毕赤酵母高效表达血小板源生长因子研究

血小板源生长因子（PDGF）是由多种细胞产生的肽类生长因子,在细胞培养、皮肤溃疡的治疗以及化妆品添加剂中有很重要的作用．将编码PDGF基因克隆到表达载体X1-1-B1ue上,通过电转化整合到毕赤酵母的基因组中,在毕赤酵母三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶（GAP）启动子的作用下,表达PDGF蛋白,其分子质量为30kD左右,估计其表达量为80～100mg／L．采用MTT法也证实其生物学活性与天然PDGF蛋白非常相似．     

血小板源生长因子受体与肿瘤

血小板源生长因子(platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF)经由其受体(platelet-derived growth fac tor receptor,PDGFR)表现细胞效应。PDGF和PDGFR涉及多种肿瘤的发病机制并在血管生成中起重要作用。PDGF在肿瘤中的自分泌刺激、PDGFR的过表达或过度活化或者刺激肿瘤内血管生成都会促进肿瘤生长;PDGFR的阻断可以降低实体瘤中组织间质液压而增强药物传送。这些机制可能提示在肿瘤治疗中PDGFR抑制剂单用、与化疗药物或者和其他靶点药物联合用药的可能性和可行性。随着PDGFR拮抗剂,如imatinib的上市,PDGFR作为抗肿瘤药物的靶点备受瞩目。     

PDGF家族新成员——PDGF-C

血小板源性生长因子是正常组织生长和维持的重要生长因子,其过度表达与多种疾病有关。PDGF-C是最近发现的PDGF家族新成员,在多种正常和病理组织中表达,可能参与多种疾病的发病机制。     

PDGF的性质、与疾病的关系及其临床应用

血小板生长因子（ＰＤＧＦ）是一种可由多种细胞产生并释放的活性多肽。ＰＤＧＦ可通过对磷脂酰肌醇、Ｃａ~（２＋）的调节一方面促进多种细胞分裂增殖,另一方面还具有一定的血管活性。临床观察发现ＰＤＧＦ在动脉粥样硬化、肿瘤、创伤修复等多种疾病的病程中起重要作用。国外在慢性溃疡等的治疗上应用ＰＤＧＦ取得了很好疗效,在其他疾病的治疗上也有一定进展。     

MiRNA调控IGFBPs参与肿瘤发生的研究进展

作为一类广泛存在于真核细胞中的RNA分子，微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)在生物体内的基因表达调控、生长发育等基本生命过程中发挥着不可替代的重要作用，与人类疾病密切相关。胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白(insulin-like growth factor binding proteins,IGFBPs)是一类结合和调节胰岛素样生长因子(insulin-like growth factor,IGF)生物活性的蛋白质，在肿瘤中通过IGF依赖或非依赖的机制扮演着至关重要的角色。在肿瘤中，IGFBPs和mi RNA的异常表达与肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移等生物学行为密切相关。IGFBPs能够作为mi RNA的直接靶因或者下游信号分子，参与多种疾病的发生与发展。该文总结了mi RNA在脑、胃肠道、肝胆、妇科等多种肿瘤性疾病中对IGFBPs的调控作用，以期为相关疾病的临床诊断、预后生物标志物或治疗靶点等的探索提供全面、专业的参考。     

结缔组织生长因子与相关疾病的研究进展

结缔组织生长因子是具有多种生物学活性的细胞因子,与细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、粘附、胚胎发育及伤口愈合等过程有关,近年来发现,在硬皮病、动脉粥样硬化、系统性硬化症和一些良恶性肿瘤等多种疾病中,结缔组织生长因子的表达水平出现了不同程度的升高或降低,与疾病的发生、发展关系密切。     

肌注神经生长因子及血小板衍生生长因子对胫骨干闭合骨折大鼠早期骨愈合的影响及机制探究

摘要 目的：探讨肌肉注射神经生长因子（NGF）和血小板衍生生长因子（PDGF）对胫骨干闭合骨折大鼠早期骨愈合的效果及潜在机制。方法：采用随机数字表法将80只健康成年雄性SD大鼠分为模型组、NGF组、PDGF组和NGF+PDGF组,各20只。建立胫骨干闭合骨折模型后,给予NGF组大鼠肌注0.8 μg NGF;给予PDGF组大鼠肌注0.8 μg PDGF,给予NGF+PDGF组大鼠肌注0.8 μg NGF和0.8 μg PDGF;给予模型组大鼠肌注等体积生理盐水。分别在治疗第2周（T0）、第4周（T1）、第6周（T2）通过X线检查计算骨痂体积,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清中碱性磷酸酶（AKP）水平。颈椎脱臼法处死大鼠后采用苏木精-伊红（HE）染色观察胫骨骨折端病理学改变,采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测骨痂组织骨形态发生蛋白2（BMP2）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）mRNA相对表达水平。结果：NGF+PDGF组大鼠在T1时骨折断端愈合,骨痂体积大于其他三组;NGF组、PDGF组大鼠在T2时骨折断端愈合,骨痂体积大小均大于模型组（P<0.05）。模型组大鼠T2时骨折断端尚未完全愈合,骨痂体积显著大于其他三组（P<0.05）。NGF+PDGF组大鼠T0~T1时血清AKP水平均显著高于其他三组,NGF组和PDGF组大鼠血清AKP水平显著高于模型组（P<0.05）。T2时4组大鼠血清AKP水平比较无显著差异（P>0.05）。T1时,NGF组、PDGF组和NGF+PDGF组大鼠均可见骨小梁形态更加粗大、致密,呈栅栏状排列,骨小梁间的间隙变小,NGF+PDGF组大鼠骨断裂处被新生骨填满,NGF组、PDGF组骨断裂处仍有少量间隙。T1时NGF+PDGF组大鼠BMP2、VEGF和IGF-1相对表达水平均显著高于其他三组（P<0.05）,NGF组和PDGF组大鼠各指标mRNA相对表达水平比较无显著差异（P>0.05）,但均显著高于模型组（P<0.05）。T2时各组大鼠骨痂组织中BMP2、VEGF和IGF-1 mRNA相对表达水平比较无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论：NGF和PDGF对胫骨干闭合骨折大鼠早期骨愈合有协同促进作用,可能与促进BMP2、VEGF和IGF-1表达上调有关。     

血小板源生长因子-AA对高血压血管平滑肌细胞钙信号的影响

目的 :明确自发性高血压大鼠血管平滑肌细胞 (SHR VSMC)增殖与血小板源生长因子 AA(PDGF AA)、PDGF α受体表达的关系及钙信号在其中的作用。方法 :在培养的血管平滑肌细胞模型中 ,采用免疫印迹 (Westernblot)、3 H TdR及3 H Leu掺入、荧光探针标记测定单细胞内钙浓度等方法 ,观察不同来源大鼠 (SHR/WKY)VSMC ,PDGF AA、PDGF α受体和PDGF β受体表达的差异性以及在PDGF AA刺激下 ,VSMC增殖肥大反应、胞内 [Ca2 ]i变化和钙离子阻断剂 (nimodipine)对其的影响。 结果 :与WKY VSMC相比SHR VSMC中PDGF AA、PDGF α受体蛋白表达明显增加 ,而PDGF β受体蛋白表达在SHR VSMC与WKY VSMC无明显变化。在PDGF AA刺激下 ,增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)、3 H掺入率及胞内 [Ca2 ]i浓度在SHR VSMC明显增强 ;钙离子阻断剂 (nimodipine)明显抑制PCNA表达及3 H掺入 ,胞内 [Ca2 ]i浓度明显下降。结论 :自发性高血压大鼠VSMCPDGF A链及其α受体的自发性增高 ,可能是导致SHR VSMC异常增殖、肥大 ,从而触发血管反应性和血管构型变化的重要原因之一 ;细胞膜钙通道在调控VSMC的钙内流时起主要作用     

Gαq/11 和 PDGF依赖性信号转导通路在大鼠主动脉再狭窄中的作用

采用大鼠主动脉球囊内皮剥脱术制备主动脉狭窄模型,观察Gαq/11和PDGF信号转导通路在大鼠主动脉球囊损伤后狭窄时血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖和迁移中的作用.实验分假手术组、损伤1 d组和损伤14 d组,观察形态学变化,检测血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)活性和主动脉磷脂酶C(PLC)活性,用免疫印迹法测定主动脉血小板源生长因子(PDGF)受体β和Gαq/11蛋白含量.结果显示:损伤1 d,主动脉内皮完全剥脱,VSMC无明显增殖和迁移,内膜无增厚.与假手术组比较,ACE活性增加382.7%(P＜0.01),PDGF受体β表达和PLC活性无明显变化,Gαq/11蛋白含量下降20.0%(P＜0.05).损伤14 d组,主动脉局部有新生内皮出现,中层VSMC大量增殖并向内膜下迁移,内膜显著增厚.ACE活性、PDGF受体β表达和PLC活性分别较假手术组升高420.2%(P＜0.01)、85.0%(P＜0.05)和186.2%(P＜0.05),Gαq/11蛋白表达下降33.1%(P＜0.01).结果提示,PDGF介导的信号转导通路可能是再狭窄时VSMC增殖的重要信号转导机制.     

内皮素与肿瘤

内皮素是一类具有广泛生物学作用的活性多肽.强烈缩血管和升血压作用是其主要的生理功能.内皮素还具有促进细胞增殖等生长因子样作用.近年来发现,内皮素与肿瘤的发生发展有关.某些肿瘤细胞和肿瘤组织有内皮素基因的高表达,并能通过旁分泌和自分泌方式促进肿瘤的生长.     

Postinjury Changes in Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-Like Activity in Fish and Rat Optic Nerves

The poor regenerative ability of the CNS of mammals has been attributed, at least in part, to the presence of mature oligodendrocytes, which have been shown to inhibit axonal growth. Proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the rat optic nerve during development, and thereby the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation, has been shown to depend on a factor derived from type 1 astrocytes, later characterized as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). In the present study we examine whether injury to the optic nerve induces changes in the levels of PDGF in spontaneously regenerating systems, compared with nonregenerating systems. Soluble substances, derived from nonneuronal cells surrounding injured fish and rat optic nerves, were prepared and examined for the presence of PDGF immunoreactivity and biological mitogenic activity on PDGF-responsive cells. The results suggest that PDGF-like mitogenic activity and immunoreactivity are present in both fish and rat optic nerves. However, in the rat optic nerve PDGF levels increased after axonal injury, whereas in the fish optic nerve injury was accompanied by an apparent decrease in PDGF-like levels. The results are discussed with respect to the possible role of PDGF in regeneration.     

Mesenchymal stem cells and neovascularization: role of platelet-derived growth factor receptors

There is now accumulating evidence that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) make an important contribution to postnatal vasculogenesis, especially during tissue ischaemia and tumour vascularization. Identifying mechanisms which regulate the role of MSCs in vasculogenesis is a key therapeutic objective, since while increased neovascularization can be advantageous during tissue ischaemia, it is deleterious during tumourigenesis. The potent angiogenic stimulant vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to regulate MSC mobilization and recruitment to sites of neovascularization, as well as directing the differentiation of MSCs to a vascular cell fate. Despite the fact that MSCs did not express VEGF receptors, we have recently identified that VEGF-A can stimulate platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors, which regulates MSC migration and proliferation. This review focuses on the role of PDGF receptors in regulating the vascular cell fate of MSCs, with emphasis on the function of the novel VEGF-A/PDGF receptor signalling mechanism.     

Overexpression of the type II transforming growth factor-beta receptor inhibits fibroblasts proliferation and activates extracellular signal regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a bimodal regulator of cellular growth. The cellular effects of TGF-beta depend on the intensity of signals emanating from TGF-beta receptors. Low levels of receptor activity are sufficient to stimulate cell proliferation, while higher degrees of receptor activation are associated with growth inhibition. To study the mechanisms of these effects, a tetracycline-inducible expression system was used to overexpress type II TGF-beta receptors in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Overexpressed type II TGF-beta receptors suppressed fibroblast proliferation elicited by TGF-beta1, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Accompanying these anti-proliferative effects, increases in extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity were detected. Furthermore, PDGF alpha-, but not PDGF beta-receptor protein levels were reduced by type II TGF-beta receptor overexpression. In conclusion, our system is an excellent tool to study the molecular mechanisms of growth inhibition by TGF-beta in fibroblasts. Activation of JNK and ERK, or modulation of PDGF receptor expression may be involved in this process.     

PDGF stimulates transient phosphorylation of 180,000 dalton protein

Cell-free extracts of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) treated, density-arrested, quiescent BALB/c-3T3 cells are capable of phosphorylating a 180,000 dalton protein (PP180). The phosphorylation of PP180 was observed in SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles of Nonidet P-40 solubilized cell preparations that had been incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP. When quiescent BALB/c-3T3 cell cultures were incubated at 37 degrees C with PDGF, phosphorylation of PP180 in cell extracts could be detected after a 3-min exposure of the intact cells to PDGF, which was maximal after 10-15 minutes and had diminished by 30-60 min. PDGF stimulation of PP180 phosphorylation also was observed in extracts of cells that had been incubated with PDGF at 4 degrees C; however, in contrast to PDGF exposure at 37 degrees C, the ability of cell extracts to phosphorylate PP180 did not decrease even after 4 hr of cell exposure to PDGF at 4 degrees C. When cells exposed to PDGF at 4 degrees C were transferred to 37 degrees C for 30 min, the ability of cell extracts to phosphorylate PP180 decreased to a nonstimulated level. After cells stimulated by PDGF showed a diminished ability to phosphorylate PP180, immediate restimulation with PDGF did not induce the ability to phosphorylate PP180. Incubation for 11 hr at 37 degrees C was required before readdition of PDGF allowed observable phosphorylation of PP180 in cell extracts, but maximum PDGF stimulation of the phosphorylation of PP180 was found after the cells were incubated for 24 hr in culture conditions. The amount of the stimulation of PP180 phosphorylation was dependent on the concentration of PDGF. The stimulation of DNA synthesis by PDGF was correlated to the phosphorylation of PP180. This phosphorylation activity was not observed in extracts of cells that had been treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF), somatomedin C, insulin, plasma, or fibroblast growth factor (FGF). This novel experimental approach allows the investigation of a PDGF-stimulated phosphorylation activity in relation to the cell cycle and growth regulation.     

Heterologous regulation of EGF receptors in fibroblastic cells

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) increases the mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in several cells lines, including BALB/C-3T3. PDGF-treated BALB/C-3T3 cells manifest a reduced capacity to bind 125I-labeled EGF due to a loss of high affinity EGF receptors. Cholera toxin potentiates the ability of PDGF to both decrease EGF binding and initiate mitogenesis. Whether PDGF increases EGF sensitivity via its effects on EGF receptors is not known and requires a more complete understanding of the mechanism by which PDGF decreases EGF binding. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) also reduces EGF binding in BALB/C-3T3 and other cells, presumably by activating protein kinase C and, consequently, inducing the phosphorylation of EGF receptors at threonine-654. PDGF indirectly activates protein kinase C, and EGF receptors in PDGF-treated WI-38 cells are phosphorylated at threonine-654. Thus, the effects of PDGF on EGF binding may also be mediated by protein kinase C. We investigated this hypothesis by comparing the actions of PDGF and TPA on EGF binding in density-arrested BALB/C-3T3 cells. Both PDGF and TPA caused a rapid, transient, cycloheximide-independent loss of 125I-EGF binding capacity. The actions of both agents were potentiated by cholera toxin. However, whereas TPA allowed EGF binding to recover, PDGF induced a secondary and cycloheximide-dependent loss of binding capacity. Most importantly, PDGF effectively reduced binding in cells refractory to TPA and devoid of detectable protein kinase C activity. These findings indicate that PDGF decreases EGF binding by a mechanism that involves protein synthesis and is distinct from that of TPA.     

Cytokines secreted by bone-metastatic breast cancer cells alter the expression pattern of f-actin and reduce focal adhesion plaques in osteoblasts through PI3K

Breast cancer frequently metastasizes to bone, resulting in osteolytic lesions. These lesions, formed by activated osteoclasts, cause pain, an increased susceptibility to fractures, and hypercalcemia. It has been shown that breast cancer cells communicate with osteoblasts and subsequently stimulate osteoclast activity; however, little research has focused on understanding the interaction between breast cancer cells and osteoblasts. We recently reported that conditioned medium from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells inhibited the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts through the secretion of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta). In addition, the breast cancer conditioned medium altered MC3T3-E1 morphology, the pattern of actin stress fibers, and reduced focal adhesion plaques. In the current study, we identified the mechanism used by MDA-MB-231 cells to cause these effects. When MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts were cultured with MDA-MB-231 conditioned medium preincubated with neutralizing antibodies to platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin-like growth factorII (IGFII), and TGFbeta, focal adhesion plaques and actin stress fiber formation were restored. These cytokines were further found to signal through PI3Kinase and Rac. In conclusion, TGFbeta, PDGF, and IGFII might be good therapeutic targets for treating breast cancer-induced osteolytic lesions.     

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and the therapeutic targeting of angiogenesis in cancer: where do we go from here?

Abstract

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor receptors (VEGFRs), the interactions with their ligands and the subsequent signalling pathways are known to play a vital role in tumour angiogenesis. Initial clinical trials of VEGFR inhibitors were disappointing but over the past decade some therapies have been successfully brought to market. At present, VEGFR inhibitors appear to be most promising as adjuvants to conventional chemotherapy. However, several interacting signalling molecules and downstream pathways have recently been shown to interact with VEGFR signalling and provide promising novel targets, such as the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epithelial growth factor (EGF), human epithelial receptor-2, (HER-2) Tie-2 and oestrogen receptors. Elucidation of this web of signalling pathways may identify new therapeutic strategies which may be used in combination with VEGFR inhibitors to augment the efficacy of anti-angiogenic cancer treatments. This review assesses the role of modulating VEGFR activity in cancer and systematically examines current evidence and trials in this area.