茶叶香气的影响因素

香气是茶叶风味和品质的主要影响因子。影响茶叶香气的因素有很多,如茶树品种、自然环境、栽培条件、加工工艺、储藏方式等,文章综述了茶树品种、自然环境和栽培条件对茶叶香气的影响,旨在为茶树品种适制性和优质茶香的研究提供参考。     

施肥对烟草腺毛叶绿体形态结构的影响

以烤烟K326为材料,在盆栽条件下分别施用纯有机肥和无机肥,在烟株旺长期和成熟期对叶面腺毛进行显微和超微结构观察,以明确肥料对烟草叶面腺毛生长发育的影响,结果显示:移栽后50 d,荧光下观察有机肥处理下腺头细胞叶绿素荧光强度较无机肥强烈,腺头细胞内叶绿体结构完整,类囊体基粒片层发达,嗜锇颗粒大而多;无机肥处理的细胞内叶绿体少,嗜锇颗粒较小,数量也较少.移栽后70 d,有机肥处理腺毛头细胞叶绿体双层膜结构依然完整,但类囊体基粒片层结构已经解体,其中积累大量黑色嗜锇颗粒;此时无机肥处理腺毛头细胞叶绿体结构完整,仍可清晰看到类囊体基粒片层仅含少量嗜锇颗粒.推测有机肥处理在初期促进了烟草腺毛细胞叶绿体的发育和叶绿素的合成、积累,在后期,促进叶绿素及内膜系统的降解,并有利于亲脂类物质的合成和积累,从而对腺毛分泌物积累和烟叶香气品质形成具有积极影响.     

嗜中性粒细胞的高尔基体极性研究

用四氧化锇浸染技术研究了嗜中性粒细胞发育过程中高尔基体的极性变化。结果表明,在大鼠嗜中性粒细胞发育过程中,高尔基体的超微结构与嗜锇反应有着一系列的变化。从原粒细胞到分叶核粒细胞,不仅高尔基体的形状与大小有变化,而且高尔基体的极性也在不断变化。呈嗜锇反应的高尔基体生成面并不总是位于凸面,因此不能单凭高尔基体的形状(凹面与凸面)来鉴别高尔基体的极性。嗜中性粒细胞高尔基体的主要功能是产生两种不同的细胞质颗粒,即嗜天青颗粒与特殊颗粒。嗜天青颗粒产生于早幼粒细胞阶段,从高尔基体的成熟面形成,这一阶段的高尔基体成熟面是凹面。特殊颗粒产生于中幼粒细胞阶段,也是从高尔基体的成熟面形成,但这一阶段的高尔基体成熟面是凹面。尽管早幼粒细胞高尔基体的凹凸面与中幼粒细胞相反,但两种颗粒都是从高尔基体的成熟面分泌出来的,与其他分泌细胞形成分泌颗粒的方式相同。     

茶树鲜叶中氨基酸含量变化对茶类适制性的影响

本文首次综合分析了我国茶树种质鲜叶中氨基酸含量水平及在不同萌芽期良种间,不同环境条件的相关影响,氨基酸含量对茶类适制性的影响。结果表明,我国茶树地方种质鲜叶中的氨基酸含量总平均水平略有提高;杂交后代人（云南种父或母本者）水平略有下降;云南等野生大茶树高于栽培种水平,有待于开发利用。氨基酸含量偏高及酚氨比低者,绝大多数种适制名优绿茶,反之,绝大多数红绿茶兼制。从上述,提高早芽种氨基酸含量及依据有利其含量增进的环境开发、生产名优茶,对当前名茶高经济发展来说,具有非常现实的意义,更对丰富氨基酸应用研究具有实际意义。     

烟草腺毛发育过程中叶绿体形态学研究

应用荧光显微技术和电镜技术,对不同发育时期烟草叶面腺毛的叶绿素荧光和叶绿体结构进行了比较研究.结果发现,在腺毛发育初期,腺头细胞叶绿素荧光明显,叶绿体类囊体结构清晰;随着腺头细胞的分裂和生长,叶绿素荧光逐渐增强,叶绿体数目逐渐增多,类囊体发达,嗜锇颗粒产生;在腺毛发育成熟以后,叶绿素荧光减弱,类囊体膜降解,嗜锇颗粒增多;随着腺毛的分泌活动增强,叶绿体完全降解,磷脂双层膜消失,嗜锇颗粒扩散到细胞质中,并最终聚集在细胞质膜附近.     

古蔺牛皮茶树种质资源性状初步研究

为开展四川重要茶树种质资源古蔺牛皮茶种质资源的收集、保存与评价工作,在古蔺牛皮茶树资源中选取了具代表性的8种不同类型茶树(Ⅰ~Ⅷ类)作为研究对象,并对其植物学特征、生物学特性及主要生化成分进行了观测。结果表明:供试茶树在形态特征、遗传和品质性状等方面,表现出较丰富的多样性。其种群多为灌木,树姿半开张状;芽叶绿色,茸毛中等,叶为椭圆形,叶尖渐尖;花多为中花型,花柱3~4裂;果实多为球形和肾形,种子多为球形,主要表现出栽培型茶树性状。古蔺牛皮茶春梢的生化成分含量较丰富,其茶多酚含量为(19.71±0.39)%~(30.16±0.22)%,游离氨基酸总量为(2.20±0.11)%~(4.88±0.12)%,咖啡碱含量为(3.45±0.17)%~(4.41±0.09)%。结合主要生化成分含量、酚/氨值和儿茶素组分等可推论,Ⅴ、Ⅵ类适制红茶,其他类型则适制绿茶。综合供试茶树的形态和生化成分含量特征,初步鉴定供试的牛皮茶树分属茶组植物分类系统中的秃房茶和茶,Ⅴ和Ⅵ类茶树较为原始,其他类型则进化程度较高。供试茶树中存在具育种价值的资源,其中Ⅴ类和Ⅵ类可作为高儿茶素含量的育种材料,Ⅱ类可作为选育优质绿茶品种的育种材料。     

银杏精子细胞生毛体及其它细胞器的超微结构

生毛体与嗜锇颗粒是银杏 (Ginkgobiloba)精子细胞中最具有标志性的结构。生毛体是细胞质内一直径为 3～ 4μm的圆球形结构 ,它由一个电子致密的核心和由此向周边发散出的辐射状中心粒组成 ,致密核心上具有微管结构的弱电子染色区域 ,并有微管从生毛体延伸到细胞质。嗜锇颗粒直径为 1 0～ 2 0μm,呈圆球状 ,位于生毛体和细胞核之间 ,其相对的另一侧存在纤维颗粒体。在精子细胞质内 ,特别是嗜锇颗粒和生毛体周围线粒体、质体、内质网、高尔基体等细胞器丰富。银杏精子细胞核较大 ,在细胞核内 ,核仁结构呈球形 ,电子染色致密的颗粒区在周围 ,而纤维组分则在圆球的中间。在核膜表面布满了分布不均匀的核孔复合体。     

菊花黄绿叶突变体不同类型叶片的叶绿素含量和结构特征比较

以菊花黄绿叶突变体-NAu04-1-31为试验材料,测定了黄叶、黄绿叶和绿叶3种不同类型叶片的叶绿素含量,并观察比较了叶片的显微与超微解剖结构.叶绿素含量测定表明:黄叶、黄绿叶的叶绿素含量显著低于绿叶,而黄叶叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值大于绿叶.叶绿体显微与超微结构观察发现:黄叶细胞内叶绿体形状不规1则,缺乏正常的叶绿体膜结构,无类囊体,无淀粉粒,嗜锇颗粒较多;黄绿叶叶片栅栏组织绿色部分与绿叶的栅栏组织相似,黄色部分与黄叶的栅栏组织棚似,黄色部分的海绵组织中有类似于绿色叶片的海绵组织结构,而绿色部分含有类似于黄叶的海绵组织的结构特征.绿叶细胞内叶绿体较多,形状规则,基粒片层清晰,其内淀粉粒多而大,嗜锇颗粒较少.     

优质红碎茶资源的鉴定与筛选

我国生产的红碎茶在国际市场竞争力一直不强,缺乏适制红碎茶品种是原因之一.近年来,对原生起源中心云南茶区为主的120份茶树资源进行系统的发掘和鉴定,探明了我国适制红碎茶资源的基本情况,筛选出一批优异资源.加速这些资源的利用,将促进我国红碎茶品种的改良和红碎茶品质的提高.     

白花罗勒（Ocimum basilium L.）盾状腺毛分泌的超微结构研究

白花罗勒成熟的盾状腺毛头部细胞中,质体含量丰富,体积较大,其中有大量的嗜锇物质各界;在分泌过程中,分泌细胞出现质壁分离现象;嗜锇物质向外分泌的途径有两条：一条是以胞吐的方式,另一条是以渗透的方式。     

贵州西北喀斯特区古茶树叶片解剖结构及抗旱性评价

该研究以贵州西北喀斯特区茶树分布集中的亮岩镇为采样点,选取亮岩镇8个村30个点的古茶树(bj-1～bj-30)叶片为试验材料,采用石蜡切片技术观察其15项叶片解剖结构指标;通过描述性及方差分析、相关性分析和聚类分析,利用相关指数大小筛选出4项典型指标;运用隶属函数综合评价了30个点古茶树的抗旱性。结果表明：(1)亮岩镇古茶树叶片由上角质层、上表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织、下表皮、下角质层、气孔以及叶脉组成。栅栏组织大多2层,极少数叶片排列有3层栅栏组织。(2)15个叶片解剖结构指标在不同样点间均存在显著差异,且各指标的变异系数存在较大差异,其中以栅栏组织厚度变异系数最大(41.21%),栅海比变异系数次之(35.45%),叶脉厚度变异系数最小(7.31%)。(3)采用隶属函数法筛选出栅栏组织厚度、下表皮厚度、下角质层厚度以及叶脉突起度作为评价亮岩古茶树抗旱性的典型指标;综合分析发现bj-15、bj-16、bj-29、bj-10和bj-24的抗旱性较强, bj-22、bj-20、bj-2、bj-11以及bj-6的抗旱性较弱。     

Ontogenetic differences in mesophyll structure and chlorophyll distribution in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus

Mesophyll structure has been associated with the photosynthetic performance of leaves via the regulation of internal light and CO(2) profiles. Differences in mesophyll structure and chlorophyll distribution within three ontogenetically different leaf types of Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus were investigated. Juvenile leaves are blue-grey in color, dorsiventral (adaxial palisade layer only), hypostomatous, and approximately horizontal in orientation. In contrast, adult leaves are dark green in color, isobilateral (adaxial and abaxial palisade), amphistomatous, and nearly vertical in orientation. The transitional leaf type has structural features that appear intermediate between the juvenile and adult leaves. The ratio of mesophyll cell surface area per unit leaf surface area (A(mes)/A) of juvenile leaves was maximum at the base of a single, adaxial palisade layer and declined through the spongy mesophyll. Chlorophyll a + b content showed a coincident pattern, while the chlorophyll a:b ratio declined linearly from the adaxial to abaxial epidermis. In comparison, the mesophyll of adult leaves had a bimodal distribution of A(mes)/A, with maxima occurring beneath both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces within the first layer of multiple palisade layers. The distribution of chlorophyll a + b content had a similar pattern, although the maximum ratio of chlorophyll a:b occurred immediately beneath the adaxial and abaxial epidermis. The matching distributions of A(mes)/A and chlorophyll provide further evidence that mesophyll structure may act to influence photosynthetic performance. These changes in internal leaf structure at different life stages of E. globulus may be an adaptation for increased xeromorphy under increasing light exposure experienced from the seedling to adult tree, similar to the characteristics reported for different species according to sunlight exposure and water availability within their native habitats.     

Ficus rubiginosa 'variegata', a chlorophyll-deficient chimera with mosaic patterns created by cell divisions from the outer meristematic layer

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Sections leaves of Ficus rubiginosa 'Variegata' show that it is a chimera with a chlorophyll deficiency in the second layer of the leaf meristem (GWG structure). Like other Ficus species, it has a multiseriate epidermis on the adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaf, formed by periclinal cell divisions as well as anticlinal divisions. The upper and lower laminae of the leaf often exhibit small dark and light green patches of tissue overlying internal leaf tissue. METHODS: The distribution of chlorophyll in transverse sections of typical leaves was determined by fluorescence microscopy. KEY RESULTS: Patches of dark and light green tissue which arise in the otherwise colourless palisade and spongy mesophyll tissue in the entire leaf are due to further cell divisions arising from the bundle sheath which is associated with major vascular bundles or from the green multiseriate epidermis. Leaves produced in winter exhibit more patches of green tissue than leaves which expand in mid-summer. Many leaves produced in summer have no spotting and appear like a typical GWG chimera. There is a strong relationship between the number of patches on the adaxial side of leaves and the number on the abaxial side, showing that the cell division in upper and lower layers of leaves is strongly coordinated. In both winter and summer, there are fewer patches on the abaxial side of leaves compared with the adaxial side, indicating that periclinal and anticlinal cell divisions from the outer meristematic layer are less frequent in the lower layers of leaf tissue. Most of the patches are small (<1 mm in longest dimension) and thus the cell divisions which form them occur late in leaf development. Leaves which exhibit large patches generally have them on both sides of the leaves. CONCLUSION: In this cultivar, the outer meristematic layer appears to form vascular bundle sheaths and associated internal leaf tissue in the entire leaf lamina.     

平欧杂种榛叶片解剖结构的抗旱性研究

为研究平欧杂种榛在新疆干旱地区的生态适应性,以新疆伊犁察布查尔县种质资源汇集圃内的38个品种(系)平欧杂种榛为试验材料,采用石蜡制片法,应用光学显微技术测定了叶片上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、叶片厚度、主脉厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度(栅海比)、栅栏组织结构紧密度和海绵组织结构疏松度等9个抗旱相关的解剖结构特征参数,并进行统计分析和抗旱性综合评价。结果表明:(1)不同品种(系)主脉厚度、上下表皮厚度、叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度和海绵组织厚度均表现出极显著水平差异,叶片上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度和海绵组织厚度之间呈极显著相关和显著相关关系。(2)主成分分析表明,第1、2、3主成分的特征值分别为3.109、2.614和1.884,前3个主成分的累计贡献率达84.52%,基本能概括所有指标的主要信息。(3)采用聚类分析法将38个材料分成5大类;隶属函数法综合评价抗旱能力显示,材料84-48、81-21、84-310、F-03、B-11、85-162的抗旱性较强,材料85-127、85-88、B-21、80-4的抗旱性较差。     

福建主要茶树品种理化特性与假眼小绿叶蝉种群数量的相关性分析

比较分析了福建4个主要茶树品种(福云6号、铁观音、毛蟹、黄棪)的理化特性与假眼小绿叶蝉种群数量之间的相关关系,结果显示,假眼小绿叶蝉的种群数量与茶树品种叶片的物理结构———叶片总厚度、上表皮、上表皮角质层、下表皮、海绵组织厚度之间的相关性不显著,而与叶片下表皮角质层和栅栏组织厚度之间存在显著负相关。在生化指标方面,假眼小绿叶蝉的种群数量与茶树叶片中茶多酚、水溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、儿茶素含量之间的相关性不显著;与咖啡碱的含量有一定负相关,相关关系接近显著水平;而与游离氨基酸含量呈显著正相关。     

类根瘤对烟草叶片中叶绿体及其淀粉粒含量的影响

目的：探讨类根瘤对烟草叶片中的叶绿体及其淀粉粒含量的影响。方法：无菌培养烟草再生植株,其中一部分经过一定浓度的2,4－D与豇豆根瘤菌512快生型突变株菌液诱导处理,另外一部分为对照。运用常规电镜技术制作叶片厚切片,通过显微观察,对两组烟草叶片细胞中的叶绿体及其淀粉粒含量进行对比分析。结果：结瘤植株叶片细胞内的叶绿体含量虽然与对照之间无明显差异,但叶片栅栏组织和海绵组织细胞内淀粉粒的含量却均较对照减少,其中前者减少更为明显（P＜0.05)。结论：结瘤烟草叶片内光合产物的大量同化可能与类根瘤的形成有关。     

中国柽柳科植物叶解剖特征与分类关系的探讨

对分布于新疆的柽柳科植物叶的结构进行了比较观察,结果表明：水柏枝属叶为一般背腹叶,具湿中性特征;红砂属植物的叶横切面呈扁圆形,栅栏组织呈现状排列于表皮之下;柽柳属的叶与一般的背腹叶不同,栅栏组织位于远轴面,海绵组织位于近轴面。同时对叶的解剖结构与分类关系进行探讨,认为柽柳科植物的某些叶特征稳定且具类群特异性,在确定亲缘关系和分类方面具有重要意义。最后列出了柽柳科分属和柽柳属分种检索表。     

Chlorophyll and light gradients in sun and shade leaves of Spinacia oleracea

Abstract. Light gradients were measured and correlated with chlorophyll concentration and anatomy of leaves in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Light gradients were measured at 450, 550 and 680 nm within thin (455 μm) and thick (630 μm) leaves of spinach grown under sun and shade conditions. The light gradients were relatively steep in both types of leaves and 90% of the light at 450 and 680 nm was absorbed by the initial 140 μm of the palisade. In general, blue light was depleted faster than red light which, in turn was depleted faster than green light. Light penetrated further into the thicker palisade of sun leaves in comparison to the shade leaves. The distance that blue light at 450 nm travelled before it became 90% depleted was 120 μm in sun leaves versus 76 μm in shade leaves. Red light at 680 nm and green light at 550 nm travelled further but the trends were similar to that measured at 450nm. The steeper light gradients within the palisade-of shade leaves were caused by increased scattering of light within the intercellular air spaces and/or cells which were less compact than those in sun leaves. The decline in the amount of light within the leaf appeared to be balanced by a gradient in chlorophyll concentration measured in paradermal sections. Progressing from the adaxial epidermis, chlorophyll content increased through the palisade and then declined through the spongy mesophyll. Chlorophyll content was similar in the palisade of both sun and shade leaves. Chloroplast distribution within both sun and shade leaves was relatively uniform so that the chlorophyll gradient appeared to be caused by greater amounts of chlorophyll within chloroplasts located deeper within the leaf. These results indicate that the anatomy of the palisade may be of special importance for controlling the penetration of photo-synthetically active radiation into the leaf. Changing the structural characteristics of individual palisade cells or their arrangement may be an adaptation that maximizes the absorption of light in leaves with varying mesophyll thickness due to different ambient light regimes.     

FINE STRUCTURE OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS OF THE OPOSSUM (DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA)

The neurohypophysis of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) was studied by electron microscopy in order to amplify Bodian''s classic light microscopic observations in which he demonstrated a definite lobular pattern. The lobule of the opossum neurohypophysis is divided into three regions: a hilar, a palisade, and a septal zone. The hilar portion contains bundles of nerve fibers, the extensions of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract containing neurofilaments but few neurosecretory granules. In the opossum, pituicytes have a densely fibrillar cytoplasm. Herring bodies are prominent in the hilar region. They are large bodies packed with neurosecretory granules that have been described as end bulb formations of axons. From the hilar region, axons fan out into a palisade zone where the nerve terminals packed with neurosecretory granules, mitochondria, and microvesicles abut upon basement membranes. The neurosecretory granules are similar to those present in the neurohypophysis of other mammals, except for an occasional huge granule of distinctive type. Material morphologically and histochemically resembling glycogen occurs as scattered particles and as aggregates within nerve fibers. The septal zone, containing collagen, fibroblasts, and numerous small capillaries, is separated from the adjacent glandular tissue by a basement membrane.     

不同光合特性大豆叶的比较解剖研究

本研究选取不同光合速率的品种‘黑农 2 6’(高产低光效 )、‘黑农 40’、‘黑农 41’(高产高光效 )为材料 ,于大豆开花后的不同生育时期 ,对大豆的功能叶片、叶柄解剖学进行了研究。结果表明 :(1 )不同类型大豆的叶肉结构有明显区别。叶片厚度依次为‘黑农 40’ >‘黑农 41’ >‘黑农 2 6’。各期的基本趋势是一致的。栅栏组织的厚度和层数与叶片的厚度趋势一致。 (2 )各品种栅栏组织中的叶绿体数目均多于海绵组织 ,且高光效类型多于低光效类型。局部观察不同品种间 ,叶绿体内的基粒和间质片层结构高光效的也明显优于低光效的品种。 (3 )气孔包含数量和大小两个因素 ,气孔大小基本一致 ,下表皮数量 >上表皮 ,高光效类型 >低光效类型。 (4)各品种主脉维管束中木质部的导管数目依次为‘黑农 41’ >‘黑农 40’ >‘黑农 2 6’。