苜蓿中华根瘤菌042BMnoeA基因的克隆、敲除与功能的初步分析

通过PCR扩增获得了042BM的noeA基因。该基因与苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)1021noeA的同源性为99%,而其NoeA与1021NoeA的相似性为97%。还发现其NoeA与中慢生根瘤菌（Mesorhizobium sp.）BNC1可能的SAM_依赖性的甲基转移酶相似性为32%,而其303～362氨基酸区域与大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）的核糖体50S亚基的L11蛋白甲基转移酶(PrmA)的160～220氨基酸区域的相似性达到41%。通过插入卡那盒,敲除noeA,获得突变株042BMA_Km。与苜蓿中华根瘤菌042BM相比,敲除noeA的突变株在普通紫花、保定、宁夏、百发和傲汉苜蓿品种上的结瘤数、根瘤鲜重和植株地上部分的干重都有不同程度的增加,而在秘鲁苜蓿品种上的结瘤数和植株地上部分的干重明显下降,在皇后和美国杂花苜蓿品种上则没有明显的变化。     

利用Tn5-1063转座诱变法分离苜蓿中华根瘤菌042BM noeB基因的研究

采用三亲本杂交方法将带有Tn5-1063(含luxAB)的质粒pRL1063a导入苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meldoti)042BM,进行转座子插入诱变,在含有氯霉素、卡那霉素的TY平板上筛选接合子。通过结瘤试验,从1000个突变株中,筛选到3个结瘤突变株042BMR5、042BMR11和042BRM29。它们都表现出发光酶活性,表明转座子正向插入到基因组中的某个启动子下游。Southern杂交结果证实,转座子均为单一位点插入。对042BMR5突变株基因组进行反向PCR,扩增位于Tn5-1063两端的侧翼序列。测序结果表明,转座子插入到苜蓿中华根瘤菌的共生质粒pSymA noeB基因内。根据基因组中noeB上游和下游序列扩增出042BM noeB,其与苜蓿中华根瘤菌1021 noeB的同源性为98％,而与NoeB蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性为95％。疏水性分析发现,NoeB是一个跨膜蛋白,在N末端有4个跨膜区,其中包含3个初级螺旋和1个次级螺旋。     

利用Tn51063转座诱变法分离苜蓿中华根瘤菌042BMnoeB基因的研究

采用三亲本杂交方法将带有Tn51063（含luxAB）的质粒pRL1063a导入苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)042BM,进行转座子插入诱变,在含有氯霉素、卡那霉素的TY平板上筛选接合子。通过结瘤试验,从1000个突变株中,筛选到3个结瘤突变株042BMR5、042BMR11和 042BRM29。它们都表现出发光酶活性,表明转座子正向插入到基因组中的某个启动子下游。Southern杂交结果证实,转座子均为单一位点插入。对042BMR5突变株基因组进行反向PCR,扩增位于Tn51063两端的侧翼序列。测序结果表明,转座子插入到苜蓿中华根瘤菌的共生质粒pSymA noeB基因内。根据基因组中noeB上游和下游序列扩增出042BM noeB,其与苜蓿中华根瘤菌1021 noeB的同源性为98％,而与NoeB蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性为95％。疏水性分析发现,NoeB是一个跨膜蛋白,在N末端有4个跨膜区,其中包含3个初级螺旋和1个次级螺旋。     

苜蓿中华根瘤菌042B共同结瘤基因nodABC的克隆与序列分析*

根瘤菌的nodABC和nodD在结构和功能上保守,在不同的菌种之间能够互换〔1〕,是目前所有供试的豆科植物结瘤所必不可少的,称为共同结瘤基因。另一类是寄生专一性结瘤基因,如苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)的nodPQ等〔2〕,这些基因决定根瘤菌能与哪些种属豆科植物结瘤〔3〕。根瘤菌的结瘤呈寄主专一性,例如苜蓿中华根瘤菌的寄主范围很窄,仅能在苜蓿、草木樨和葫芦巴3个属的豆科植物结瘤〔4〕。但在1995年。本实验室从新疆苜蓿分离到一株菌株042B,既能在大豆又能在苜蓿上结瘤．而且在大豆上具有较高的共生效率〔5〕。本文拟克隆其nodABC,并与其他菌株nodABC序列进行比较,以阐明042B能在大豆和苜蓿结瘤的分子机制。     

一株能在大豆上结瘤的苜蓿中华根瘤菌

苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)XJ96077分离自新疆的苜蓿根瘤中,其原宿主为紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)。交叉结瘤试验发现,它既可在苜蓿上又能在大豆上结瘤固氮。DNA(G C)mol％分析表明,XJ96077的DNA(G C)mol％为61．9％,与已报道的根瘤菌属的DNA(G C)mol％范围(59％-64％)相符。DNA同源性分析表明,XJ96077与苜蓿中华根瘤菌USDA1002^T和042BM的同源性分别达到93％和80％,说明XJ96077归属于苜蓿中华根瘤菌。应用绿色荧光蛋白基因标记XJ96077,得到重组菌株XJ96077(G)。将其接种普通紫花苜蓿,通过激光共聚焦荧光显微镜可以检测到标记基因的表达。接种北引1号大豆上,同样可以清楚地观察到标记基因在根瘤中的表达,从而确证了XJ96077能同时在苜蓿和大豆上结瘤。通过不同品种大豆的结瘤试验,发现XJ96077对大豆品种的结瘤能力不同。     

一株能在苜蓿上结瘤的费氏中华根瘤菌

费氏中华根瘤菌 (Sinorhizobiumfredii) 0 4 2BS分离自新疆的苜蓿根瘤 ,通过交叉结瘤试验 ,发现它既可在苜蓿上又可在大豆上结瘤固氮。 1 6SrDNAPCR RFLP分析表明 ,0 4 2BS与费氏中华根瘤菌模式菌株USDA2 0 5的 4种限制性酶切图谱完全一致。其G +Cmol%为 60 0 ,与费氏中华根瘤菌USDA2 0 5和USDA1 91的DNA同源性分别为 84 9%和89 6% ,表明 0 4 2BS属于费氏中华根瘤菌。应用绿色荧光蛋白基因标记 0 4 2BS ,得到重组菌株 0 4 2BSG。将其接种保定苜蓿和北引 1号大豆 ,并重新分离出根瘤菌 ,利用激光共聚焦荧光显微镜检测到标记基因的表达 ,从而确证了 0 4 2BS能在苜蓿和大豆上结瘤。而且 ,0 4 2BS对不同苜蓿品种的结瘤能力不同     

导入dctABD和nifA基因对费氏中华根瘤菌共生固氮的影响研究

以pTR102为载体构建重组质粒pHN307,其上克隆有来自昔蓿中华根瘤菌（Sinorthizobium meliloti）的四碳二羧酸转移酶基因dctABD、来自肺炎克氏杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae）的nifA基因和来自pDB30所含的发光酶基因lux-AB。经三亲本接合转移,将pHN307导入费氏中华根瘤菌（S.fredii)NH01、YC4和GR3,并考察了转移接合子中pHN307在传代培养和共生条件下的稳定性。与出发菌相比较的植物盆栽试验结果表明,在与大豆黑农33共生时,导入pHN307后的转移接合子均可显著提高结瘤植株的瘤重、地上部分干重和地上部分总氮量。在与大豆川早一号共生时,转移接合子HN01（pHN307）可显著提高结瘤植株的瘤数和瘤重;GR3（pHN307）可显著提高结瘤植株的瘤数、瘤重、地上部分干重和地上部分总氮量;导入pHN307的YC4却呈现出负作用。本研究表明,导入dctABD可提高固氮效率     

紫云英根瘤菌基因文库的构建及含完整结瘤基因的重组质粒pRaZ15的分离

以紫云英根瘤菌菌株7653R为材料,制备总DNA,经EcoRⅠ限制酶部分酶解,通过10—50％蔗糖梯度离心,分离到20一30 kb的DNA片段。利用能在革兰氏阴性菌中转移和复制的广谱寄主载体——pLAFRl质粒,构建了紫云英根瘤菌基因文库。通过与苜蓿根瘤菌102l菌株中8．7kb的共同结瘤基因(作探针DNA)杂交,从基因文库中分离到紫云英根瘤菌共同结瘤基因片段。以紫云英根瘤菌不结瘤突变株7653R+1(7653R消除共生质粒)为受体、构建的7653R基因文库(E．Coli C600)为供体,通过协助转移质粒pRK2013(LE392)进行三亲交配,在含四环素的根瘤菌台成培养基(sM)上选择接合转移子。将得到的所有接台转移子混合在一起接种植物,通过植物结瘤试验,分离到含紫云英根瘤菌结瘤基因的重组质粒pRaz15。将该质粒用EcoRⅠ完全酶切,得到25kb左右的外源DNA片段,该片段携带完整的结瘤基因簇。     

费氏中华根瘤菌042BS结瘤调节基因的克隆及功能检测

费氏中华根瘤菌 (Sinorhizobiumfredii) 0 4 2BS可以在大豆和苜蓿上结瘤。用费氏中华根瘤菌USDA2 5 7的nodD1和nodD2基因分别作为探针 ,与 0 4 2BS总DNA进行Southern杂交 ,发现其DNA经EcoRI酶切后分别在 3 0kb和 6 0kb处各有一条阳性带。回收这两条阳性带附近的DNA片段 ,建立部分基因文库 ,克隆到带有nodD1基因的 3 0kb片段 ,以及带有nodD2基因的 6 0kb片段。对nodD1和nodD2进行序列分析 ,结果表明 0 4 2BS的nodD1与费氏中华根瘤菌根瘤菌USDA2 5 7和USDA1 91的同源性高达 99% ,而nodD2与USDA2 5 7的同源性为1 0 0 %。再将nodD1的片段克隆到pBBRIMCS 5载体上 ,导入豌豆根瘤菌蚕豆生物变种 (Rhi zobiumleguminosarumbv.viciae)LPR5 0 5 4中进行功能检测 ,显示 0 4 2BS的nodD1均可被大豆分泌的类黄酮物质染料木黄酮以及苜蓿分泌的类黄酮物质毛地黄黄酮所诱导     

费氏中华根瘤菌共生质粒扩增对结瘤因子组分和共生固氮能力的影响

费氏中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium fredii)YC4能在大豆(Glycine max)和野大豆(G．soja)上形成正常固氮的根瘤．人工培养条件下用^14C标记的薄层层析(TLC)法检测根瘤菌产生的结瘤因子(LCOs)的结果表明,与其它4株费氏中华根瘤菌相比,YC4产生的LCOs含有较多的疏水性基团．从YC4菌株中分离到1株共生质粒发生了扩增的自发突变株YSC3,其产生的LCOs中含有较野生型菌株多的1个疏水性组分,28℃培养条件下产生的LCOs量亦较YC4显著增加．结瘤试验结果表明,YSC3菌株只能在大豆和野大豆上形成无效的根瘤．     

Alfalfa root nodule phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: characterization of the cDNA and expression in effective and plant-controlled ineffective nodules

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays a key role in N₂ fixation and ammonia assimilation in legume root nodules. The enzyme can comprise up to 2% of the soluble protein in root nodules. We report here the isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding the nodule-enhanced form of PEPC. Initially, a 2945 bp partial-length cDNA was selected by screening an effective alfalfa nodule cDNA library with antibodies prepared against root nodule PEPC. The nucleotide sequence encoding the N-terminal region of the protein was obtained by primer-extension cDNA synthesis and PCR amplification. The complete amino acid sequence of alfalfa PEPC was deduced from these cDNA sequences and shown to bear striking similarity to other plant PEPCs. Southern blots of alfalfa genomic DNA indicate that nodule PEPC is a member of a small gene family. During the development of effective root nodules, nodule PEPC activity increases to a level that is 10- to 15-fold greater than that in root and leaf tissue. This increase appears to be the result of increases in amount of enzyme protein and PEPC mRNA. Ineffective nodules have substantially less PEPC mRNA, enzyme protein and activity than do effective nodules. Maximum expression of root nodule PEPC appears to be related to two signals. The first signal is associated with nodule initiation while the second signal is associated with nodule effectiveness. Regulation of root nodule PEPC activity may also involve post-translational processes affecting enzyme activity and/or degradation.     

苜蓿中华根瘤菌042B nodD基因的克隆、序列分析及其表达

苜蓿中华根瘤菌０４２Ｂ是一株能在苜蓿和大豆上结瘤的菌株。将０４２Ｂ的ｎｏｄＳＤ基因克隆到时载体ｐＢＢＲ１ＭＣＳ－５,并在豌豆根瘤菌ＬＲＲ５０４５系统中进行功能分析,发现０４２Ｂ的ＮｏｄＤ蛋白能与大豆的类黄酮化合物ｇｅｎｉｓｔｅｉｎ结合,也怀苜蓿原类黄酮化合物ｌｕｔｅｏｌｉｎ反应。     

转座子挽救法对苜蓿中华根瘤菌与耐盐有关基因的定位

用含Tn5转座子的质粒pRL1063a诱变苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)042BM,得到盐敏感突变株042BML-2。采用转座子挽救法对Tn5插入位点两边的序列进行克隆与测序,获得了1179bp的转座子插入位点侧翼DNA序列。在GenBank中进行序列同源性和基因定位分析,结果表明：转座子插入在一个功能未知的基因内部,此基因长6270bp。研究证明：该基因与042BM的耐盐性有关,并定名为rtsC。氨基酸疏水性分析表明,在RtsC蛋白的N端有两个跨膜区,该蛋白与细菌趋化性相关蛋白的功能域有同源性。并对RtsC蛋白在苜蓿中华根瘤菌042BM耐盐性中的作用进行了讨论。     

Symbiosis between the nodule bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) under salinization conditions

Two hundred forty-three isolates of alfalfa nodule bacteria (Sinorhizobium meliloti) were obtained from legume nodules and soils sampled in the northern Aral region, experiencing secondary salinization. Isolates obtained from nodules (N isolates) were significantly more salt-tolerant than those from soils (S isolates) when grown in a liquid medium with 3.5% NaCl. It was found that wild species of alfalfa, melilot, and trigonella preferably formed symbioses with salt-tolerant nodule bacteria in both salinized and nonsalinized soils. Only two alfalfa species, Medicago falcata and M. trautvetteri, formed efficient symbioses in soils contrasting in salinity. The formation of efficient symbiosis with alfalfa in the presence of 0.6% NaCl was studied in 36 isolates (N and S) differing in salt tolerance and symbiotic efficiency. Fifteen isolates formed efficient symbioses in the presence of salt. The increase in the dry weight of the plants was 25-68% higher than in the control group. The efficiency of symbiotic interaction under salinization conditions depended on the efficiency of the isolates under standard conditions but did not correlate with the source of nodule bacteria (soil or nodule) or their salt tolerance. The results indicate that nodule bacterium strains forming efficient symbioses under salinization conditions can be found.     

Effects of nodulation on resistance to alfalfa sickness among ten alfalfa cultivars

Summary Ten alfalfa cultivars were used to study the effects of nodulation and variations in resistance to alfalfa sickness. The alfalfa seedlings were planted in sick soil with three treatment,,i.e.: pasteurized sick soil inoculated with Rhizobium ‘Nitragin’ which served as the control, the inoculated non-pasteurized sick soil and the non-inoculated non-pasteurized sick soil. None of the alfalfa cultivars were immune from the sickness. Cultivar ‘Anik’ fromMedicago falcata was among the most resistant cultivars. Three Phytophthora root rot resistant cultivars including ‘Agate’, ‘Apollo’ and ‘Ramsey’ were not resistant to the disease. Alfalfa inoculated with Rhizobium showed greatly improved seedling growth. Correlation coefficients showed that those alfalfa cultivars more resistant to alfalfa sickness produced more dry weight. Dry weight increase due to nodulation (82%) had more than compensated for the loss of dry weight due to alfalfa sickness (33%). The present study suggested that the poor growth of alfalfa on sick soil was attributed to both the soil borne pathogens and the poor nodulation of alfalfa, probably due to the absence of effective Rhizobium in sick soil. Highly significant differences were also obtained among olfalfa cultivars for plant dry weight in the inoculation treatment. Selection for effective Rhizobium strains and for alfalfa genotypes which are resistant to alfalfa sickness and are high in nitrogen fixation rates could improve alfalfa yield in sick soil.