新疆库尔勒市地表灰尘重金属污染及潜在生态风险

从库尔勒市采集54个地表灰尘样品,测定其中Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr与Cu共6种重金属元素含量,采用内梅罗综合污染指数(NPI)、潜在生态风险指数(HRI)和生态风险预警指数(IER),评价了地表灰尘重金属污染及潜在生态风险。结果表明,库尔勒市地表灰尘中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr和Cu等元素含量平均值分别为新疆土壤背景值的3.71、1.87、1.96、1.14和1.29倍。其中,Hg呈现重度污染,Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu呈现轻度污染,As呈现轻微污染,NPI平均值呈现重度污染。潜在生态风险评价结果表明,地表灰尘中Hg呈现较强生态风险,Cd呈现中等生态风险,As、Pb、Cr和Cu呈现轻微生态风险,HRI平均值为232.23,呈现中等生态风险。根据生态风险预警分级标准,地表灰尘中Hg污染处于轻警态势,Cd、Pb、Cu和Cr污染处于预警态势,As污染处于无警态势,IER平均值为4.91,处于中警态势。从空间分布格局来看,地表灰尘重金属污染及生态风险高值区分布于研究区北部。总体上,库尔勒市地表灰尘重金属污染风险相对较低。     

福建漳州市香蕉园土壤重金属污染调查分析

调查福建省漳州市香蕉园土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Hg、Cr、Cu及非重金属有害元素As含量,并采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法进行评价。结果表明,以福建土壤背景值为评价标准,漳州市部分香蕉园土壤受到重金属污染,单项污染指数的顺序为Hg(1.60)> Pb(1.26)> Cd(1.07)> Cu(0.76)> As(0.50)> Cr(0.38),污染元素主要为Cd、Pb、Hg,其中Cd、Hg为中度污染;综合污染指数为1.16,属轻度污染。而以土壤环境质量二级标准为评价标准,其综合污染指数为0.34,表明未受污染。对不同取样点土壤重金属污染情况比较分析,说明道路交通、生活垃圾及生活污水均会造成香蕉园土壤不同程度的重金属污染,主要表现为Cd、Pb、Hg的污染。     

江苏省典型区农田土壤及小麦中重金属含量与评价

为了研究江苏省典型区地震带农田土壤和小麦中重金属的污染,在具有代表性的农田采集收获期小麦及耕层土壤,分析和评价了土壤和小麦中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr、Hg、As和Zn的含量及污染程度。结果表明,土壤样品中Cd、Zn、Pb的含量均超过江苏省土壤背景值,Cr、Cu、Ni和As分别有25.64%、97.44%、92.31%和92.31%的土壤样品中超过江苏省土壤背景值,Hg的含量均在背景值以下;与国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)中Ⅱ级标准相比,Cd的含量均超出标准限值,其它7种重金属元素含量均在标准限值以下。土壤中重金属相关分析表明,Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As具有相同的来源的可能性较大,而Hg与Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As的来源均不相同。以NY 861—2004为评价标准,小麦籽粒Pb、Cr、Hg、Ni、As样品超标率分别为100%、58.97%、33.33%、10.26%、2.56%,Cu、Zn和Cd没有样品超标,由此可见小麦籽粒中Pb的污染最为严重。采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态评价指数法以国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)和江苏省土壤背景值为参比值,对农田土壤重金属污染进行评价,结果显示,从单项污染指数来看只有Cd达到重度污染水平,其它元素均在安全范围以内,从综合污染指数来看土壤重金属污染达到中度污染水平,从潜在生态评价指数法来看,研究区域表现为很强的生态危害,并以Cd为主要污染因子。     

某农药工业园区周边土壤重金属含量与风险评价

以苏南某农药工业园区周边30km2区域为研究区,采用同心圆法采集土壤样品183个,分析了农药工业园区周边土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Hg和As8种重金属含量、空间变异性、来源及潜在风险.结果表明:以自然背景值为评价标准,研究区表层土壤Hg、Cu、Cd和Pb平均含量超过自然背景值,其中Hg和Cu含量最高;以国标二级标准为评价标准,土壤Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As6种重金属的单项污染指数平均值均小于1,Hg和Cu分别为1.59和1.05.在农药工业园区周边土壤重金属污染较重的东南方向和西北方向,随着与园区距离的增加,土壤Cd、Ni、Pb、Cr、As、Hg、Zn和Cu含量先上升、后下降、再趋于平稳.通过分析农药工业园区周边土壤重金属综合污染指数发现,距离园区约200～1000m周边土壤污染的风险较大,而1000m以外逐渐达到安全范围.利用地统计学和GIS相结合进行分析发现,8种重金属污染指数有明显的空间变异.依据相关分析与主成分分析结果推测,Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb和As主要来源于成土母质,而Hg、Cu和Cd主要与人类活动有关.     

白银市不同区域蔬菜地土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

选取白银市城郊东大沟、西大沟蔬菜地土壤样品共128个,调查了Cu、Ni、Zn、Cr、As、Cd、Hg、Pb等8种重金属的含量,采用人为影响倍数、主成分分析法、地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险法研究评价了其污染状况。结果表明:白银市蔬菜地土壤Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb等6种重金属含量均超过甘肃土壤背景值,其中东大沟Zn、As、Cd和西大沟As、Cd超过了国家土壤质量二级标准。变异程度和人为影响倍数表明:东大沟Cd、Hg,西大沟Hg、As空间分布非常不均匀,受人为影响最显著。主成分分析表明:东大沟Cu、Cd、Pb和西大沟Zn、Cd含量由多种因素控制。地质累积指数(Igeo)表明:白银市蔬菜地Cd、As、Hg、Zn污染程度比较严重,达到了中度污染到强污染,尤其东大沟Cd污染部分甚至达到极强污染,Ni、Cr为无污染。潜在生态危害分析表明:单个潜在生态风险参数(Ei)和综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)均为东大沟西大沟,其中Cd、Hg和As的单个潜在生态危害程度较高。虽然东大沟蔬菜地重金属污染严重于西大沟,但研究区整体污染程度和生态危害在逐年减轻。     

玛曲高寒退化草甸土壤重金属污染风险评价

为了分析玛曲高寒草甸土壤重金属含量分布及重金属污染风险,采集玛曲高寒退化草甸土壤样品,分析研究区表层土壤(0—20 cm)中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb等八种重金属含量,描述玛曲高寒草甸土壤重金属的空间分布特征,采用单因子污染指数、内梅罗污染指数、地累积指数评价重金属污染程度并分析重金属污染潜在生态风险,以相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析表征同源性重金属。结果表明:(1)研究区内As、Cd的质量分数高于背景值, Ni的质量分数偏低,变异系数大小为Cr> Hg> Cd> Cu> As> Ni> Zn> Pb;(2)Cd单因子污染指数为轻微污染,地累积指数反映As属于未受污染与轻微污染之间,各重金属元素均无潜在生态风险;以国标和土壤背景值为标准,内梅罗综合污染指数表明玛曲未受到重金属污染;(3)主成分和相关性分析表明玛曲土壤中Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb等元素具有相同或相似的来源, Ni和Pb的来源优先顺序最大, Cr和Hg含量呈现弱相关。     

福建漳州菜园土壤重金属污染评价及防治

调查福建省漳州市菜园土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Hg、Cr及非金属有害元素As含量,并采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法进行评价。结果表明,以福建土壤背景值为评价标准,漳州市部分菜园土壤受到重金属污染,单项污染指数的顺序为Cd(2.39) >Hg(2.00) >Pb(1.40) >Cr(0.63) >As(0.57),污染元素主要为Cd、Pb、Hg,其中Cd、Hg为中度污染;综合污染指数为1.75,属轻度污染。而以土壤环境质量二级标准为评价标准,其综合污染指数为0.14,污染等级为未受污染。     

大兴安岭森林土壤重金属含量空间变异与污染评价

重金属是危害森林生态健康的主要污染物之一,迄今有关大兴安岭森林土壤重金属含量、空间变异和污染程度鲜见报道。本文通过野外调查采样,应用GIS空间分析技术,结合经典重金属污染评价方法,分析了大兴安岭森林土壤Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Hg及As含量的空间变异与污染程度。结果表明:(1)研究区8种重金属含量具有中等空间异质性,变异系数在16.67%~35.39%。Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn、Hg、As的块金值/基台值[C0/(C0+C)]25%,其空间变异主要由母质、地形等结构性变异引起,Cu和Ni的C0/(C0+C)在25%~75%,即非结构性因素人类活动对二者的影响较大。土壤重金属含量呈斑块状、条带状和岛状分布。(2)大兴安岭森林土壤8种重金属含量主要表现为累积的特征。8种重金属含量的平均值与最大值均未超过《国家土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)二级标准限值,其中Cu、Zn、As的最大值超过一级标准,而其他5种元素的最大值均未超过一级标准。(3)地积累指数表明,土壤Cr、Pb、Ni无污染风险,其他5种元素污染风险较低。内梅罗综合污染指数表明,土壤整体质量已经处于轻污染状态。单因子潜在生态风险指数分析表明,Cu、Ni、Pb、Cr、Zn、As不具有潜在生态风险,Hg、Cd的部分样点的单因子生态风险指数Eri值存在生态风险,其中Hg的个别特征点已经达到Ⅲ级(中等风险)水平;潜在生态风险指数表明,研究区80%的样点无潜在生态风险,20%样点处于一般生态风险水平。     

大兴安岭古利库砂金矿废弃地土壤重金属含量特征

矿产资源开采后形成大量废弃地已经成为土壤重金属污染主要来源之一。大兴安岭地区是我国砂金矿重要分布区,近百年的开采历史导致该地区遗留大面积的砂金矿采矿废弃地。然而,目前关于大兴安岭砂金矿废弃地土壤重金属污染情况的研究鲜见报道。本文以大兴安岭地区古利库砂金矿废弃地为对象,研究了砂金矿废弃地土壤重金属元素Hg、As、Pb、Cd和Cr的污染情况及分布特征,并采用内梅罗指数进行土壤重金属元素综合污染等级评价。结果发现:(1)与大兴安岭天然林相比,砂金矿废弃地土壤As、Cd和Cr含量分别增加83%、78%和101%;(2)在砂金矿废弃地不同位置,土壤Hg和Pb含量存在差异,而As、Cd和Cr含量差异不显著;(3)砂金矿废弃地土壤Hg、As、Pb、Cd和Cr含量均低于我国土壤环境质量一级标准值,土壤重金属污染综合评价等级未达到轻度污染等级。研究表明,大兴安岭砂金矿废弃地土壤重金属污染并不严重,今后在该地区砂金矿废弃地生态恢复建设中应该重点考虑土壤水分或养分限制问题。     

武汉市蔬菜重金属污染现状的调查与评价

通过对武汉市6种蔬菜的供食部位及所对应的土壤中重金属Hg(汞)、Cu(铜)、Pb(铅)、Cd(镉)、Cr(铬)、Zn(锌)、As(砷)含量及分布特征进行了检测,结果表明:Pb、Cr是武汉市蔬菜中主要的污染元素;Hg、Cd只在个别叶菜类上超标;Zn、Cu、As无超标样。在所时应的土样中,普遍存在污染的是Cd,其它6种重金属元素均未超标。     

贵州兴仁煤矿区农田土壤重金属化学形态及风险评估

为了解煤矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染状况,采集了贵州省兴仁县某典型煤矿区农田土壤样品64份,测定了土样中重金属(As、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ni)总量及各形态含量,采用单因子指数法、潜在生态风险指数法(Hkanson法)和风险评估编码法(RAC)对研究区主要土壤利用类型(水稻土、薏米地、植烟土和菜园土)中重金属进行潜在生态风险评估和环境风险评价.结果表明： 不同利用类型土壤中重金属含量除Zn外,其他元素均明显超过贵州省背景值.单因子指数法评价结果表明,As、Pb、Hg和Cu污染较为严重,均属重度污染.形态分析表明,土壤中重金属形态构成差异明显,酸可提取态As、酸可提取态Cd所占比例较高;Cr、Zn、Cu、Ni主要以残渣态为主;Pb主要以可还原态和残渣态为主;而Hg的酸可提取态、可还原态、可氧化态均占有相当比例,三者之和大于55%.重金属可利用度大小顺序为:As(63.6%)>Hg(57.3%)>Cd(56.4%)>Pb(52.5%)>Cu(45.7%)>Zn(32.8%)>Ni(26.2%)>Cr(13.2%).潜在生态风险指数表明,各类型土壤潜在生态风险(RI)〖JP2〗为:菜园土(505.19)>薏米地(486.06)>植烟土(475.33)>水稻土(446.86),均处于较高风险.风险评估编码法结果显示,As在水稻土、薏米地及植烟土中均处于高风险,在菜园土中处于中等风险;Cd、Hg均处于中等风险,Cr、Pb、Zn、Cu和Ni均处于低风险.因此,对该区域农田土壤进行管控时应重点考虑As、Cd和Hg污染.     

Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Urban Agricultural Soils of Jilin City,China

Due to rapid industrialization and urbanization during the last two decades, contamination of urban agricultural soils by heavy metals is on an increase all over China. In this study, fifty soil samples were collected from urban vegetable fields in a chemical industrial area and non chemical industrial area in Jilin City to investigate the heavy metal pollution level. The mean Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Cd contents (30.84, 65.65, 26.41, 23.07, 135.14, and 0.1434 mg kg^?1 dry weight, respectively) in the urban vegetable soils were higher than their corresponding natural background values. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify the possible sources of metal contamination in the study area. The results indicated that Cu and Zn were mainly from industrial activities, while Pb and Cd were derived from traffic activities and agricultural activities, and Cr and Ni tended to be from parent material. The distribution of comprehensive pollution index values showed that Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Cd concentrations in most of the agricultural fields did not exceed the baseline values affecting the safety of agricultural production and human health according to the soil environmental quality standard of China, indicating an insignificant contamination of these metals in Jilin City.     

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils and Vegetables from a Typical Greenhouse Vegetable Production System in China

There is growing concern about food safety and environmental contamination due to potential health risks to consumers. The aims of this study are to elucidate the accumulation status, influencing factors, and potential risk of selected heavy metals in soils and vegetables from a typical greenhouse vegetable production system in China. The potential health risks of heavy metals through soil contact and vegetable consumption were evaluated for greenhouse and corresponding open field production. The results indicated that the mean concentrations of Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn in greenhouse vegetable soils were greater than those in open field soils. Leaf vegetables had relatively higher concentrations and transfer factors of heavy metals than root and fruit vegetables, especially for Cd. The target hazard quotient of heavy metals through vegetable consumption was greater than 1 for leaf vegetables, and was also higher for greenhouse vegetables than those from open field. The risk of exposure to heavy metals through direct contact with soil and vegetable consumption was higher for children than for adults and seniors. Planting patterns with different vegetable types and soil properties can affect bioavailability and crop accumulation of heavy metals.     

Analysis of Spatial Variations and Sources of Heavy Metals in Farmland Soils of Beijing Suburbs

To understand the effect of intense human activities in suburbs on environmental quality, we obtained 758 measurements of the heavy metals in certain farmland soils of the Beijing suburbs. Multivariate statistical analysis and geostatistical analysis were used to conduct a basic analysis of the heavy metal concentrations, the distribution characteristics and the sources of pollution of the farmland soils in these suburbs. The results showed the presence of eight heavy metals in the agricultural soils at levels exceeding the background values for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. In particular, all the measured Cr concentrations exceeded the background value, while As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn were present at 1.13, 1.68, 1.95, 1.43, 1.63, 0.79, 0.92 and 1.36 times their background values, respectively. The results of correlation, factor and spatial structure analyses showed that Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were strongly homologous, whereas Cr and Hg showed a degree of heterogeneity. The analysis further indicated that in addition to natural factors, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the soil were mainly associated with distribution from road traffic and land use status. Different agricultural production measures in the various areas were also important factors that affected the spatial distribution of the soil Cr concentration. The major sources of Hg pollution were landfills for industrial waste and urban domestic garbage, while the spatial distribution of As was more likely to be a result of composite pollution. The regional distribution of the heavy metals indicated that except for Cr and Hg, the high heavy metal levels occurred in districts and counties with higher organic matter concentrations, such as the northwestern and southeastern suburbs of Beijing. There was no significant Ni pollution in the agricultural soils of the Beijing suburbs.     

Spatial patterns,hotspot, and risk assessment of heavy metals in different land uses of urban soils (case study: Malayer city)

A study on identification of hotspots, spatial patterns, and risk evaluation of heavy metals in urban soils of Malayer city (Iran) was carried out. Fifty-nine composite surface soil samples were collected from six different land uses (urban parks, streets, and squares, boulevards, residential and agricultural areas) in Malayer city, and the total heavy metals were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Average concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were 0.66, 15.51, 12.25, and 96.8 mg/kg, respectively. Among the six land uses, heavy metal contamination was heavier for street, while low contamination could be found for residential and urban parks. The spatial distribution of Pb in surface soil was similar to those of Cd, and Cu was similar to those of Zn with decreasing values from the central areas to the suburb. Also, there were several hotspots for studied heavy metals that Cd and Pb were mainly occurred in locations of heavy traffic in the city center and Cu and Zn in the west and northwestern in the city. The calculated result of risk evaluation showed that much of the city suffered from moderate to severe pollution by four of these heavy metals.     

Distribution of Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Greenbelt Roadside Soils of Pudong New District in Shanghai

We studied the distribution of seven heavy metals and As in typical municipal greenbelt roadside soils in Pudong New District, Shanghai, China. As and Ni showed no significant accumulation compared with the background values of the local soils, but there was strong evidence of accumulation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn in the roadside soils. However, only Zn and Cd contents were higher than the pollution thresholds of the Chinese National Soil Quality standard. The concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s in the soils were significantly affected by the length of time since the roads were constructed. Soils from areas adjacent to an older road had higher levels of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn. In terms of spatial distribution, more Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were found in the soil from the green areas of median between carriageways than from those of the roadside verges. Vertical distribution analysis shows that the contents of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn had maximum values in the topsoil and were substantially lower in the deeper layers of the soil profile. Moreover, correlation analysis reveals that these four heavy metals originated from the same pollution sources and their contents were directly associated with the traffic density.     

Assessment of potential health risk of heavy metals in soils from a rapidly developing region of China

Soil heavy metal contamination is a major environmental concern, and health risk associated with heavy metals is not fully explored. A combination of spatial analysis and Monte Carlo simulation was successfully used to identify the possible sources and health risk of cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) in soils collected from a rapidly developing region of China. It was found that mean concentrations of Cd (0.17 mg/kg ), As (8.74 mg/kg ), Hg (0.15 mg/kg ), Pb (27.28 mg/kg ), and Cu (33.32 mg/kg ) were greater than the soil background values. Accumulation and spatial variability of heavy metals were significantly affected by anthropogenic activities and soil properties. The risk assessment indicated that non-carcinogenic risk was not significant. However, 95% of the total cumulative carcinogenic risk of children was greater than 1E-05, implying high potential carcinogenic risk with As and Pb representing the major contributors. Ingestion of heavy metals in the soils was the main exposure pathway compared with the inhalation and the dermal exposure. Concentration of heavy metals in the soils, particulate emission factor, and dermal exposure ratio were the major parameters affecting health risk. This study highlights the importance of assessment of soil direct exposure health risk in studying heavy metal exposures.     

防城港临时性海洋倾倒区沉积物重金属污染现状及其生态风险评价

对防城港临时性海洋倾倒区表层沉积物重金属的含量和分布进行了对比分析,并采用污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对其重金属的污染特征及潜在生态风险程度进行了评价。结果表明,倾倒区沉积物Hg、Pb、As和Zn的含量显著性升高;总体污染程度为中等污染,各重金属元素的污染程度由高到低排序依次为As(3.59)>Hg(2.19)>Pb(1.42)>Zn(1.20)>Cu(1.05)>Cd(0.91),其中As是主要污染因子;该海域表层沉积物重金属总体潜在生态风险程度为中等,各重金属元素的潜在生态风险程度由高到低排序依次为Hg(87.74)>As(35.89)>Cd(27.27)>Pb(7.08)>Cu(5.23)>Zn(1.20),其中Hg为主要潜在生态风险因子。