斑翅山鹑巢址选择的研究

１９９１－１９９３年在山西宁武县对斑翅山鹑的巢址选择进行了研究,野外工作中共发现６０个巢,其中绝大多数位于远离林地的农田或灌丝地带,６６．６７％的巢位于向阳的东南坡和西南坡上,对巢址与随机选取的非巢样点所进行的对比分析发现,在１２个栖地参数中,影响巢址选择的５个因素依次为：落叶的数量、地缘宽度、干草的数量、灌丛宽度和梯田高度,判别分析的结果表明,落叶的数量和干草的数量是区别巢址与非巢样点的两个最重     

黄腹角雉精子超微结构的研究

透射电镜研究表明,黄腹角雉精子的结构与家鸡的相似,圆锥形的顶体位于精核前部,与精核的前端有少许重叠。顶体刺位于顶体下腔里,其部分区域的电子密度较低。核前窝内容纳着顶体部的基部,远端的植入窝则为中心粒复合体和无条纹连接体所占据,后者构成了精子短的颈部。     

画眉的巢址选择

画眉巢在研究地区多营造于阔叶林、杉木幼林地和水杉林等生境近地面的灌丛中 ,巢主要以山胡椒叶、麻栎叶、禾本科枯草和细小枯枝等构成 ,距地面高 1 5 6cm(n =1 0 )。用 1 0m× 1 0m样方法 ,对巢址的利用区和对照区进行统计分析表明 ,小生境的参数方面存在显著性差异 (Z =-2 5 9,P =0 0 1 )。 1 0m层的盖度、草本层的高度以及坡位、坡向等地形因素直接影响着画眉对巢址的选择。     

黄腹角雉静止代谢率的研究

采用Ｋａｌａｂａｋｈｏｖ－Ｓｋｏｒｔｓｏｖ呼吸计,在不同环境温度下,测定了黄腹角雉雏鸟发育过程中的静止代谢率以及成鸟在不同季节的静止代射率。结果表明,黄腹角雉雏鸟在初始日龄时,体温随环境温度而变化,其化学性体温调节能力基本建成的日龄为９日龄。成体黄腹角雉在春,夏,秋季静止代谢率与温度间均有显著的相关性。三季的化学体温调节强度无显著差异。各季间的代谢水平也无显著差异。     

凉水自然保护区松鼠巢址选择的特征

2006 年6 月11 日至9 月27 日和2007 年8 月14 日至9 月21 日采用样线法,并结合定位观察的方法在凉水国家级自然保护区对松鼠的巢址选择进行了定量研究,共获取107 个巢样方和230 个对照样方。对每个样方分别测定了12 个巢树参数和7 个环境参数。统计分析结果表明,松鼠仅在针叶树上营巢,59.8 ± 4. 7% 的巢建于红松上,但对枝叶比红松更为浓密的云杉和臭冷杉有显著的选择性,而且显著倾向于在以云杉、臭冷杉为优势树种的生境中营巢。松鼠选择比较高大(树高21.5 ± 0.4 m)、活动通道比较多(3.6 ±0.1)的树营巢,巢树周围的树木密度(169 ± 4 株/ hm² )和多样性(辛普森指数0.51 ± 0.01)显著高于对照样方。巢址生境多位于南向的中、下坡位。巢址高12.4 ± 0.4 m,紧贴树干,多朝南。红松树上的巢多建于树冠的中下部,云杉和臭冷杉树上的巢多建于树冠的上部。松鼠巢对包括道路在内的林隙没有显著的回避。     

陇东地区金翅雀的巢址选择

为探究金翅雀(Chloris sinica)营巢是否偏好某些树种以及偏好原因,于2017-2019年4-8月,在陇东学院校园内,开展了金翅雀巢址选择调查.180个金翅雀巢址分析显示:金翅雀营巢利用圆柏(Juniperus chinensis)、刺柏(Juniperus formosana)、侧柏(Platycladus...     

黑颈长尾雉的巢址选择

2004年至2005年,在广西百色岑王老山自然保护区对黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae)的巢址选择进行了研究。野外工作中共发现5巢,其中3巢在针叶林中,2巢在灌草丛中。结果表明,黑颈长尾雉的巢都是选择在向阳的东南坡且位于坡的下位,靠近林缘、水源和林间小道。对巢址10 m×10 m和1 m×1 m植被样方不同层次盖度作统计发现,黑颈长尾雉巢址选择更多的依赖于灌木层和草本层的盖度。     

海南鳽巢址选择的初步调查

1998～2004年6月,对海南鳽(Gorsachius magnificus)的4个巢址进行了研究。研究结果表明,靠近水源、具有一定坡度的高大阔叶林或针阔混交林的水域湿地、山、林环境因子组合的栖息地对海南鳽的巢址选择具有较高的适合程度。水域湿地有利于亲鸟寻找和获得充足的食物,保证雏鸟的生长需要;巢址多选择在坡度大于50。的山坡上。海南鳽对巢树的种类选择似乎不太严格,但可能对巢树和周围植被的物理性状有一定的要求。以高大、枝桠较多、枝叶繁茂的阔叶树或针叶树为特征,筑巢于阔叶林或针阔混交林中,植被覆盖度一般在80％以上,保证巢的稳固性及隐蔽性,以达到保护巢窝的目的。     

甘肃南部蓝马鸡的巢址选择

蓝马鸡(Crossoptilon auritum)是我国特有的雉类,仅分布在青海东部、东北部,甘肃西北部及南部,四川西北部以及宁夏西部。2007和2008年在甘肃南部林区对蓝马鸡巢址进行了研究。在发现的12个蓝马鸡巢中,4巢(33.3%)在乔木下,4巢(33.3%)在岩石上或者岩洞内,2巢(16.7%)在枯枝下,2巢(16.7%)在灌丛下。U检验和T检验表明,坡位、坡度、灌木高度、灌木数量、灌木盖度、0.5m植被盖度、1.0m植被盖度、2.0m植被盖度、干扰度等9个生态因子在巢址(n=12)与对照样方(n=24)中存在显著差异。对13个变量进行逐步判别分析,结果显示,高坡位、高林下植被盖度及低干扰度是蓝马鸡巢址优先选择的生态因子。     

四川南充市夜鹭的巢址选择

2006年3~6月,在四川省南充市太和保护区对夜鹭的巢址选择进行了研究。野外调查了夜鹭巢47个,对照样方26个,通过主成分分析和对比分析,表明影响夜鹭巢址选择的主要因子依次为:营巢树高度、植被平均高度、巢高、竹平均直径、隐蔽度、巢上方盖度、距水(西河)距离、距白鹭巢距离、植被盖度、巢下盖度。     

黄腹山鹪莺的营巢特征

营巢对鸟类的生长繁殖有着重要影响。为此,从2007年3-9月在广东省肇庆江溪村对研究地中的黄腹山鹪莺(Prinia flaviventris)的巢进行标记和测量,并以巢址为中心做5m×5m样方调查,通过主成分分析研究其巢址选择,结果表明:1)黄腹山鹪莺营巢时间始于3月中旬,4月达到高峰,至7月底结束;2)在13种植物上发现44个巢,其中在象草(Pennisetum purpureum)上最多,有27个,其次为加拿大飞蓬(Erigeron canadensis),4个,其他植物皆为1—2个;3)巢皆为不规则的球状巢,巢材除动植物性材料外,均有人工制品;巢内空间与巢整体大小较为一致;4)影响巢址选择的主要因素4种,依次为:距最近水源距离(29.89%)、距最近道路距离(16.45%)、距最近灌木距离(12.92%)、距水面高度(11.69%)。据此认为黄腹山鹪莺的营巢是对草本植物环境的适应,而其尾羽的逆向变化对营巢是有利的,起到增加飞行灵活性和减少筑巢投资的效果。     

生境破碎化对丹顶鹤巢位选择的影响

1985、1995年和1998年4－5月,采用查阅保护区历史资料及实地调查方法,对辽宁双台河口国家级自然保护区内丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis)的主要营巢地－东郭苇场和赵圈河苇场的生境破碎化及丹顶鹤在2片苇场中的营巢状况和繁殖种群数量变动情况作了系统的考察和研究,发现丹顶鹤的营巢生境破碎严重,已由成片的芦苇湿地变成91个斑块,其中最小营巢斑块面积为0．37km^2,最小巢间距为304m,比过去资料记载的最小巢区面积缩小了0．72km^2,但繁殖种群数量变动不大,多年来一直维持在30对左右,丹顶鹤为了适应变化了的环境,已采取了缩小巢区面积的生态适应对策。     

Nest site selection and efficacy of artificial nests for breeding success of Scarlet Macaws Ara macao macao in lowland Peru

Psittacidae (parrots) have the most threatened species of any bird family in the world. Most parrots are obligate secondary cavity nesters, and can be limited in their breeding success by the availability and quality of nest hollows. However, nesting opportunities for parrots can be increased by provision of artificial nest boxes. The Tambopata Macaw Project has been studying the breeding ecology and natural history of the Scarlet Macaw Ara macao macao in the south-eastern Peruvian Amazon for over 20 years by monitoring natural nest hollows and two types of artificial nest (wooden and PVC). We present data for breeding success in natural and artificial nests over 12 consecutive breeding seasons. The aims of this study were to: (a) determine the nesting requirements and reproductive success of breeding macaws; and, (b) compare the efficacy of the two types of artificial nests and natural nest cavities. Our data showed a high rate of reoccupation of successful nests in consecutive years and that nests in artificial and natural nests had very similar reproductive parameters. Our results indicate that artificial nest types can be used by conservation managers seeking to assist A. macao populations where nest hollows are in short supply, and that artificial nests can contribute important data to natural history studies of species where access to natural nests is limited.     

杭州城市环境中白头鹎的繁殖生态

白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)是一种中国南方城市分布广泛、种群数量丰富的鸟类。其对环境变化和人类活动的适应能力已引起关注。2012年3—7月,在杭州城市环境下,对白头鹎的繁殖生态进行了系统调查,共记录到白头鹎繁殖鸟巢117巢。结果显示,在杭州市区,白头鹎主要在居民小区、行道树和绿化带的树冠层筑巢,主要营巢植物为桂树(Osmanthus fragrans),占总数的84.6%(n=117)。所有繁殖巢距地面均高(3.16±0.91)m(n=117)。3月底开始筑巢产卵,产卵高峰集中在4月11—25日。窝卵数为(3.37±0.48)枚(n=103),孵化期为(11.34±1.12)d(n=32),育雏期为(11.85±1.12)d(n=47)。孵化率为68.3%(n=111),离巢率为52.1%(n=117),总繁殖成功率为34.7%(n=111)。繁殖失败原因主要包括卵及雏鸟被捕食、人为干扰等。     

不同用足偏侧性大山雀的巢址选择对道路和建筑物分布的响应

行为偏侧化现象广泛存在于不同的动物类群。行为偏侧性不同的动物个体响应特定刺激的行为表现存在差异,可能会影响其适合度。探究行为偏侧化与适合度相关行为之间的联系,有助于理解行为偏侧化对物种适应自然环境能力的影响。然而,目前对不同行为偏侧性的动物个体在野外自然条件下响应特定刺激(如风险刺激)是否存在行为差异仍然知之甚少。2022年,本研究在河南董寨国家级自然保护区附近选取样地悬挂人工巢箱400个,并对利用巢箱繁殖的大山雀(Parus minor)进行了用足偏侧性测试。通过对比77只不同用足偏侧性的大山雀(雄性45只,雌性32只)巢址与人类干扰源(道路和建筑物)之间的距离,分析了左偏侧性和右偏侧性大山雀在人为干扰环境中的巢址选择差异。结果表明,雄性大山雀的巢址与最近道路以及最近建筑物之间的距离在左偏侧性和右偏侧性个体之间均没有显著差异。对于雌性大山雀,繁殖起始时间越晚,左偏侧性个体和右偏侧个体所利用的巢址均离最近道路更远,但仅左偏侧性个体的巢址到最近建筑物的距离更远,而右偏侧性个体的巢址到最近建筑物的距离不变。上述结果说明,行为偏侧性差异可能会影响个体在野外环境中对人类活动干扰的响应。由于国内外在相关领域开展研究较少,本研究建议在野生动物中开展更多工作,以深入探究行为偏侧化与动物适应变化环境的相关行为之间的联系。     

Ectoparasites,nest site choice and breeding success in the pied flycatcher

It has recently been suggested that nest box studies might bias the measurement of behavioural and life-history traits, because the removal of old nests may reduce the load of ectoparasites. This experimental artefact may have notable effects on nest site choice and breeding success in cavity-breeding birds. We tested (i) if pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca prefer clean nest boxes and (ii) if old nest material affects the number of parasites and the breeding success of pied flycatchers. In the first experiment we offered birds one cleaned nest box and one nest box with old nest material from the previous year. The two nest boxes were placed in very similar sites near each other. In this experiment all pied flycatchers clearly preferred dirty nest boxes. In the second part of the study we distributed clean nest boxes and dirty ones on the same study area. After breeding was over we counted the number of fleas Ceratophyllus gallinae in the nest material. This flea species was the most abundant and probably the most hazardous parasite in the nests. Surprisingly, we found that there were significantly more fleas in the nest boxes with nests of the current year only than in the boxes with nests of both current and previous year. This might explain the preference for the dirty boxes. However, our results do not indicate that the number of fleas affects breeding success in the pied flycatcher.     

绿鹭的繁殖习性观察

2001年4－9月在合肥市对绿鹭（Butorides striatus)的繁殖习性进行了观察。绿鹭营巢生境主要选择在建筑物附近的高大阔叶树上,常一树一巢,未见与其他鹭类混群营巢。每巢产3－5枚卵,孵卵期21d,育雏期41d,42日龄后幼鸟离巢飞走,出飞存活率62．5％。育雏期雏鸟主要食物为小型鱼类。在4所大学校园及1处公园统计到有效巢56个,推算绿鹭224只。绿鹭在合肥繁殖属首次记录。     

红尾伯劳的巢址选择与营巢行为

2003年4-9月通过焦点动物取样法(focalanimal sampling)和完全记录法(all-occurrence recording)对红尾伯劳的营巢行为进行了研究。结果表明：凌晨选巢,巢多位于7—15m的高大乔木冠部分叉处。对19个巢址主成分分析表明：前6个主成分特征值均大于1,累积贡献率达83．74％,基本包含了16个参数的总信息量。营巢活动自5月下旬至7月中旬,两性参与筑巢,营巢期间有求偶交配行为,营巢期6～8d。衔材主由雄鸟担任,达72．16％,衔材高峰出现于营巢第2d和第4d,每日高峰在7～8时和15-17时。理巢基本全由雄鸟承担。护巢性强。     

Ecological and social effects on reproduction and local recruitment in the red-backed shrike

Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain variation in reproductive performance and local recruitment of animals. While most studies have examined the influence of one or a few social and ecological factors on fitness traits, comprehensive analyses jointly testing the relative importance of each of many factors are rare. We investigated how a multitude of environmental and social conditions simultaneously affected reproductive performance and local recruitment of the red-backed shrike Lanius collurio (L.). Specifically, we tested hypotheses relating to timing of breeding, parental quality, nest predation, nest site selection, territory quality, intraspecific density and weather. Using model selection procedures, predictions of each hypothesis were first analysed separately, before a full model was constructed including variables selected in the single-hypothesis tests. From 1988 to 1992, 50% of 332 first clutches produced at least one fledgling, while 38.7% of 111 replacement clutches were successful. Timing of breeding, nest site selection, predation pressure, territory quality and intraspecific density influenced nest success in the single-hypothesis tests. The full model revealed that nest success was negatively associated with laying date, intraspecific density, and year, while nest success increased with nest concealment. Number of fledglings per successful nest was only influenced by nest concealment: better-camouflaged nests produced more fledglings. Probability of local recruitment was related to timing of breeding, parental quality and territory quality in the single-hypothesis tests. The full models confirmed the important role of territory quality for recruitment probability. Our results suggest that reproductive performance, and particularly nest success, of the red-backed shrike is primarily affected by timing of breeding, nest site selection, and intraspecific density. This study highlights the importance of considering many factors at the same time, when trying to evaluate their relative contributions to fitness and life history evolution.Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available for this article at