中国典型高硒区硒的环境地球化学研究进展

硒是人体和动物必需的微量元素,但其营养性的阈值范围较窄,已引起了不同领域研究者的广泛关注。综述了近20年来我国典型高硒区——湖北恩施富硒岩石与土壤中硒的分布与形态、硒的赋存状态、硒的迁移转化规律、硒的生物可利用性与人体健康风险、微生物与硒相互作用等硒的环境地球化学过程与循环规律,以及硒的同位素地球化学等方面的重要研究进展,并对硒的环境地球化学未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

硒（Se）的生物地球化学及其生态效应

近30年内,人们对生态环境中的微量元素硒从各方面进行了深入细致的研究,已从硒的毒害研究逐渐转向硒的营养研究,因而日益受到人们的重视。尤其我国在对克山病与大骨节病病因研究过程中,发现在生态环境中元素硒的缺乏与克山病和大骨节病的发病有密切的关系,硒的分布状况有其独特的分布规律。因此,系统地研究硒的生物地球化学行为是非常必要的。一、自然界的原生硒硒在自然环境中广泛地分布,几乎在地壳上所有物质中均含有不同量的硒,其重量克拉克值为6×10~5%,Goldschmidt 1954年     

硒在地方病中的防治作用及其分子机制研究进展

大骨节病、克山病、地方性氟中毒和地方性砷中毒是我国的主要地方病,其病因、发病机制均与宏量元素和微量元素的缺乏、中毒与失衡有关。低硒是大骨节病和克山病的重要环境因素,补硒对其具有一定防治效果。综述了微量元素硒与大骨节病和克山病之间的关系,以及硒元素在大骨节病、克山病、氟中毒和硒中毒中的作用机制方面的研究进展,旨在进一步探索微量元素硒的生物学潜能及其分子机制,更好地造福于人类。     

富硒植物与人体健康

硒是生态环境中的一个重要微量元素。1957年施瓦茨发现,硒有抗氧化作用,并首次提出硒是人体的必需元素。同年,谷跳甘肽过氧化物酶被发现。1971年,Rotz－uch证明,硒是该酶的组成成分。1973年,世界卫生组织宣布硒是人体生命的必需元素。近年,德国植物营养学家已将硒列于植物有益元素的行列。硒通过生物地球化学营养链：岩石一土壤和水一植物一动物和人给人和动物以影响。几十年来的研究结果表明,人和动物的四十多种疾病与体内硒缺乏有关,典型疾病如地方性克山病、大骨节病、牲畜的白肌病。禽类的渗出性素质等,而硒制剂对这些疾病均…     

稻田土壤关键元素的生物地球化学耦合过程及其微生物调控机制

水稻土是在长期植稻下人为培育的特殊耕作土壤,是我国土壤学的特色,其研究也反映我国土壤学的国际地位。水稻土是研究土壤生物地球化学过程的理想模型。稻田土壤关键元素(碳氮磷硫铁等)的生物地球化学循环过程、耦合机理及其驱动机制研究是土壤生物学研究的核心之一。因此,以国际土壤年为契机,结合中国科学院院士工作局资助的"土壤生物学发展战略研究"项目的部分成果,以稻田关键元素(碳氮磷硫铁等)生物地球化学循环过程及其耦合的微生物驱动机制为核心,重点讨论了稻田土壤基本生物化学特征、稻田土壤碳-氮、碳-氮-磷、碳-氮-铁等多元素耦合过程及其与微生物之间的反馈机制,并由此提出了稻田土壤关键元素生物地球化学循环微生物驱动机制研究的未来重点发展方向为:1)土壤关键元素生物地球化学过程的异质性及其微生物过程的互作机制研究;2)微生物参与机制对土壤关键元素循环过程的响应、反馈机制与调控机制研究;3)土壤关键生物地球化学过程的计量学研究。     

土壤溶解性有机质的特性与环境意义

土壤生态环境是一个复杂的多介质多界面体系,尽管关于土壤溶解性有机质 研究还不完善,但现有的研究表明,它是这一环境中最为活跃的化学组成之一。由于土壤溶解性有机质在C、N、P和S等营养元素的生物地球化学过程、成土过程、微生物的生长代谢过程、土壤有南分解和转化过程以及土壤污染物的迁移过程有着重要的作用,因此已成为土壤科学、生态科学和环境科学交叉领域的研究热点,本文从土壤溶解性有机质的提取方法、来源、组成、含量和影响因素、生物有效性及环境意义等方面的研究进展作了简要的论述,同时提出了未来的研究方向。     

论不同植被类型对地球汞化学的反应

本文论述了汞的地球化学活动强度与不同地区各自然植被类型汞水平及其植物群落组成成分之间的关系;指出不同类群的汞吸收系数、群落内部生活型谱值和乔、灌及草本三类植物的生物量是估算某一地区或地段植物汞迁移量的重要参数。同时,还论述了植物—土壤系统中汞的地球化学过程。     

克山病与心肌线粒体病

克山病是我国一种严重的地方性心肌病. 1984 年政府曾组织对克山病高发地区之一—云南省楚雄地区进行综合性科学考察. 考察队由流行病学、生态环境、临床防治、病理学、生物化学等方面的专家组成, 历时3年(1984~1986年). 通过考察, 病理学、生物化学、生物物理、临床治疗等方面的研究结果均显示克山病患者心肌线粒体的病变是一个重要特征. 该病的具体表现为心肌线粒体代偿增生、数目增多、嵴膜破坏、氧化磷酸化酶系(包括琥珀酸脱氢酶、细胞色素c氧化酶、琥珀酸氧化酶、H^＋-ATP酶等)活性明显下降, Ca²⁺含量增高、心磷脂和辅酶Q含量偏低, 从而提出: “克山病是一种心肌线粒体病”的观点. 在此之前, 对“心肌线粒体病”仅有极少的个例研究报道. 通过楚雄考察, 对众多克山病病例进行大量、多方面的测试与分析, 获得十分珍贵的研究资料. “克山病是一种心肌线粒体病”的提出, 是楚雄考察的重要成果之一, 它不仅是对克山病的发病机理的深入认识, 而且对“心肌线粒体病”的研究都是很有意义的. 与其它“心肌线粒体病”不同, 克山病不属于遗传性疾病, 而与营养不足(特别是缺乏微量元素硒)密切相关. 克山病都发生在缺硒地带, 而补硒对克山病有明显的预防作用. 随着我国人民生活水平的提高, 克山病发病率逐年下降, 目前已降至极低的水平. 近年来国际上对非克山病的心肌线粒体病的研究日益增多. 本文结合这方面的研究进展对“克山病是一种心肌线粒体病”作一简短评述.     

微量元素硒与地方病关系研究团队介绍

正西安交通大学地方病研究所成立于1996年,1990年被批准为卫生部微量元素与地方病重点实验室,在长期的地方病防治实践中王世臣教授、莫东旭教授等主持的"硒与克山病"、"硒与大骨节病"研究分别获得了国际生物无机化学家协会"Klaus Schwaz奖"以及全国科学大会奖。多年来熊咏民教授致力于微量元素与地方病关系研究,其负责的科研团队骨干包括陈静宏教授、张峰教授、代晓霞副教授、陈群副教授、谭武红副教授和马天有博士等。研究方向主     

湿地生物地球化学过程研究进展

1　湿地生物地球化学过程的概念及内涵营养物质在生态系统之间的输入和输出以及在生物各圈层之间进行的物质和能量交换称为生物地球化学循环 (ｂｉｏｇｅｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎ) [4 ] ,它实质上是指生物有机体及其产物与无机环境之间进行的物质交换和能量转换过程。湿地是介于陆地生态系统和水生生态系统之间的过渡地带[3 ] ,它是一种特殊的生态系统 ,其独特多样的生物条件显著影响着生物地球化学过程。这些过程不仅改变了物质的化学组成 ,而且使它们在湿地内发生空间位移以及生物地球化学转化。湿地生物地球化学过程是…     

Effects of different water management on absorption and accumulation of selenium in rice

Rice is the staple food for more than half of the world's population, but selenium (Se) is low in many rice growing countries. Water management model affects rice soil pH and Eh, and then affects the bioavailability of Se in soil. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of water management on soil Se species, dynamics and selenium uptake by rice plants. Sodium selenite was added to the soil so that the soil selenium content reached 0.5 mg kg^?1 to study the effects of 3 different water management modes on soil selenium uptake by rice plants. These three modes are flood irrigation (F), aerobic irrigation (A) and alternate flood and aerobic irrigation (AFA). The results showed that flooded irrigation treatment increased the soil soluble selenium concentration, and the selenium in soil solution mainly existed in the form of selenite and selenomethionine selenium oxide. The content of selenium in grain was 2.44 and 1.84 times that of flooded irrigation treatment under A and AFA respectively. The content of selenium in straw was 1.32 and 1.58 times that of flooded treatment under A and AFA respectively. After rice grain enzyme hydrolysis, HPLC-ICP-MS analysis showed that Selenomethionine was the main selenium speciation in rice grains. This study showed that aerobic flooded treatment is one of the most effective ways to increase selenium content in rice field.     

Factors affecting the selenium intake of people in transbaikalian Russia

The selenium concentration in foods grown and consumed and in plasma, red blood cells, and toenails of people living in the district of Chita in the transbaikalian part of Russia were studied in August 1991. Preliminary results from the area have suggested low selenium intakes and the possible occurrence of cardiomyopathy (Keshan disease) in the population. A low selenium concentration in foods grown locally was found: mean selenium concentration in wheat grains was 1, 5, and 28 μg/kg, respectively, in three villages studied, that of oats was beween 3–6 μg/kg, and of cow's milk 10–27 μg/kg dry matter. The selenium concentration of bread was considerably higher, between 87–337 μg/kg dry wt, presumably because wheat imported from the US had been used for baking. Occasional samples of pork, beef, and mutton contained between 32–318 μg selenium/kg dry wt. Low selenium concentrations were observed in samples of soil and river water. The mean plasma selenium concentration of 52 persons was 1.02 μmol/L, including 33 children and 19 adult subjects. The selenium concentrations in red blood cells and toenails were 1.95 μmol/L and 0.61 mg/kg, respectively. No symptoms of heart disease caused by selenium deficiency were observed. It is concluded that the selenium status of people was fairly good thanks to the contribution to dietary intake of imported wheat with a high selenium content. As the selenium concentration was very low in foods grown in the area, the selenium intake of the population will be reduced to a very low level if only locally produced foods are consumed.     

叶面喷施硒肥对3个葡萄品种果实产量、品质和硒含量的影响

以‘红芭拉蒂’、 ‘夏黑’、 ‘户太8号’3个葡萄品种为材料,研究叶面喷施有机硒肥对温室葡萄品质和硒含量的影响。结果表明: 在果实幼果期和膨大期,叶面喷施12 mg·L^-1氨基酸螯合态富硒叶面肥不仅能使葡萄果实产量和硒含量显著提高,还能显著提高各品种葡萄果实综合品质(可溶性糖、有机酸、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性固形物、Vc和原花青素等),但白藜芦醇未显著提高。各品种中,2017和2018年夏黑的硒含量较对照分别增加36.7%和37.1%,其增幅高于红芭拉蒂和户太8号;施硒组红芭拉蒂以高糖低酸的口感及高保健成分在品质综合比较中表现较优;2018年施硒的户太8号硒含量为53.26 μg·kg^-1,显著高于其他品种,硒富集能力较强。因此,夏黑硒含量增幅较大;红芭拉蒂在营养价值和品质上表现较优;户太8号适合富硒葡萄生产。     

Serum selenium levels in Slovak population

Blood serum selenium levels were measured in 576 healthy middle aged adults (40–60 yr, 255 men and 321 women) residing in both urban and rural areas in four districts of Slovakia. Serum selenium was determined by electrothermal AAS. The mean (±SD) serum selenium concentration was 0.852±0.335 μmol/L, ranging from 0.219–2.30 μmol/L. A large proportion of the individuals (19.62%) exhibited serum selenium levels under 0.57 μmol/L (45 μmol/L). There was no significant correlation between serum, selenium concentration and age, sex, and smoking status. There were significant differences between districts. The lowest mean (±SD) serum selenium was 0.664±0.269 μmol/L, the highest mean serum selenium (±SD) was 0.975±0.361 μmol/L. This differences could probably be attributed to the selenium, content in the soil of the different areas, which would contribute to the average daily selenium intake. In comparison with serum selenium levels in other European countries, the concentrations of selenium in the Slovak population are relatively low.     

沈阳市区大气SO2污染程度的叶绿素含量监测分析

沈阳市区大气ＳＯ２污染程度的叶绿素含量监测分析周兴文（沈阳大学师范学院生物系,沈阳１１００１５）ＴｈｅｃｈｌｏｒｏｐｈｙｌｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｔｒｅｌｅａｖｅｓｆｏｒＳＯ２ｐｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｉｎＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇＣｉｔｙ...     

Changes in drinking water selenium and mortality for coronary disease in a residential cohort

In a part of the municipal territory of Reggio Emilia, northern Italy, selenium in drinking water decreased from 7 μg/L to less than 1 μg/L. In a cohort of 4419 individuals, previously exposed for at least 5 yr to the drinking water with higher selenium content, the 7-yr temporal distribution of deaths for coronary disease and for stroke was analyzed to examine a possible relationship with changes in drinking water selenium. From January 1986 until August 1988, when tap water selenium was 7 μg/L, deaths for coronary disease were one in males and two in females. After the decrease in drinking water selenium, 21 and 10 coronary deaths were observed, respectively, in males and in females from September 1988 to December 1992. No significant difference in the temporal distribution of stroke deaths was observed both in males and in females. Even if an effect of chance and aging in the temporal distribution of coronary deaths may not be excluded, findings of the study seem to be consistent with the hypothesis of a beneficial effect of selenium on coronary disease mortality.     

Selenate reduction and adsorption in littoral sediments from a hypersaline California lake, the Salton Sea

The Salton Sea, a hypersaline lake located in Southern California, is a major habitat for migratory waterfowl, including endangered species, recently threatened by selenium toxicity. Selenium is both an essential micronutrient and a contaminant and its speciation and cycling are driven by microbial activity. In the absence of oxygen, microorganisms can couple the oxidation of organic matter with the reduction of soluble selenate and selenite to elemental selenium. In order to better understand and quantify selenium cycling and selenium transfer between water and underlying sediments in the Salton Sea, we measured the maximum potential selenate reduction rates (R _max) and selenate adsorption isotherms in sediments collected from seven littoral locations in July 2011. We also measured salinity, organic carbon, nitrogen, and elemental selenium content and the abundance of selenate-reducing prokaryotes at each site. Our results showed a high potential for selenate reduction and limited selenate adsorption in all studied sites. Maximum potential selenate reduction rates were affected by sediment C_org content. We showed that selenate reduction potential of Salton Sea sediments far outweighs current dissolved inputs to the lake. Selenate reduction is thus a likely driver for selenium removal from the lake’s water and selenate retention in littoral sediments of the Salton Sea.     

Assessment of uranium concentration in the drinking water and associated health risks in Eastern Haryana,India

Quantification of uranium in drinking water has great significance considering its effects on human health. Drinking water samples collected from different sources, viz., hand pumps, tube-wells, and public water supply from Sonipat and Panipat districts of Haryana, India have been analyzed for uranium and other physico-chemical parameters. Uranium concentration in water samples was measured using Pulsed LED Fluorimeter. Uranium concentration in collected water samples ranges from 9.1 to 155.1 µg/L in Sonipat district and 14.9 to 123.3 µg/L in Panipat district. It was inferred from the data that uranium concentration in some water samples was higher than WHO &; USEPA recommended limit of 30 µg/L. The mean cancer risk due to uranium in drinking water in Sonipat and Panipat districts was found to be 1.40 × 10^?4 and 1.63 × 10^?4, respectively, which is lower than the maximum permissible limit (<10^?3). Total Dissolve Salts (TDS) in water samples of some villages in Sonipat district was higher than permissible limits for drinking prescribed by WHO &; BIS.     

辽宁地区远古人类及其文化的初步研究

本文简略介绍了近十年来辽宁地区古人类和旧石器文化方面的研究成果,同时也初步探讨了本地区与周围地区的古人类及其文化的关系。     

国人颅骨某些角度的测量

本文对青岛和长春地区出土的124例(男71,女53)成人颅骨进行了某些角度的测量。测量结果,进行了颅骨的人类学特征和性别差异的讨论。并与其它地区的国人资料进行了比较。