国人胫骨的测量及其性别判别分析

为积累国人资料,本文对长春、通辽两地出土的１２７副胚骨（男７１,女５６）进行了胚骨最大长、胚骨全长等２６项指标的测量,计算出胫骨中部断面指数和胚骨指数等４项指数及其分型,进行了侧别、性别及地区比较,并用胫骨最大长等７项因素进行了Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ法性别判别分析,得出５个判别式．结果显示：除个别测量项外均无显著性侧别差异,但均具有显著性性别差异,部分项目存在显著性地区差异;判别分析中判别正确率（７８．３％－８２．３％）介于美国白人与黑人之间。     

国人胫骨的测量及其性别差别分析

为积累国人资料,本文对长春、通辽两地出土的１２７副胫骨（男７１,女５６）进行了胎骨大长、胎骨全长等２６项指标的测量,计算出胫骨中部断面指数和胎骨指数等４项指数及其分型,进行了侧别、性别及地区比较,并用胫骨最大长等７项因素进行了Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ法性别判别分析,得出５个判别式。结果显示：除个别测量项外均无显著性侧别差异,但均具有显著性性别差异,部分项目存在显著性地区差异;判别分析中判别正确率,介于美国白人     

前交叉韧带方位角变化的解剖学测量研究

目的:探讨前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)在膝关节不同屈曲角度时的方位角变化,为ACL损伤诊断和重建研究提供解剖学支持。方法:成人膝关节标本10具,解剖观察ACL形态,用Photoshop软件测量膝关节不同屈曲角度下ACL方位角变化。结果:0°、30°位膝关节中ACL胫骨角大于ACL股骨角,有显著性差异(P0.01);60°、90°位膝关节中的ACL胫骨角小于股骨角,有显著性差异(P0.01)。膝关节0°、30°、60°、90°ACL胫骨角由大渐小,各角度间均有显著性差异(均P0.01)。膝关节0°和30°的ACL股骨角比60°和90°时小,有显著性差异(均P0.01),0°与30°间无显著性差异(P0.05),60°小于90°,有显著性差异(P0.01)。结论:ACL于膝关节0°和30°位时,后外侧束(posterolateral bundle,PLB)发挥主要作用,ACL诊断或重建主要参考胫骨角;60°、90°时ACL前内侧束(anteromedial bundle,AMB)发挥主要作用,ACL诊断或重建主要参考股骨角。ACL方位角可作为ACL损伤诊断和手术重建的重要参考。     

腓骨近端截骨术与胫骨高位截骨术治疗内侧间室性膝关节骨关节炎的比较研究

目的:对比内侧间室性膝关节骨关节炎(KOA)患者应用腓骨近端截骨术与胫骨高位截骨术治疗的疗效。方法:选取2016年11月到2017年12月在我院接受治疗的内侧间室性KOA患者32例,采用随机数字表法将所有患者分为腓骨近端截骨组与胫骨高位截骨组各16例,比较两组患者的手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量和住院费用,比较两组患者术前、术后3个月、术后6个月的美国特种外科医院膝关节评分(HSS)、美国膝关节协会评分(KSS)、视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)和股胫角(FTA),比较两组患者术后出现的并发症的发生率。结果:腓骨近端截骨组患者的手术时间、住院时间短于胫骨高位截骨组,术中出血量和住院费用均显著少于胫骨高位截骨组(P0.05);术后3个月、术后6个月两组患者的HSS评分、KSS评分均明显高于术前,VAS评分、FTA均明显低于术前(P0.05);术前、术后3个月、术后6个月两组患者的HSS评分、KSS评分、VAS评分、FTA比较均无统计学差异(P0.05);两组患者的并发症发生率比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:腓骨近端截骨术和胫骨高位截骨术均可有效治疗内侧间室性KOA,改善患者的膝关节功能和疼痛感,纠正内翻畸形,但腓骨近端截骨术手术时间和住院时间更短,术中出血量和住院费用更少。     

术中使用画线法与量角法测量股骨截骨旋转角度的对比分析研究

目的:探讨应用两种股骨截骨旋转角度测量方法矫正股骨颈前倾角(FNA)在儿童发育性髋关节脱位(DDH)治疗中的价值。方法:回顾性分析我科自2006年1月~2015年6月行手术治疗的DDH 32例(32髋),其中,股骨旋转截骨时,2006年1月~2009年12月的16例(16髋)采用画线法;2010年1月~2015年6月的16例(16髋)采用量角法。术前及术后进行X线及三维CT检查测量FNA。两组的一般资料及术前健侧及患侧FNA角度的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结果:本组病例均获得随访,随访时间12~48个月,平均28个月。两组术后患侧FNA与术前相比,均差异明显(P0.01);而与健侧相比,差异不明显(P0.05),说明术后FNA较术前明显改善,达到与健侧大致相等的FNA。两组间术后健侧、患侧FNA比较,无显著性差异(P0.05),故,目前尚不足以证明行股骨旋转截骨术时后期采用的量角法优于画线法。结论:采用量角法及画线法进行股骨旋转截骨术均可获得满意疗效。     

开槽法髓内针内固定术治疗猫、犬桡骨、胫骨骨折的探索

猫、犬桡的尺骨、胫腓骨骨折在临床上很常见。据报道,桡骨、尺骨常同时骨折约占骨折发病率的31％,多发生在骨的中部或远端1／3处,以横骨折和斜骨折居多;胫骨与腓骨骨折也常同时发生,多为骨干骨折,占骨折发病率的28％。桡骨尺骨、胫骨腓骨远端完全错位性骨折采用外固定效果较差,亦难找到合适的钢板内固定。     

无蹼壁虎的骨骼系统

骨骼特征在动物的分类和系统进化研究中具有重要的作用。利用透明骨骼双色法对采自河南省洛阳市的无蹼壁虎Gekko swinhonis制作骨骼标本,对骨骼系统各部分骨骼的位置、形状和构成进行了详细描述,并与大壁虎G.gecko、多疣壁虎G.japonicus和原尾蜥虎Hemidactylus bowringii等进行了比较。无蹼壁虎的骨骼系统分为中轴骨骼(头骨、脊柱、胸骨、肋骨)和附肢骨骼(肩带、腰带、前肢骨和后肢骨)。与壁虎科其他物种相比,无蹼壁虎没有泪骨;前颌骨鼻突短小;鼻骨略呈长方形;后额骨呈"人"字形;前肢肱骨和尺骨关节的韧带内具有1枚肘骨;后肢股骨与胫骨关节的韧带内具有1枚髌骨;股骨与胫骨、腓骨关节的关节内具有2枚腓肠关节籽骨;雄性个体肛门后具有1对肛后骨;趾式为2、3、4、5、4。     

扬子鳄附肢的组织发生

本文在２２例扬子鳄胚胎中观察了附肢的组织发生过程。孵化第６天,前、后肢芽形成处的组织开始向外隆起。第８天,前、后肢芽突出呈乳状。第１４天,前、后肢芽基部的中胚层浓缩,开始形成肱骨、股骨软骨原基。第１６天,前肢的桡骨、尺骨及后肢的胫骨、腓骨软骨原基出现,软骨原基周围的骨骼肌亦开始分化。第１８天,肱骨、股骨、桡骨、胫骨、腓骨均发生明显的软骨化,前肢尺骨尚未发生软骨化,后肢跖软骨原基形成。第２０天,前肢掌骨原基及后肢的第１、２、３趾骨原基出现。第２４天,前肢第１、２、３、４指骨原基清晰,后肢第１、２、３、４趾骨基节软骨化明显,趾肌开始分化。第３０天,前、后肢的指（趾）骨均发生明显的软骨化,前肢掌骨以上诸骨和后肢跖骨以上诸骨的软骨化趋于成熟,其周围的骨骼肌已较发达。本文着重讨论了扬子鳄附肢组织发生的规律和特点。     

参训新战士胫骨疲劳骨折早期X线阴性诊断原因分析

目的:分析新训战士疲劳骨折早期X光片阴性诊断原因.方法:回顾分析近12年31例确诊前首次X光片报告阴性的胫骨疲劳骨折临床表现、影像学资料.结果:31例35张光片中6例X光片质量欠佳;19例局部有单纯软组织肿胀增厚影;4例侧位重叠不能识别胫骨被腓骨遮挡骨皮质;1例骨小梁显示局限性密度稍高;1例局部骨皮质稍变薄、边缘稍模糊、呈灰色骨皮质征;2例外骨皮质侧见轻微光滑均匀丘状隆起;6例行MR检查明确诊断为疲劳骨折.结论:在提高阅片水平前提下要注意X光片质量及体位重叠影响.当X光片只见局部软组织改变时,应重视并结合临床表现,有可能处于“疲劳骨折前期”,而诊断疑难或需鉴别时,MR是有用手段.     

天津蓟州区桃花园墓地明清时期缠足女性的足骨形变

本文通过量化方法,对桃花园墓地明清时期101例女性足骨形变方式、程度、对称性等进行了系统分析。研究结果表明,双侧足骨形变总体上是对称的。缠足对跗骨的影响主要在于整体尺寸缩小和关节面改变。第1跖骨除整体尺寸缩小外,还存在诸多明显的骨体形态改变;第2、3跖骨头部和底部尺寸缩小,但形变不大。第3至第5近节趾骨骨体长度和高度的侧别差异明显,特别是第3近节趾骨双侧整体不对称。该群体至少在18岁时已经缠足,25岁以后足骨已发生形变,35岁之后形变较明显。部分个体足骨形变程度较轻,其生前可能仅束足纤直,未经裹弯。足骨形变程度与陪葬品多寡并无相关性,其形变差异很可能与身体疾病、劳作需要、缠足方法或缠足观念差异有关。     

Competition among growing organs and developmental control of morphological asymmetry

Fluctuating asymmetry is often used as a measure of developmental instability, although its developmental basis is poorly understood. Theoretical models and experimental studies have suggested that feedback interactions between structures on the left and right body sides play a pivotal role in the control of asymmetry. Here we provide experimental evidence that competition for a limiting resource can generate such interactions between growing organs. In our experiments in the butterfly Precis coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), hindwing imaginal discs were removed from one or both body sides of caterpillars. Emerging butterflies were thus missing one or both hindwings, but had heavier forewings, mid- and hindlegs than untreated controls. When only one hindwing was removed, the forewing and hindleg on the treated side were heavier than on the untreated side. The asymmetry and overall weight increase in response to wing disc removal diminished with increasing physical distance of the responding tissue from the imaginal disc removed. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that growing imaginal discs compete for a haemolymph-borne resource, such as a nutrient or growth factor. Such competition is a possible mechanism for feedback interactions and may thus participate in the developmental control of asymmetry.     

The development of handedness in left/right asymmetry

The development of handed asymmetry requires a special mechanism for consistently specifying a difference between left and right sides. This is to be distinguished from both random asymmetry, and from those left/right differences that are mirror symmetrical. We propose a model for the development of handedness in bilateral animals, comprising three components. (i) A process termed conversion, in which a molecular handedness is converted into handedness at the cellular level. A specific model for this process is put forward, based on cell polarity and transport of cellular constituents by a handed molecule. (ii) A mechanism for random generation of asymmetry, which could involve a reaction-diffusion process, so that the concentration of a molecule is higher on one side than the other. The handedness generated by conversion could consistently bias this mechanism to one side. (iii) A tissue-specific interpretation process which responds to the difference between the two sides, and results in the development of different structures on the left and right. There could be direct genetic control of the direction of handedness in this model, most probably through the conversion process. Experimental evidence for the model is considered, particularly the iv mutation in the mouse, which appears to result in loss-of-function in biasing, and so asymmetry is random. The model can explain the abnormal development of handedness observed in bisected embryos of some mammalian, amphibian and sub-vertebrate species. Spiral asymmetry, as seen in spiral cleavage and in ciliates, involves only conversion of molecular asymmetry to the cellular and multicellular level, with no separate interpretation step.     

Bilateral asymmetry in the limb bones of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

There is much debate in behavioral primatology on the existence of population-level handedness in chimpanzees. The presence or absence of functional laterality in great apes may shed light on the origins of human handedness and on the evolution of cerebral asymmetry. The plasticity of long bone diaphyses in response to mechanical loading allows the functional interpretation of differences in cross-sectional geometric. While left-right asymmetry in upper limb diaphyseal morphology is a known property in human populations, it remains relatively unexplored in apes. We studied bilateral asymmetry in 64 skeletons of wild-caught chimpanzee using the humerus, second metacarpal, and femur. The total subperiosteal area (TA) of the diaphyses was measured at 40% of maximum humeral length and at the midshaft of the metacarpals and femora using external silicone molds. Overall, the TA values of the left humeri were significantly greater than the right, indicating directional asymmetry. This effect was even greater when the magnitude of difference in TA between each pair of humeri was compared. The right second metacarpals showed a tendency toward greater area than did the left, but this did not reach statistical significance. The lack of asymmetry in the femur serves as a lower limb control, and suggests that the upper limb results are not a product of fluctuating asymmetry. These findings imply behavioral laterality in upper limb function in chimpanzees, and suggest a complementary relationship between precision and power.     

Fluctuating asymmetry in fetuses of diabetic rhesus macaques

This study examines dental fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in two samples of fetal rhesus monkeys, one composed of 19 fetuses from diabetic mothers (FDM) and the other of 20 fetuses from nondiabetic mothers. Seventeen measurements were taken on the deciduous dentition of right and left mandibles. The degree of FA was assessed by comparing FDM to fetuses of normal mothers by correlation between right and left sides, and analysis of variation differences between right and left sides. Significant FA was found for three traits based on the correlation between right and left sides and for seven traits by the between-treatment ratio of variance between sides. Distal teeth, both within and outside of a morphologic field, exhibit significantly greater FA than mesial teeth. Our results support the hypothesis that developmental instability is detectable by dental FA.     

How birds use their eyes: Opposite left-right specialization for the lateral and frontal visual hemifield in the domestic chick

Recent evidence has demonstrated that, in animals with laterally placed eyes, functional cerebral asymmetry is revealed by preferential use of either the left or right eye in a range of behaviors (birds: [1, 2, 3]; fish: [4, 5]; reptiles: [6, 7]). These findings pose a theoretical problem. It seems that there would be disadvantages in having a substantial degree of asymmetry in the use of the two eyes; a deficit on one side would leave the organism vulnerable to attack on that side or unable to exploit resources appearing on one side. We here report a possible solution to the problem. We have found that domestic chicks show selective use of the lateral visual field of the left eye and of the right hemifield in the binocular, frontal visual field when they peck at strangers but not at cagemates. Thus, during social recognition, there seems to be opposite and complementary left-right specialization for the lateral and frontal visual fields of the two eyes. These findings can reconcile the computational advantages associated with asymmetry of the left and right sides of the brain with the ecological demands for an animal to perceive and respond equally well to the left and right sides of its midline.     

东周一例人体肱骨发育不对称的病理分析

本文对东周时期一例肱骨发育不全的个体M45进行古病理学研究。经鉴定,M45为年龄在30岁左右的女性,其右侧肱骨短于左侧,肱骨头解剖颈上移且正面向上,小结节向前下方位移;三角肌粗隆处、解剖颈下方有骨质缺损现象;右侧骨髓腔相较于左侧略宽,右侧三角肌粗隆处骨松质较左侧明显,呈蜂窝状。通过肉眼观察、X射线影像和病理筛选等方法对其进行诊断,推测M45个体可能是分娩创伤导致肱骨近端生长点受损,或在儿童期生长板遭受创伤导致肱骨生长发育停滞。     

Lateralization of catecholaminergic and behavioral response to cerebral infarction in the rat.

The effects of left middle cerebral artery ligation on brain catecholamine concentrations and behavior were compared with those effects of right middle cerebral artery ligation which have previously been reported. Although the lesion caused by middle cerebral artery ligation appeared to be identical on the two sides, the animals with left hemispheric lesion showed no postoperative change in either mean spontaneous 24 hour activity or mean catecholamine concentrations in several areas of the brain. In marked contrast, as we have previously reported and was confirmed in the present study, the animals with a right hemispheric infarct are hyperactive for about 2 to 3 weeks after surgery and there is a significant decrease in mean norepinephrine concentrations in several brain regions. These studies have demonstrated a remarkable asymmetry in the behavioral and biochemical response to cerebral cortical infarction. It is uncertain whether this asymmetry reflects an underlying hemispheric difference in catecholaminergic or non-catecholaminergic neurons.     

国人分裂颧骨的观察

观察了200个成人颅骨,不完全二分颧骨的出现率最高,完全二分颧骨次之,三分颧骨最少。不完全二分颧骨各缝的出现率不同,其中以后水平缝多见,前水平缝次之,全水平缝更少。本文还对该骨出现的成因进行了探讨。     

Functional asymmetry estimated by measurements of otolith in fish.

It is widely accepted that the incidence of space adaptation syndrome (SAS) is due to a mismatch of sensory information from various receptors to the central nervous system. We investigated the functional asymmetry of vestibular organ, which may caused sensory conflict in space, by measuring the weight difference of otolith between left and right side in goldfish and carp. In the goldfish utricular otolith, the maximum difference was 0.8 mg and the mean difference was 0.091 mg. The percentage of weight difference to the heavier otolith was calculated. The maximum difference was 20.57% and the mean was 3.035%. A difference exceeding 10% was found in only 2 goldfish. In the carp utricular otolith, the maximum percentage difference of weight was 24.8% and the mean was 3.491%. A difference exceeding 10% was found in only 3 carp. The maximum difference of saccular otolith was 11.8% with the mean of 6.92%, and that of lagenar otolith was 32% with the mean of 5.6% in goldfish. The close relationship of utricular otolith weight between both sides suggested that the otolith asymmetry might not be the main factor inducing SAS at least in goldfish and carp.     

国人跟骨结节关节角的测量计算

本文根据三角形有关原理,用直脚规测量计算的方法,测量计算了282块(男164;女118)国人成年跟骨的结节关节角。男性左右侧平均数分别为27.53°±0.91°和27.55°±0.87°,女性左右侧平均数分别为32.22°±1.46°和34.70°±1.25°。经统计学处理,侧别间均无差异,但性差非常显著(P<0.01)。此方法较应用测角仪简单易行。