小麦HMW-GS1D×5基因时间特异性表达的研究

利用小麦高分子量谷蛋白１Ｄ×５亚基探针,研究ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ１Ｄ×５基因表达的规律。结果表明,ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ１Ｄ×５基因从开花初期开始表达。这为从生理、营养、施肥等诸多方面人为地对ＨＭＷ谷蛋白基因的表达加以调控,使之在特定时期能够充分表达该基因从而改善小麦品质打下基础。     

同形小种的发现和利用

以前的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析表明龙麦１５在Ｇｌｕ－Ｄ１位点的高分子量（ＨＭＷ）麦谷蛋白亚基为２＋１２。我们通过对龙麦１５进行大量的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析,发现了Ｇｌｕ－Ｄ１位点的ＨＭＷ麦谷蛋白亚基为５＋１０的龙麦１５生物型。文章分析了５＋１０龙麦１５生物型的产生,利用及对当前优质麦育种工作的理论和实践意义。     

同形小种的发现和利用：I.5＋10亚基的龙麦15生物型的起源和利用

以前的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析表明龙麦１５在Ｇｌｕ－Ｄ１位点的高分子量（ＨＭＷ）麦谷蛋白亚基为２＋１２。我们通过对龙麦１５进行大量的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析,发现了Ｇｌｕ－Ｄ１位点的ＨＭＷ麦谷蛋白亚基为５＋１０的龙麦１５生物型。文章分析了５＋１０龙麦１５生物型的产生,利用及对当前优质麦育种工作的理论和实践意义。     

小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基分离方法的研究

小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ）与小麦面包烘烤质量和面粉的加工特性密切相关,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ是其常用的分离方法之一。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ方法一般分为２类：第一类采用１１％和５％浓度的胶,后者用于分离２亚基和２＾＊亚基,该种方法常使用碱性提取液,需要２次电泳过程,且在５％浓度的胶中ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ易于和麦醇蛋白混淆;另外一类ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ采用梯度胶,配合使用银染方法,制梯度胶则使用梯度仪及磁力搅拌     

“龙麦15”2＋12与5＋10亚基近等基因系面粉品质差异的研究

通过对小麦栽培品种龙麦１５中的同形小种进行ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和Ａ－ＰＡＧＥ的分析,在国内首次获得了一对Ｇｌｕ－Ｄ１位点高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基分别为２＋１２和５＋１０的近等基因系。对该近等基因系面粉品质的分析表明,带有５＋１０亚基的龙麦１５比事有２＋１２亚基的龙麦１５的Ｚｅｌｅｎｙ沉淀值高１２％,沉淀值／湿面筋的比值由１．０３提高到１．３２。该实验结果证明,５＋１０亚基对面粉品质贡献确实优于２＋１２亚基     

大熊猫乳酸脱氢酶同工酶H_4的分离纯化和某些性质的研究

采用８－（６－氨己基）－氨基－５＇－ＡＭＰＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ亲和层析法和ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ离子交换层析法从大熊猫心肌中分离纯化出了乳酸脱氢酶同工酶Ｈ４．纯化的大熊猫ＬＤＨ－Ｈ４,比活为４４５Ｕ／ｍｇ蛋白,经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ,ＰＡＧＥ,等电聚焦电泳鉴定均为一条带,其亚基分子量为３６０００,等电点为５．４５．经测定大熊猫ＬＤＨ－Ｈ亚基Ｎ端被封闭,Ｃ端氨基酸残基经测定为Ｌｅｕ．氨基酸组成分析表明每个亚基含有５个Ｃｙｓ,９个Ｍｅｔ．     

人肝癌中Lewis抗原,α1,3岩藻糖转移酶与转移倾向

为了测定人原发性肝癌中Ｌｅｗｉｓ抗原和α１,３岩灌糖转移酶（ＦｕｃＴ）亚型的表达,及其与癌栓形成和转移抑制基因ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１表达的关系,用免疫组化法测Ｌｅｗｉｓ抗原,用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ印迹法测ＦｕｃＴ和ＮＭ２３－Ｈ１的ｍＲＮＡ。结果表明,肝癌组织中ＳＬｅ＾ｘ、Ｌｅ＾ｘ、ＳＤＬｅ＾ｘ、ＳＬｅ＾ａ４和Ｌｅｗｉｓ抗原表达的 率均在８０％左右。其中ＳＬｅ＾ｘ表达较多,Ｌｅ＾ｘ和ＳＬｅ＾ａ较少,ＳＤＬｅ＾ｘ     

黄淮麦区16个小麦品种（系）的Glu—1,Glu—3和Gli—1位点上的基因多样 …

１６个品种（系）的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ）的等位基因频率分别为Ｇｌｕ－Ａｌａ（８０％）,Ｇｌｕ－Ａｌｃ（１２％）,Ｇｌｕ－Ａｌｂ（８％）;Ｇｌｕ－Ｂ１ｂ（６３％）Ｇｌｕ－Ｂｌｃ（３１％）Ｇｌｕ－Ｂｌｅ（６％）Ｇｌｕ－Ｄｌａ（３８％）,Ｇｌｕ－Ｄｌｄ（５０％）Ｇｌｕ－Ｄｌｃ（１２％）,１６个品种（系）的低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（ＬＭＷ－ＧＳ）的等位基因频率分别为：Ｇｌｕ－Ａ３ａ（３８％）,Ｇ     

大熊猫乳酸脱氢酶同工酶H4的分离纯化和某些性质的研究

采用８－（６－氨己基）－氨基－５－ＡＭＰＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ亲和层分析法和ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ离子交换层析法从大熊猫心肌中分离纯化出乳酸脱氢酶同工酶Ｈ４,纯化的大熊猫ＬＤＨ－Ｈ４,比活为４４５Ｕ／ｍｇ蛋白,经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ,ＡＰＧＥ,等电聚焦电泳鉴定均为一条带,其亚基分了量为３６０００,等电点为５．４５。经测定大熊猫ＬＤＨ－Ｈ亚基Ｎ端被封闭,Ｃ端氨基酸残基经测定为Ｌｅｕ。氨基酸组成分析表明     

干旱对小麦幼苗诱导蛋白表达与某些生理特性的初步探讨

试验以－１．２ＭＰａＰＥＧ６０００处理动小麦种子（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｌｉｖｕｍＬ．）．ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ图谱分析表明,水分胁迫诱导幼芽及整株均产生４８．４ｋＤ、４１．５ｋＤ二个蛋白质亚基。在幼根中未出现以上二个蛋白亚基。胁迫４８ｈ后,根干重／芽干重比呈上升趋势,幼芽细胞膜楔对透性增大和相对含水量降幅度均大于幼根。     

Silencing of HMW glutenins in transgenic wheat expressing extra HMW subunits

Wheat HMW glutenin subunit genes 1Ax1 and 1Dx5 were introduced, and either expressed or overexpressed, into a commercial wheat cultivar that already expresses five subunits. Six independent transgenic events were obtained and characterized by SDS-PAGE and Southern analysis. The 1Dx5 gene was overexpressed in two events without changes in the other endosperm proteins. Overexpression of 1Dx5 increased the contribution of HMW glutenin subunits to total protein up to 22%. Two events express the 1Ax1 subunit transgene with associated silencing of the 1Ax2* endogenous subunit. In the SDS-PAGE one of them shows a new HMW glutenin band of an apparent M_r lower than that of the 1Dx5 subunit. Southern analysis of the four events confirmed transformation and suggest that the transgenes are present in a low copy number. Silencing of all the HMW glutenin subunits was observed in two different events of transgenic wheat expressing the 1Ax1 subunit transgene and overexpressing the Dx5 gene. Transgenes and expression patterns were stably transmitted to the progenies in all the events except one where in some of the segregating T₂ seeds the silencing of all HMW glutenin subunits was reverted associated with a drastic lost of transgenes from a high to a low copy number. The revertant T₂ seeds expressed the five endogenous subunits plus the 1Ax1 transgene. Received: 16 June 1999 / Accepted: 29 July 1999     

The trafficking pathway of a wheat storage protein in transgenic rice endosperm

Background and Aims

The trafficking of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of plant cells is a topic of considerable interest since this organelle serves as an entry point for proteins destined for other organelles, as well as for the ER itself. In the current work, transgenic rice was used to study the pattern and pathway of deposition of the wheat high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin sub-unit (GS) 1Dx5 within the rice endosperm using specific antibodies to determine whether it is deposited in the same or different protein bodies from the rice storage proteins, and whether it is located in the same or separate phases within these.

Methods

The protein distribution and the expression pattern of HMW sub-unit 1Dx5 in transgenic rice endosperm at different stages of development were determined using light and electron microscopy after labelling with antibodies.

Key results

The use of HMW-GS-specific antibodies showed that sub-unit 1Dx5 was expressed mainly in the sub-aleurone cells of the endosperm and that it was deposited in both types of protein body present in the rice endosperm: derived from the ER and containing prolamins, and derived from the vacuole and containing glutelins. In addition, new types of protein bodies were also formed within the endosperm cells.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the HMW 1Dx5 protein could be trafficked by either the ER or vacuolar pathway, possibly depending on the stage of development, and that its accumulation in the rice endosperm could compromise the structural integrity of protein bodies and their segregation into two distinct populations in the mature endosperm.     

小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基1Dx5启动子驱动外源基因的表达

将小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)基因的胚乳组织特异性表达启动子驱动的外源突变型1Dx5基因和gus基因导入小麦中.对其转基因植株连续3代的跟踪研究表明,突变型1Dx5基因的重复序列导致其表达蛋白分子量增大,并影响其它1Bx17 1By18亚基基因的表达.组织化学分析观察到gus基因在1Dx5基因启动子驱动下的表达表现出胚乳组织特异性,在开花2周后开始表达,表达量呈持续上升,至腊熟期达到最高,其次为籽粒成熟期.     

Metabolic profiling of transgenic wheat over-expressing the high-molecular-weight Dx5 glutenin subunit

The primary aim of this work was to evaluate potential changes in the metabolic network of transgenic wheat grain over-expressing the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin Dx5-subunit gene. GC–MS and multivariate analyses were used to compare the metabolite profiles of developing caryopses of two independently transformed lines over-expressing Dx5 and another two independently transformed lines expressing only the selectable-marker gene (controls). Developing grain at 7, 14 and 21 Days Post-Anthesis (DPA) was studied to observe differences in metabolically active tissues. There was no distinction between the Dx5 transformants and the controls by principal component analysis (PCA) suggesting that their metabolite compositions were similar. Most changes in metabolite levels and starch occurred at 14 DPA but tapered off by 21 DPA. Only 3 metabolites, guanine, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and Unknown 071306a, were altered due to Dx5 expression after correction for false discovery rates (P < 0.0005). However, discriminant function analysis (DFA) and correlative analyses of the metabolites showed that Dx5-J, which had the highest level of Dx5 protein in ripe caryopses, could be distinguished from the other genotypes. The second aim of this work was to determine the influence of gene transformation on the metabolome. Cross-comparison of the transformed controls to each other, and to the Dx5 genotypes showed that approximately 50% of the metabolic changes in the Dx5 genotypes were potentially due to variations arising from gene transformation and not from the expression of the Dx5-gene per se. This study therefore suggests the extent to which plant transformation by biolistics can potentially influence phenotype. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Marker assisted detection of gene (1Dx5) and translocation (1B/1R) in wheat genotypes

Detection of 1Dx5 gene and presence of 1B/1R wheat rye translocation were studied in nineteen elite Indian wheat genotypes using AS-PCR and STS markers, respectively. Fifteen genotypes had 1B/1R translocation whereas ten showed presence of 1Dx5 gene. More than 50 per cent of the genotypes tested were found positive for both 1Dx5 and 1B/1R translocation. The results are in conformity with HMW glutenin SDS-PAGE profile for 1Dx5 and cytological observations for 1B/1R translocation.     

Altered functional properties of tritordeum by transformation with HMW glutenin subunit genes

The high-molecular-weight (HMW) subunits of wheat glutenin are the major determinants of the gluten visco-elasticity that allows wheat doughs to be used to make bread, pasta and other food products. In order to increase the proportions of the HMW subunits, and hence improve breadmaking performance, particle bombardment was used to transform tritordeum, a fertile amphiploid between wild barley and pasta wheat, with genes encoding two HMW glutenin subunits (1Ax1 and 1Dx5). Of the 13 independent transgenic lines recovered (a transformation frequency of 1.4%) six express the novel HMW subunits at levels similar to, or higher than, those of the endogenous subunits encoded on chromosome 1B. Small-scale mixograph analysis of T₂ seeds from a line expressing the transgene for 1Dx5 indicated that the addition of novel HMW subunits can result in significant improvements in dough strength and stability, thus demonstrating that transformation can be used to modify the functional properties of tritordeum for improved breadmaking. Received: 15 January 1999 / Accepted: 5 February 1999     

Isolation and characterization of five novel high molecular weight subunit of glutenin genes from Triticum timopheevi and Aegilops cylindrica

Analysis by SDS-PAGE of total protein fractions from single seeds of Aegilops cylindrica (genomes C and D) and Triticum timopheevi (genomes A and G) showed the presence of three bands corresponding to high molecular weight subunits of glutenin (HMW subunits) in the former and two major bands and a minor band corresponding to HMW subunits in the latter. Three Ae. cylindrica and two T. timopheevi HMW subunit gene sequences, each comprising the entire coding region, were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and their complete nucleotide sequences determined. A combination of N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the proteins identified by SDS-PAGE and alignments of the derived amino acid sequences of the proteins encoded by the PCR products identified the Ae. cylindrica HMW subunits as 1Cx, 1Cy and 1Dy, and the T. timopheevi HMW subunits as 1Gx, 1Ax and 1Ay. It was not clear whether or not a 1Gy HMW subunit was present in T. timopheevi. The PCR products from Ae. cyclindrica were derived from 1Cy and 1Dy genes and a silent 1Dx gene containing an in-frame internal stop codon, while those from T. timopheevi were derived from 1Ax and 1Ay genes. The 1Cx, 1Gx and 1Gy sequences were not amplified successfully. The proteins encoded by the five novel genes had similar structures to previously characterized HMW subunits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Differences and similarities in sequence and structure, and in the distribution of cysteine residues (relevant to the ability of HMW subunits to form high M_r polymers) distinguished the HMW subunits of x- and y-type and of each genome rather than those of the different species. There was no evidence of a change in HMW subunit expression or structure resulting from selective breeding of bread wheat. The novel 1Ax, 1Ay, 1Cy and 1Dy HMW subunits were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the expressed proteins were shown to have very similar mobilities to the endogenous HMW subunits on SDS-PAGE. The truncated 1Dx gene from Ae. cylindrica failed to express in E. coli, and no HMW subunit-related protein of the size predicted for the truncated 1Dx subunit could be identified by immunodetection in seed extracts.