白僵菌生物防治林中虫生真菌群落结构分析

对白僵菌生物防治林中虫生真菌群落的结构研究表明,长期接种式释放白僵菌的马尾松林中虫生真菌共有属7种.球孢白僵菌的数量占绝对优势,为总数的63.22%;拟青霉次之,占25.86%;绿僵菌占9.20%;轮枝孢仅占1.72%.从寄主昆虫的多样性来看,球孢白僵菌和环链拟青霉的Brillouin多样性指数分别为3.56和2.315,均匀度分别为0.81和0.865;粉拟青霉和蜡蚧轮枝孢的多样性指数分别为1.71和0.862,均匀度为0.963和1.000而黄绿绿僵菌、金龟子绿僵菌和玫烟色拟青霉多样性和均匀度指标均较低.不同季节中被白僵菌侵染的寄主昆虫多样性指数呈现出春秋高、夏季低的趋势,反映了白僵菌种群的季节性变化.     

大别山地区虫生真菌群落结构与生态分布

本文对安徽大别山地区虫生真菌的群落结构和生态分布规律进行了研究。在天堂寨和鹞落坪2个自然保护区共设样方278个,先后采集罹病标本1986个,共计50种,隶属于4目、4科、16属。优势种依次为粉拟青霉、细脚拟青霉、下垂虫草、球孢白僵菌和金龟子绿僵菌。在垂直分布上,种的丰度、多度和物种多样性指数都以海拔1100-1150m最高,随着海拔升高或降低,各多样性指标基本上表现递减的趋势。季节分布上,夏季是虫生真菌物种分布最丰富的季节,随着温度下降和雨量的减少,种的丰度和多度也明显下降。另外,该区虫生真菌群落呈现出明显的水平地带性分布规律。     

太白山土壤淡色丝孢真菌群落多样性及生态位

从秦岭太白山南、北坡采集的40个土壤样品中分离纯化得到土壤淡色丝孢真菌16属,利用物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度、生态位宽度及生态位重叠等指标对太白山南、北坡不同林带土壤淡色丝孢真菌的群落结构进行了研究.结果表明：土壤淡色丝孢菌各物种在南、北坡各林带中的分布具有明显的环境梯度格局.海拔和植物林带类型是决定太白山土壤淡色丝孢菌分布的主要因素.淡色丝孢真菌物种丰富度和多样性指数随着海拔的升高呈明显降低的趋势;群落的均匀度随海拔的升高呈一定的升高趋势,但规律不明显.对淡色丝孢菌各物种的生态位研究结果表明,太白山南、北坡青霉属、曲霉属、轮枝孢属、拟青霉属、枝顶孢属等物种生态位宽度值较大,与其他各属的生态位重叠较高,说明上述各属真菌在太白山南、北坡分布较广泛.而单端孢属、粘帚霉属、绿僵菌属的生态位宽度较窄,与其他各属的生态位重叠较小,说明这些属的真菌分布受海拔高度及植被类型的影响较大,仅在某些特殊林带中出现.     

滇西太保山森林公园子囊菌门虫生真菌物种多样性及其消长动态

云南及青藏高原存在着丰富的虫生真菌资源。本文选择云南省保山市省级城市森林公园太保山森林公园为研究区域, 对子囊菌门虫生真菌物种多样性及其季节消长动态开展了系统研究。在2016年每月采集土样和罹病昆虫, 分离虫生真菌菌株, 采用多基因(nrSSU, nrLSU, EF-1α, RPB1和RPB2)系统发育分析进行物种鉴定, 通过α多样性分析来研究虫生真菌的数量特征和种群消长动态。太保山森林公园子囊菌门虫生真菌全年均有分布, 共获得395个菌株, 包括3科9属24种; 优势属为虫草属(Cordyceps) (6个种199个菌株), 白僵菌属(Beauveria) (5个种80个菌株), 优势种依次为Akanthomyces sp.、Cordyceps tenuipes、C. cicadae、C. fumosorosea和Beauveria bassiana。7月菌株检出率最高(85株, 占总数的21.4%), 8月物种丰富度(15种)和多样性指数(2.35)最高。在5个优势种中, 只有Cordyceps cicadae受季节变化影响较大, 集中分布于5-9月, 7月分布最丰富(35株, 占该月菌株总数的41.2%); 其他4个种一年大部分时间(11或12个月)都能检测到。结果表明, 太保山森林公园子囊菌门虫生真菌资源丰富, 多数优势种对季节变化适应能力较强。     

应用虫生真菌防治烟粉虱的现状

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci属世界性分布的大害虫.在一定条件下虫生真菌是控制烟粉虱种群的最有效天敌.本文就几种常见虫生真菌:蜡蚧轮枝菌Verticilliumlecanii、座壳孢Aschersoniaspp.、玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomycesfumosoroseus、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana等防治烟粉虱的应用现状以及它们与其它天敌的关系进行了综述,以期对烟粉虱虫生真菌的合理利用提供参考.     

辽宁碱蓬根际土壤真菌多样性的季节变化及其耐盐性

采用稀释平板法和形态学鉴定法进行了辽宁碱蓬(Suaeda liaotungensis)根际土壤真菌的分离鉴定及季节、盐度对真菌多样性的影响分析。结果表明:春、夏、秋、冬四季辽宁碱蓬根际土壤中的真菌菌落数分别为6410、4180、5730和3340,种类分别为6属13种、9属16种、11属31种、6属12种,共分离鉴定出13属42种真菌;其根际土壤真菌的多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数,从大到小的次序均为秋夏春冬,3种指数均在秋季达到峰值;多样性指数和丰富度指数差异较大,均匀度指数波动较小,春季和冬季的均匀度指数相近。辽宁碱蓬根际土壤真菌种类明显多于无植被土壤,是无植被土壤的7倍,多样性指数和均匀度指数分别是无植被土壤的4—8倍和1—1.2倍;其根际土壤真菌优势种群包括青霉属(Penicillium)、葡萄穗霉属(Stachybotrys)、枝孢属(Cladosporium)、木霉属(Trichoderma)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)和镰孢属(Fusarium);4个季节的优势菌不尽相同,但均有一个共同的优势菌属青霉属。以Na Cl浓度梯度法制造盐胁迫生境,检测辽宁碱蓬根际土壤真菌对盐胁迫的响应,结果表明:60%左右的菌种能耐受5%以下盐度、15%左右的菌种能耐10%—20%盐度;筛选出了6株高度耐盐菌:细交链孢霉、草酸青霉、产黄青霉、烟曲霉、细极链格孢和赭曲霉,其中最高耐盐菌种赭曲霉可耐20%盐度。创新之处在于以盐度和季节为变量检测辽宁碱蓬根际土壤真菌的种群构成,为其深入研究奠定了理论基础。     

雅鲁藏布江中游地区土壤淡色丝孢菌群落多样性及物种生态位研究

从雅鲁藏布江中游地区采集土壤样品35份,主要涵盖农田、城市花园、高山草甸、湿地和防护林带五种生态类型,从中分离获得土壤淡色丝孢菌12属。利用种群优势度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度、生态位宽度、群落相似性等指标对该地区不同生境的土壤淡色丝孢菌物种(属级)的生态多样性及物种生态位进行了分析。结果表明,土壤淡色丝孢菌的数量和类群分布在该地区不同生态类型土壤中差异明显。农田生境中土壤淡色丝孢菌物种多样性指数最高,均匀度较高;防护林带生境中土壤淡色丝孢菌物种多样性指数最低,均匀度也最低。对不同生态类型土壤中淡色丝孢菌的相似性分析发现,农田和防护林带生境的相似性系数最大,说明这两种生境具有较多的共同物种;湿地和城市花园生境的相似性系数最小。物种生态位结果分析表明,在上述五种生境中,拟青霉属Paecilomyces、刺座霉属Volutella、曲霉属Aspergillus和青霉属Penicillium具有较宽的生态位宽度,属于广适性物种;而白僵菌属Beauveria和绿僵菌属Metarhizium生态位很窄,只存在于某个生境中,属于狭适性物种。     

马尾松纯林虫生真菌群落组成及优势种生态位研究

对麻姑山马尾松纯林的虫生真菌群落进行了调查研究,共发现了3科6属14种。该林区虫生真菌群落的主要成分是环链棒束孢、球孢白僵菌和粉棒束孢,虫生菌种类较少,较为单一。对3种优势虫生真菌环链棒束孢、球孢白僵菌和粉棒束孢的营养、时间及营养-时间二维生态位进行了分析。结果表明,环链棒束孢与粉棒束孢的营养生态位重叠度最大,与球孢白僵菌时间生态重叠度最大。而球孢白僵菌的营养生态位宽度、时间生态位宽度和营养-时间二维生态位宽度都为最大。球孢白僵菌在自然界中发生时间长,分布范围广,寄主昆虫丰富,生存能力强的实际情况也支持这一分析结果。     

两种虫生真菌酯酶同工酶酶谱多样性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对不同来源的22株球孢白僵菌和21株粉拟青霉酯酶同工酶的酶谱多样性进行了研究,由酯酶图谱可知同种不同菌株间具有丰富的遗传多样性,可作为菌株亲缘关系的可靠的遗传标记。遗传距离进行聚类分析,结果表明球孢白僵菌、粉拟青霉不同菌株间亲缘关系的远近与寄主范围无任何相关性,与菌株来源地在某些菌株间存在一定的相关性。     

基于SSR标记的琅琊山球孢白僵菌寄主专化性

球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana是一类常见的昆虫病原真菌,其自然侵染的寄主昆虫众多,达15目149科750种。为了解球孢白僵菌自然种群的遗传多样性,探讨种群异质性和寄主来源之间的关系,分析其寄主专化性的强弱,本研究利用SSR分子标记技术,比较了安徽琅琊山国家森林公园的85株球孢白僵菌（寄主种类涉及7目24种）群体遗传多样性差异,通过构建聚类树分析菌株基因型和寄主关联性。结果表明琅琊山球孢白僵菌群体Nei’s基因多样性指数h=0.2906,Shannon信息指数I_s=0.4510,多态位点百分率P为100%。不同寄主目球孢白僵菌遗传多样性水平由高至低为鞘翅目>膜翅目>同翅目>双翅目>鳞翅目>直翅目>半翅目,其中菌株数量较多的鞘翅目、膜翅目和同翅目3个亚种群的遗传多样性较高且水平接近。聚类分析发现8对SSR引物将85株球孢白僵菌分成29个基因型,并在遗传相似系数0.70处分别聚为3个分支。分析寄主类型发现相同基因型的株系可侵染不同目的寄主,而同一类型寄主也可被不同基因型的菌株侵染。球孢白僵菌种群的总体遗传多样性较高,遗传谱系与寄主来源无明显相关性,菌株的寄主专化性弱。     

分子时代的白僵菌研究

白僵菌属是全球分布的最常见的虫生真菌。自上世纪90年代以来,有关白僵菌的研究进入分子时代,各方面的研究都有快速甚至是突破性的进展。作为复合种的球孢白僵菌和布氏白僵菌已被分割,而且还有其他新种被陆续命名,有多种有性型被发现;在查明一些致病基因及其作用机制后,通过转基因改良菌株工作取得突破性进展;分子生态学的研究解决了与白僵菌在农林生态系中的流行有关的一些难题。文中就白僵菌的分类学与系统演化、生物学、分子致病机制与基因工程,以及生态学与流行病学等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

Phylogeny of mitosporic entomopathogenic fungi: is the genus Paecilomyces polyphyletic?

We analyzed sequences of the divergent domain at the 5' end of the large subunit rRNA gene from the mitosporic entomopathogenic fungi Paecilomyces sp., Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Paecilomyces farinosus, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Verticillium lecanii, Verticillium psalliotae, Beauveria bassiana, Aschersonia sp., Aschersonia placenta, ascomycetous Cordyceps sp., and Cordyceps militaris. Phylogenetic analysis showed P. fumosorseus as the best characterized out of the analyzed species with the B. bassiana clade as its sister group. Two of the P. farinosus isolates were invariably placed within the Verticillium cluster, which also contained C. militaris. The only analyzed P. lilacinus isolate appeared on the root of the hyphomycetous fungi and was characterized as the most distinct from all the hyphomycetous fungi tested. Polyphyly of the genus Paecilomyces was well supported by the Kishino-Hasegawa test. In all trees based on the small subunit rRNA gene sequences obtained from the GenBank, V. lecanii, V. psalliotae, P. fumosoroseus, P. tenuipes and B. bassiana form, together with that of C. militaris, the best supported cluster in the tree. The rest of Cordyceps spp. constitute a distinct clade. Phylogenetic relationships derived from both tested DNA regions show polyphyly of the genus Paecilomyces and close relationships among entomopathogenic species of the genera Verticillium, Paecilomyces, and Beauveria.     

几种虫生真菌对斜纹夜蛾的致病性

用布氏白僵菌、球孢白僵菌、玫烟色拟青霉、绿僵菌和莱氏野村菌5种真菌的固体培养物,对斜纹夜蛾2、3龄幼虫进行了毒力测定.结果表明：布氏白僵菌和莱氏野村菌两种菌株对斜纹夜蛾幼虫有明显的致病效果,对2龄幼虫的致死中时(LT₅₀)分别为2.95 d和4.10 d,累计校正死亡率分别为100%和95.2%;对3龄幼虫的致病力低于2龄,致死中时(LT₅₀)分别为19.67 d和19.63 d,累计校正死亡率分别为56.6%和52.2%.玫烟色拟青霉、球孢白僵菌两菌株也有一定的致病力,对2龄幼虫的致死中时(LT₅₀)分别为4.89 d 和6.34 d,累计校正死亡率分别为85.7%和71.4%.     

梵净山自然保护区的一些虫生真菌

本文报道了采自梵净山自然保护区的蛹虫草(Cordyceps militaris),下垂虫草(Co-rdyceps nutans),金龟子虫草(Cordyceps scarabaeicola),蝉拟青霉(Paecilomyces cicadae),撑拟青霉(Paecilomyces suffultus),爪哇拟青霉(Paecilomyces javanicus)和暗绿拟青霉(Paecilomyces atrovirens)等14种昆虫病原真菌。其中撑拟青霉为国内首次报道的新记录种,暗绿拟青霉为一新种。此新种能以(1)在查氏琼脂上菌落暗绿、生长缓慢;(2)瓶梗基部球顶长颈瓶形;和(3)柱形分生孢子聚集成迭瓦状长链与已知种相区别。     

Adult polyphagous coleopterans overwintering in cereal boundaries: winter mortality and susceptibility to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana

Autumn-collected Bembidion lampros and Agonum dorsale were kept outdoors under semi field conditions to determine winter mortality. On three occasions (autumn, mid-winter and late winter) sub-samples of the population were incubated in the laboratory at room temperature and mortality was recorded. Generally the mortality was low in autumn and mid-winter, not exceeding 5%. A more pronounced post-winter mortality of up to 30% was observed at the end of hibernation. Only a negligible number were infected by the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces farinosus. Infection experiments with B. bassiana isolates from Sitona lineatus, Tachyporus hypnorum and three species of ground beetles showed a similarly low susceptibility of B. lampros and A. dorsale to B. bassiana and, although Tachyporus spp. showed a distinct mycophagy and a significantly higher mortality, this could not be related to mycosis.     

Variability in tolerance to UV-B radiation among Beauveria spp. isolates

Solar radiation, particularly the UV-B component, negatively affects survival of entomopathogenic fungi in the field. In an effort to identify Beauveria spp. isolates with promise for use in biological control settings with high insolation, we examined 53 Beauveria bassiana isolates, 7 isolates of 4 other Beauveria spp. and Engyodontium albus (=Beauveria alba). The origins of these fungi varied widely as to host/substrate and country, but approximately 30% of these isolates were B. bassiana from ticks in Brazil. A preliminary trial with three B. bassiana isolates (Bb 19, CG 310 and CG 481) at several UV-B dosages indicated that 2h of weighted UV-B irradiance at 978mWm(-2) (providing a total dose of 7.04kJm(-2)) allowed separation of isolates into low, medium or high UV-B tolerance. This dose, therefore, was selected as a single dose to compare UV-B tolerances of all 60 Beauveria spp. isolates. There was high variability in tolerance to UV-B radiation among the B. bassiana isolates, ranging from virtually zero tolerance (e.g., Bb 03) to almost 80% tolerance (e.g., CG 228). In addition, surviving B. bassiana conidia demonstrated delayed germination; and this is likely to reduce virulence. Conidia of the other species were markedly more sensitive to UV-B, with E. albus (UFPE 3138) being the least UV-B tolerant. Among B. bassiana isolates originating from 0 degrees to 22 degrees latitudes, those from lower latitudes demonstrated statistically significant greater UV-B tolerances than those isolates from higher latitudes. Isolates from above 22 degrees , however, were unaffected by latitude of origin. A similar analysis based on host type did not indicate a correlation between original host and UV-B tolerance. The identification in this study of several B. bassiana isolates with relatively high UV-B tolerance will guide the selection of isolates for future arthropod microbial control experiments.     

广西南宁市柑橘木虱虫生真菌种类调查

自柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri体上分离虫生真菌,通过形态特征和ITS序列分析,鉴定虫生真菌的种类;通过致病性测定,明确昆虫病原真菌种类。结果发现,自死体柑橘木虱上分离到18个虫生真菌菌株,隶属4种真菌;自活体上分离到985个虫生真菌菌株,隶属25种真菌。致病性测定结果发现,仅4种真菌对柑橘木虱成虫有致病性,包括刀孢蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium psalliotae、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana、爪哇虫草Cordyceps javanica和淡紫紫孢菌Purpureocillium lilacinum,该4种真菌的分生孢子悬浮液（浓度5×10^7个孢子/mL）接种柑橘木虱成虫后10 d的累计死亡率分别为100%、100%、98.89%和43.33%。其中爪哇虫草仅自死体柑橘木虱上分离到,刀孢蜡蚧菌仅在活体上分离到,球孢白僵菌和淡紫紫孢菌在死体和活体上均被分离到。可见,柑橘木虱活体上的虫生真菌种类丰富。生产上应加强保护和利用昆虫病原真菌,提高其对柑橘木虱的自然抑制力。     

Generalist entomopathogens as biological indicators of deforestation and agricultural land use impacts on Waikato soils

The relative abundance of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi was estimated for 10 sites in each of indigenous forest, pasture, and cropland habitats by baiting soil samples with Galleria larvae. The steinernematid Steinernema feltiae (Filip) was the dominant nematode, occurring in soils from all three habitat types. The heterorhabditid Heterorhabditis zelandica Poinar was recovered only from soils of podocarp (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (A. Rich.)) forests. Galleria infection by nematodes was higher in soils from forest habitat than in soils from pasture and cropland. Among the sampled forests, nematode infection was higher in soils from podocarp stands than those from broadleaf stands. The deuteromycete fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, and Paecilomyces cf. cicadae (Miquel) Samson, and a Entomophthorales zygomycete, tentatively identified as a Tarchium species, were recovered from the Galleria baits. Infection of Galleria by B. bassiana and M. anisopliae occurred in soils from all habitat types, while that by P. cicadae occurred only in soils from forest habitats. Tarchium was recovered from a single pasture site. The frequency of Galleria infection by these entomopathogenic fungi collectively, and by B. bassiana alone, was higher in pasture soils than in soils from either forest or cropland. These results are discussed in relation to disturbance effects of land use changes and the potential role of generalist entomopathogens as biological indicators of soil health.