed breeding colony of baboons, Papio hamadryas, housed at the Southwest National Primate Research Center. These analyses show that variation in maxillary molar cusp size is heritable and sexually dimorphic. We also estimated additive genetic correlations between cusps on the same crown, homologous cusps along the tooth row, and maxillary and mandibular cusps. The pattern for maxillary molars yields genetic correlations of one between the paracone–metacone and protocone–hypocone. Bivariate analyses of cuspal homologues on adjacent teeth yield correlations that are high or not significantly different from one. Between dental arcades, the nonoccluding cusps consistently yield high genetic correlations, especially the metaconid–paracone and metaconid–metacone. This pattern of genetic correlation does not immediately accord with the pattern of development and/or calcification, however these results do follow predictions that can be made from the evolutionary history of the tribosphenic molar. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

记江苏泗洪首次发现森林古猿类化石

本文记述了在江苏泗洪松林庄发现的一种古猿类化石,它以个体小、颊齿宽、有发达的齿带等特征有别于我国云南的腊玛古猿、西瓦古猿;它也有别于在同一地点、同一层位发现的双沟醉猿。其形态与非洲的Proconsul属接近,根据这些形态特点和它的地史分布,我们订立了一新属一新种:Platodontopithecus jianghuaiensis,地质时代为中新世。     

江西晚古新世南方有蹄目一新属及其有关问题讨论

本文主要记述了南方有蹄目北柱兽科一新属新种——南方沟柱兽 (Bothriostylops notios gen. et sp. nov.).化石发现于江西池江盆地晚古新世池江组.新属牙齿形态与其他已记述的北柱兽科种类均有一定的差别,但与稀少亚洲柱兽 (Asiostylops spanios) 和原"中华柱兽"进步种 ("Sinostylops" progressus) 在系统关系上比较密切.本文初步讨论了"中华柱兽"属中有关种的分类和归属问题.     

记云南禄丰发现的Lophochoerus一新种

本文对1981年冬在云南省禄丰古猿化石地点发现的脊齿猪(Lophochoerus)进行了描述和对比。禄丰脊齿猪与仅发现于西瓦立克的同属几种之间在前臼齿和臼齿上有一定的区别,为此,另建立一新种Lophochoerus lufengensis sp,nov., 代表我国晚中新世地层该类化石的首次发现。     

Sexual dimorphism of cusp dimensions in human maxillary molars

Cusp dimensions of human maxillary molars were compared between males and females to determine whether the later-developed, distal cusps displayed greater sexual dimorphism than the earlier-developed, mesial cusps, and whether the later-forming second molar displayed greater sexual dimorphism than the first molar. First and second permanent molar crowns (M1 and M2) were measured indirectly, using dental casts obtained from 117 Japanese (65 males and 52 females). Measurements included maximum mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters and the diameters of the four main cusps: the paracone, protocone, metacone, and hypocone. Mean values of crown dimensions were larger in males than in females for both M1 and M2, but the sexual difference in protocone diameter of M1 was not significant. The protocone in M1 showed the least amount of sexual dimorphism, followed by the metacone, hypocone, and paracone, while in M2, the percentage sexual dimorphism corresponded to the order of cusp formation: paracone, protocone, metacone, and hypocone. With the exception of the paracone diameter, M2 showed greater sexual dimorphism than M1. Sexual dimorphism was not always greater in the later-developed, distal cusps of M1 or M2, but the protocone, the most important cusp in terms of occlusal function, displayed the least dimorphism in M1.