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1.
Gareth Rice Roland Clift Richard Burns 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1997,2(1):53-59
Twelve of the main European LCA software packages currently available are examined wirh the aim of establishing which are
the most appropriate for LCAs on industrial processes. The packages performances are assessed in terms of
The review concludes with a Specification Table which summarises the facilities available on each software package.
The general conclusion from this study is that for industrially based LCAs, there are four packages which may offer advantages
over the rest. These are The Boustead Model, The Ecobilan Group’s TEAM™, PEMS 3.0 and SimaPro 3.1. 相似文献
| – | • Volume of Data |
| – | • WindowsTM environment |
| – | • Network Capabilities |
| – | • Impact Assessment |
| – | • Graphical representation of the inventory results |
| – | • Sensitivity analysis |
| – | • Units |
| – | • Cost |
| – | • User Support |
| – | • Flow Diagrams |
| – | • Burdens allocation |
| – | • Transparency of data |
| – | • Input & output parameters |
| – | • Demo version |
| – | • Quality of data |
2.
Culture studies with healthy and virus-infected isolates of Ectocarpus siliculosus, Feldmannia simplex and F. irregularis gave the following results:
相似文献
| – | Virus particles are produced in deformed reproductive organs (sporangia or gametangia) of the hosts and are released into the surrounding seawater. |
| – | Their infective potential is lost after several days of storage under laboratory conditions. |
| – | New infections occur when gametes or spores of the host get in contact with virus particles. The virus genome enters all cells of the developing new plant via mitosis. |
| – | Virus expression is variable, and in many cases the viability of the host is not impaired. Infected host plants may be partly fertile and pass the infection to their daughter plants. |
| – | Meiosis of the host can eliminate the virus genome and generate healthy progeny. |
| – | The genome of the Ectocarpus virus consists of dsDNA. Meiotic segregation patterns suggest an intimate association between virus genome and host chromosomes. |
| – | An extra-generic host range has been demonstrated for the Ectocarpus virus. |
| – | Field observations suggest that virus infections in ectocarpalean algae occur on all coasts of the world, and many or all Ectocarpus and Feldmannia populations are subject to contact with virus genomes. |
3.
I. Falnoga I. Kregar M. Škreblin M. Tušek-Žnidarič P. Stegnar 《Biological trace element research》1993,37(1):71-83
In order to study the metabolism of mercury (Hg), its affinity to metallothionein (MT), and its influence on levels of the
essential metals copper and zinc in the brain tissue of rats exposed to elemental mercury (HgO) vapor was investigated. The major findings were:
A part of this investigation was reported at TEMA 7, Dubrovnik, May 20–25, 1990 (Falnoga et al 1991). 相似文献
| 1. | After long-term exposure, about 40% of mercury was found in the brain water-soluble phase (supernatant); |
| 2. | In brain supernatant, about 80% of Hg was found in the range of low-molecular-weight proteins; the MT-like protein Hg−Cu−Zn-thionein was isolated and partially characterized; |
| 3. | HgO vapor exposure resulted in increased tissue levels of essential Cu and Zn in addition to exogenous Hg; and |
| 4. | Experiments showed that HgO vapor exposure can induce the stimulation of rat brain MT synthesis. |
4.
5.
The conclusions about the development of the content of the LC Initiative are the following:
相似文献
| – | A specific niche for the Life Cycle Initiative has developed, compared with the role of SETAC, the International Society of Industrial Ecology (ISIE) and ISO. |
| – | The aims of the initiative have step by step been extended, by bringing the initiative at a world level, by including both LCI and LCIA, and by including a program on Life Cycle Management (LCM). |
| – | In the LCM program due attention is to be given to other tools and approaches than quantitative LCA which are relevant for life-cycle thinking in general, and also to the other two dimensions of sustainability, i.e. the social and economic dimensions. |
| – | A number of important questions regarding the scope of the initiative and the methodological set-up have been in-depth discussed, thus resulting in a clear basis for the technical content of work to come. |
| – | Three definition studies will now be implemented which will define the work program for the three programs of the initiative; these studies will be finalised by the end of 2002. |
6.
W. Junger 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1991,169(5):633-639
Waterstriders on ponds and creeks compensate for displacement caused by wind or water current with periodical jumps against the direction of drift. This behavior is mediated by visual stimuli.
相似文献
| 1. | Waterstriders are able to detect the direction and extent of their displacement on an artificial canal when visual cues are reduced to a single point-like light source above the upstream end of the canal. They adjust the frequency and direction of the compensatory jumps to keep their mean position on the canal constant. The mean amplitude of the jumps is constant and independent of the stream velocity. |
| 2. | During drift compensation the light spot is kept in the frontal visual field at a fixed angle of elevation. This set angle differs among individuals and can be changed with time. |
| 3. | The station-keeping ability can hardly be explained by a velocity servo system since there is no accumulating position error. The average compensatory movements are governed by a discontinuously working position servo. |
| 4. | When the light spot is switched off, a few jumps are still performed. Jumps, therefore, are not triggered individually by visual cues. Waterstriders must possess an endogenous jump-generator. |
7.
Looking at the on-going discussions, integrated product policy seems to become important for the LCA community and should
therefore be reflected in the International Journal of LCA. Reasons include that IPP:
相似文献
| – | clearly follows life cycle thinking, |
| – | encourages the usage of the life cycle tool box, e.g. for product-innovation, |
| – | could become a political umbrella for a new co-operation along the life cycle - beyond the old roles of life cycle stakeholders acting on their own, |
| – | faces similar issues as the LCA community looking e.g. at environmental value / objective setting. |
8.
J. Robb 《Human Evolution》1994,9(3):215-229
In recent years anthropologists have made much progress in understanding ancient activities from skeletal remains. In this
paper, material from the Iron Age cemetery at Pontecagnano (VII-IV century BC) is used to illustrate activity-related traits
of eight basic categories:
These traits, and others, can be used not only singly but in conjunction to define (a) patterns of activity and occupational
specialization for individuals, and (b) distributions within society reflecting the basic division of labor by geneder and
class. 相似文献
| (1) | idiosyncratic patterns of dental wear |
| (2) | activity-related articular degeneration |
| (3) | non-pathological functional alterations (neoformations, contact facets) |
| (4) | mechanical remodelling of bone architecture |
| (5) | enthesopathies (muscular lesions) |
| (6) | traumatic lesions |
| (7) | activity-related pathologies |
| (8) | activity-related nutritional characteristics |
9.
Paul Dureus Dahla Louis Anthony V. Grant Thomas V. Bilfinger George B. Stefano 《Cellular and molecular neurobiology》1993,13(5):541-546
| 1. | In a concentration-dependent manner neuropeptide Y was found to be a potent inhibitor of the spontaneous activation of human granulocytes and macrophages as well asMytilus edulis immunocytes. |
| 2. | Neuropeptide Y also inhibited the chemotaxic response of these immunocytes to the chemoattractant f-MLP. |
| 3. | Incubation of both the human and the invertebrate immunocytes in f-MLP (10–9 M) causes activation as noted by random locomotion (chemokinesis). Neuropeptide Y also blocked f-MLP-induced chemokinesis. |
| 4. | The results suggest that neuropeptide Y may, in addition to other functions, serve as an endogenous regulator of immunocyte function. |
10.
Oncostatin M, a multifunctional cytokine 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
11.
| – | — Use of a 2-dimensional spectrophotometer allows the detection and analysis of spatiotemporal patterns in biological samples |
| – | — the “in vitro” system—yeast extract—behaves as an excitable medium. Oscillatory degradation of trehalose yields NADH-oscillations which, after running out, convert to spatiotemporal waves |
| – | — the observation of excitability coupled to oscillatory processes in biological systems might provide new insights into the meaning of oscillations for metabolism |
| – | — with an “in vitro” system at hand, it should be possible to perform defined experimental manipulations in order to detect the mechanism for excitability in biological systems. |
12.
Nanomedical developments range from nanoparticles for molecular diagnostics, imaging and therapy to integrated medical nanosystems,
which may perform complex repair actions at the cellular level inside the body in the future.
There are three categories where MNT are applied in biomedicine
This paper will concentrate on visions and applications for drug deliveries and medical diagnostics. 相似文献
| – | • drug discovery (genomics, proteomics, HTS) |
| – | • diagnostics |
| – | • drug deliveries |
13.
Dr. Diethard Sanders 《Facies》2000,42(1):227-243
Summary On Kos island, Greece, along an investigated coastal segment 3 km in length, four adjacent sectors were distinguished, (1)
Empros beach, a rocky shore with plunging cliffs and a steeply dipping, submarine talus, (2) Thermi beach, a „coarse-clastic
beach” with a subaerial cliff fringed by a bouldery to coarse gravelly beach with poorly developed zonation, (3) Dimitra beach,
a gravelly beach with well-developed zonation, and (4) Phokas beach, a gravelly beach characterized by finer mean grain size.
The lateral variation in Holocene coastal morphology would lead to different transgressive records: „rapid” sea-level rise
that may be suggested by transgression of the rocky shore is contemporaneous with „gradual” rise recorded by transgression
of the gravelly beaches.
Dimitra beach is an about 500 m long, cuspate, microtidal, wave-dominated gravelly beach. From land offshore, in its fairweather
configuration it shows
During storm upbuilding, the foreshore sand flats disappeared, the gravel ridges were eroded and an even, more gently dipping
storm beachface developed. Beach restoration in a swell regime proceeded in feedback with the emergent fairweather beach morphology.
During ensuing fairweather, the foreshore sand flats were partly winnowed. On Dimitra beach the layer involved in beach face
to uppermost shoreface dynamics was about 1 m thick and 10–15 m wide. In fossil gravelly beach successions, features formed
during highenergy events include both berms and master bedding surfaces. Features of the waning stage are fairweather plunge
steps and relic storm/swell beachfaces (lower beachface). From cuspate gravel ridges of the upper beachface probably only
the basal part is preserved. 相似文献
| (a) | a backshore of rounded gravels to small, rounded boulders, |
| (b) | a winter storm berm paved by disc-shaped clasts, |
| (c) | a belt of beach cusps each centered by an oblique-triangular foreshore sand flat, and flanked by gravel ridges of roughly triangular shape in plan view, |
| (d) | a fairweather plunge step, |
| (e) | a. „relic storm/swell beachface” (uppermost shoreface during fairweather) of clean, rounded coarse gravels to cobbles, |
| (f) | a storm/swell plunge step, and |
| (g) | a vencer of gravels to boulders that, farther seaward, grades into submarine sand flats. |
14.
Mónica Ferrini Susana González Tony Antakly Alejandro F. De Nicola 《Cellular and molecular neurobiology》1993,13(4):387-397
| 1. | Studies were performed to determine the changes in immunoreactive (IR) type II glucocorticoid receptors of the ventral horn of the spinal cord produced by adrenalectomy (ADX), dexamethasone (DEX) treatment, and spinal cord transection in rats. |
| 2. | These treatments did not significantly affect the number of IR neurons of the ventral horn; however, staining intensity was enhanced after ADX and decreased following 4 days of DEX. A similar response pattern was observed for glial-type cells. |
| 3. | In control rats, about half of the ventral horn motoneurons were surrounded by immunoreactive glial perineuroral cells. These perineuronal cells increased after ADX (77% of counted neurons) and decreased following DEX treatment (32%;P < 0.05).="> |
| 4. | Two days after transection, staining was intensified in ventral horn motoneurons and glial cells located in the spinal cord below the lesion. Immunoreactive perineuronal cells increased to 85% of counted neurons, from a value of 66% in sham-operated rats (P < 0.05).="> |
| 5. | These findings suggest considerable plasticity of the spinal cord GCR in response to changes in hormonal levels and experimental lesions. It is possible that factors involved in cell to cell communication with transfer of hypothetical regulatory molecules may play roles in GCR regulation and the increased immunoreaction of glia associated with neurons following transection and ADX. |
15.
Rolf Bergmann 《Antonie van Leeuwenhoek》1989,55(2):143-152
Thiolutin was found to inhibit the utilization of glucose and other growth substrates in Escherichia coli. The inhibition was detected by a sharp drop of the respiration rate after addition of the antibiotic. The actual function affected was allocated to the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacterial cells by the following evidence:
It was concluded that the transport of certain substrates across the membrane was inhibited. 相似文献
| – | - spheroplasts were affected like intact cells, |
| – | - individual reactions of either the electron transport chain or the glycolytic pathway were not inhibited, |
| – | - glucose consumption in the culture stopped and the cells accumulated guanosine tetraphosphate as under starvation conditions, |
| – | - activation of the cell's apo-glucose dehydrogenase restored respiration via bypassing the glucose phosphotransferase system. |
16.
17.
Morten Buhl Jørgensen Barbara Schmitz Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1991,168(2):223-232
| 1. | We used laser vibrometry and free field sound stimulation to study the frequency responses of the eardrum and the lateral body wall of awake male Eleutherodactylus coqui. |
| 2. | The eardrum snowed one of two distinct frequency responses depending on whether the glottis was open (GO response) or closed (GC response) during the measurement. |
| 3. | The lateral body wall vibrated with a maximum amplitude close to that of the eardrum and in the same frequency range. |
| 4. | Covering the frog's body wall with vaseline reduced the vibration amplitude of the GC response by up to 15 dB. |
| 5. | When a closed sound delivery system was used to stimulate a local area of the body wall the eardrum also showed one of two types of responses. |
| 6. | These results suggest that sound is transmitted via the lung cavity to the internal surface of the eardrum. This lung input has a significant influence on the vibrations of the eardrum even when the glottis is closed. |
| 7. | The vibration amplitude of the eardrum changed with the angle of sound incidence. The directionality was most pronounced in a narrow frequency range between the two main frequencies of the conspecific advertisement call. |
18.
Waddington CH 《Journal of genetics》2006,85(2):101-105
Summary
相似文献
| 1. | The phenotype of the ‘assimilated bithorax’ stock is due in part to a number of genes, on all the chromosomes, which act directly on the individuals containing them, and partly to a recessive X-chromosome condition which causes a maternal effect. |
| 2. | Attempts to break down the maternal-effect condition by crossing-over were unsuccessful. |
| 3. | The maternal effect condition, when made homozygous in a wild-type background, causes the appearance of some bithoraxes in the next generation. |
| 4. | The condition may have arisen by mutation during the course of the selection by which the assimilated stock was built up, but it may have been present in very low frequency in the initial population. |
| 5. | The offspring of females homozygous for the maternal-effect condition do not produce a higher percentage of bithoraxes, following ether treatment, than do flies of similar genotype from other mothers. |
19.
Allen Dearry Pierre Falardeau Carol Shores Marc G. Caron 《Cellular and molecular neurobiology》1991,11(5):437-453
| 1. | We have obtained a cDNA clone encoding a human retinal D2 dopamine receptor. |
| 2. | The longest open reading frame (1242 bp) of this clone encodes a protein of 414 amino acids having a predicted molecular weight of 47,000 and a transmembrane topology similar to that of other G protein-coupled receptors. |
| 3. | Transient transfection of COS-7 cells with an expression vector containing the clone resulted in expression of a protein possessing a pharmacological profile similar to that of the D2 dopamine receptor found in striatum and retina. |
| 4. | Northern blot analysis indicated that, in rat brain and retina, the mRNA for this receptor was 2.9 kb in size. |
| 5. | In situ hybridization was performed to examine the distribution of the mRNA for this receptor in human retina. Specific hybridization was detected in both the inner and the outer nuclear layers. |
| 6. | These findings are consistent with prior physiological and autoradiographic studies describing the localization of D2 dopamine receptors in vertebrate retinas. Our observations suggest that photoreceptors as well as cells in the inner nuclear layer of human retinas may express the mRNA for this D2 dopamine receptor. |
20.
Victy Mercy Gerald 《Hydrobiologia》1976,49(1):77-85
| 1. | The overall rate of feeding at 28°C bears an inverse relationship to size; the time course of feeding appears to be size-independent and shows a decline with increase in time. |
| 2. | Absorption efficiency is independent of size. |
| 3. | The rates of absorption and conversion and conversion efficiency are inversely related to size. |
| 4. | The rate of feeding is reflected on the rates of absorption and conversion. |