叉头框(Fox)转录因子家族的结构与功能

叉头框(forkheadbox,Fox)蛋白家族是一类DNA结合区具有翼状螺旋结构的转录因子,目前已有17个亚族。Fox蛋白不仅能作为典型的转录因子通过招募共激活因子等调节基因转录,有些还能直接同凝聚染色质结合参与其重构,协同其他转录因子参与转录调节。PI3K-Akt/PKB、TGFβ-Smad和MAPKinase等多条信号通路都可以影响Fox蛋白的磷酸化水平,从而调节其活性。Fox蛋白在胚胎发育、细胞周期调控、糖类和脂类代谢、生物老化和免疫调节等多种生物学过程中发挥作用。     

乳腺癌相关蛋白的类泛素化修饰研究进展

类泛素蛋白SUMO在调节蛋白质的稳定性和功能中起着关键的作用,此外它还能够通过对转录因子及其共调节因子的修饰来调节蛋白质相互作用、蛋白亚细胞定位、蛋白质二聚化及调控基因转录等。本文通过总结SUMO系统对雌激素信号通路蛋白的修饰作用,以及其他乳腺癌相关蛋白的修饰作用,阐释其在乳腺癌发生发展中的重要功能。     

转录辅调节因子在剪接过程中的作用

细胞通过基因表达调控来应对外界刺激,其中对基因转录起始和pre-mRNA剪接的调控是基因表达调控的重要环节。越来越多的实验显示基因转录和pre-mRNA剪接这两个过程在时空上密切相关。基因转录能调节剪接模式的选择性,反之剪接过程也影响基因转录。近年来研究发现转录辅调节因子在联系转录和剪接过程中扮演着重要角色。转录辅调节因子对基因表达的调控不仅在于影响转录产物的量,还可以调控pre-mRNA的选择性剪接并产生不同的剪接体,从而翻译出具有不同生物学功能的蛋白质。本文主要阐述了基因转录与剪接之间的关系以及它们之间相互作用的机制,有利于更深入理解基因表达调控的过程。     

Daxx的转录抑制及激活调控功能

Daxx定位细胞核PODs,可在转录调控中行使转录抑制或转录激活双重功能.Daxx通过转位、化学修饰、染色体调节、直接与转录因子或转录相关蛋白相互作用等多种方式发挥转录调控作用.其中,Daxx通过转位,转录后化学修饰,染色体调节,与转录因子或转录相关蛋白相互作用行使转录抑制功能,但相关研究表明Daxx同样可通过与相关因子相互作用激活转录,但具体作用机制尚不清楚.     

原核细胞中可调控人工转录元件的构建与表征

人工转录装置可以按照所设计的方式在原核细胞和真核细胞中调节基因表达。本研究在大肠杆菌中设计并构建了一种由合成启动子和人工转录因子构成的人工转录装置:其中,合成启动子包含了一种弱启动子P_(lac)突变体与位于其上游的λ噬菌体操纵区(O_R2或O_R3)的不同组合,而人工转录因子则利用细菌RNA聚合酶α亚基的N端和λ噬菌体CI蛋白的C端组成的融合蛋白α-CI作为效应域,CI蛋白作为DNA结合结构域。利用绿荧光蛋白作为报告基因对这一人工转录装置检测发现,它可以成功开启报告基因的转录活性。随后通过改变这一人工转录装置的某些参数,例如,增加启动子上游操纵序列的拷贝数、使用温敏型CI取代野生型CI、在系统中引入CI的阻遏蛋白Cro等多种方式,实现了对报告基因转录强度的精细调控。这一人工可调控转录装置可以在原核细胞中实现对报告基因表达强度的精细调控,在原核细胞中调节基因线路的信号输出强度方面具有一定的应用前景。     

真核转录因子TFⅡD研究进展

结合转录因子 TFⅡD 结构与功能,论述了 RNA 聚合酶Ⅱ是如何从一个特异基因的转录起始点起动转录的.转录因子 TFⅡD 是一种序列特异的 DNA 结合蛋白因子,它首先与含 TATA 的启动子形成前起始复合物,后者指导 RNA 聚合酶Ⅱ和其它基本转录因子最终组装成转录起始复合物.很多转录激活因子均通过与 TFⅡD 相互作用,控制转录起始复合物的组装或影响其稳定性,调节基因转录.因此,TFⅡD是一种极其重要的基本转录因子.     

启动子结构和功能研究进展

转录起始是一种最重要的表达调节方式,通过多种蛋白质与启动子的配位结合起始转录,参与基因的表达调控过程。而启动子作为基因表达调控的重要顺式作用原件,在原核和真核生物中均存在。对核心启动子结构特征中多种保守顺式调控原件及基本转录因子的结构和功能进行了阐述。     

真核生物转录延长因子TFⅡS的结构和功能

真核生物转录延长因子ＴＦⅡＳ的结构和功能徐晨明,明镇寰（杭州大学生物系,杭州３１００１２）关键词转录延长因子ＴＦⅡＳ,转录延长复合物真核生物的转录调控是一个十分复杂的过程,它除转录起始时起始因子介导的转录调控外,还包括延长因子介导的转录调控和终止水平...     

Correlation Analysis between Productivity of Chinese Pine Pinus tabulaeformis (Carr.) Plantations and Ecological Factors in Shaanxi Province

This paper centers on the relationships between productivity of Chinese pine stands and ecological factors. The effects of geographictopographic factors, climatic factors, stand factors, soil factors, and combination of these factors are analysed. The whole 84 step-by-step and multiple regression equations are obtained. There are 6 best equations selected for future use. The standard regression coefficients of environmental factors in each equation are calculated. According to their effects on the production of tree components the important sequence is put in order. At last, the practical utilization of study on the relationships between productivity and ecological factors is explored.     

陕西省油松人工林的生产力与生态因素的相关分析

本文研究了油松林分生产力和生态因素的关系,分析了地理、地形,气候、林分和土壤因素单独及综合对林分生产的影响,得到84个逐步回归方程和全回归方程,选出了6个最优方程。计算了各林分外部因素的标准回归系数,找出了影响林分不同部分生产量的因素重要性序列,还探讨了生产力与生态因素相关关系的研究在实践中的应用。     

Anthropogenic, ecological and genetic factors in extinction and conservation

Anthropogenic factors constitute the primary deterministic causes of species declines, endangerment and extinction: land development, overexploitation, species translocations and introductions, and pollution. The primary anthropogenic factors produce ecological and genetic effects contributing to extinction risk. Ecological factors include environmental stochasticity, random catastrophes, and metapopulation dynamics (local extinction and colonization) that are intensified by habitat destruction and fragmentation. Genetic factors include hybridization with nonadapted gene pools, and selective breeding and harvesting. In small populations stochastic factors are especially important, including the ecological factors of Allee effect, edge effects, and demographic stochasticity, and the genetic factors of inbreeding depression, loss of genetic variability, and fixation of new deleterious mutations. All factors affecting extinction risk are expressed, and can be evaluated, through their operation on population dynamics.     

Ecological and evolutionary factors of intraspecific variation in inducible defenses: Insights gained from Daphnia experiments

Phenotypic variation among individuals and species is a fundamental principle of natural selection. In this review, we focus on numerous experiments involving the model species Daphnia (Crustacea) and categorize the factors, especially secondary ones, affecting intraspecific variations in inducible defense. Primary factors, such as predator type and density, determine the degree to which inducible defense expresses and increases or decreases. Secondary factors, on the other hand, act together with primary factors to inducible defense or without primary factors on inducible defense. The secondary factors increase intraspecies variation in inducible defense, and thus, the level of adaptation of organisms varies within species. Future research will explore the potential for new secondary factors, as well as the relative importance between factors needs to be clarified.     

丹江口水库水滨带植物群落空间分布及环境解释

探讨了环境因素对丹江口水库(南水北调中线水源地)水滨带植物群落空间分布的影响。通过对水滨带植物群落和环境因素的实地调查,用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)对201个水滨带植物群落进行分类;结合地形、土壤和水文因素用除趋势典范对应分析法(DCCA)分析环境因素对水滨带植物群落的影响;并对环境因素的解释能力进行定量分离。结果表明:(1)水滨带植物群落包括7种类型,分别是萹蓄群落、苘麻群落、细叶水芹+狗牙根群落、狗牙根群落、响叶杨-狗牙根群落、杜梨-白刺花-狗牙根群落和侧柏-牡荆-三穗苔草群落;(2)海拔和水淹影响对水滨带植物群落空间分布具有主导作用。海拔升高,水淹影响减弱,植物群落呈现由草本植物群落向木本植物群落变化的格局;(3)土壤因素的解释能力大于地形因素,水文因素的解释能力最小。各类环境因素之间存在交互作用,地形、水文和土壤因素三者间的交互作用最大,地形和土壤因素之间的交互作用最小。环境因素共解释水滨带植物群落空间分布的21.99%,未解释部分为78.01%。结果证明环境对植被的解释能力是由植被的复杂程度决定的,植被越复杂,环境的解释能力越低。     

IgE-binding factors from mouse T lymphocytes. I. Formation of IgE-binding factors by stimulation with homologous IgE and interferon

Incubation of normal mouse spleen cells with homologous IgE resulted in the formation of soluble factors that inhibited rosette formation of mouse Fc epsilon R+ cells with IgE-coated ox erythrocytes. The soluble factors could be absorbed with mouse or rat IgE coupled to Sepharose and recovered from the beads by acid elution. However, the factors had no affinity for either human IgE or mouse IgG. The IgE-binding factors were derived from T cells. Production of the factors required Lyt1+ T cells and Fc gamma R+ cells, which suggests that the factors are derived from Fc gamma R+ Lyt 1+ T cells. The molecular size of IgE-binding factors was approximately 15,000 daltons. When IgE-binding factors were formed by BALB/c spleen cells, nearly one-half of the factors had affinity for lentil lectin, and the remaining half of the factors failed to bind to the lectin. The proportion of the two species of IgE-binding factors differed depending on mouse strains. The majority of the factors formed by B6D2F1 spleen cells had affinity for lentil lectin, but those formed by SJL spleen cells failed to bind to the lectin. The IgE-binding factors were also induced by incubation of normal spleen cells with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (pI:pC). The nucleotide stimulated splenic adherent cells to form "inducers" of IgE-binding factors, which in turn induced normal lymphocytes to form IgE-binding factors. The inducers of IgE-binding factors were inactivated (or neutralized) by antibodies specific for mouse Type I interferon. It was also found that purified mouse beta interferon could induce the formation of IgE-binding factors. IgE-binding factors induced by pI:pC consisted of two different molecules: one had a m.w. of 15,000 daltons, and another had a m.w. of between 40,000 and 60,000 daltons.     

松嫩盐碱草地西部的植物群落特征与土壤因子动态关系分析

应用逐步回归法,分析了5~9月松嫩盐碱草地植物群落的生物量、丰富度、多样性和均匀度与同月土壤因子间的关系。松嫩盐碱草地植物群落特征受若干土壤因子的共同影响,不同月份影响因子的变化较复杂。5~7月土壤盐分和养分共同影响着松嫩盐碱草地植物群落生物量,但是土壤盐分因子与群落生物量的相关性更明显（5月的Ca²⁺质量分数,6月和7月的Mg²⁺质量分数）。土壤盐分因子在整个生长季内对松嫩盐碱草地植物群落生物量的直接作用都大于土壤养分因子的。6月时影响松嫩盐碱草地植物群落丰富度、Simpson指数和Shannon指数的土壤养分因子增加,其中土壤全氮质量分数的直接作用是所有土壤因子中最大的。8月植物群落生物量、Simpson指数和Shannon指数仅受土壤盐分因子影响,其中生物量与土壤pH值以及Simpson指数与土壤碱化度都是极显著负相关,Shannon指数与土壤含盐量显著负相关。6~9月的松嫩盐碱草地植物群落均匀度也同时受土壤养分和盐分因子的作用,其中6月和9月时土壤盐分因子对群落均匀度的直接作用更突出。生长末期（9月）松嫩盐碱草地植物群落生物量与土壤因子间的关系以及生长初期（5月）植物群落均匀度与土壤因子间的关系都不明显。     

Host factors against plant viruses

Plant virus genome replication and movement is dependent on host resources and factors. However, plants respond to virus infection through several mechanisms, such as autophagy, ubiquitination, mRNA decay and gene silencing, that target viral components. Viral factors work in synchrony with pro-viral host factors during the infection cycle and are targeted by antiviral responses. Accordingly, establishment of virus infection is genetically determined by the availability of the pro-viral factors necessary for genome replication and movement, and by the balance between plant defence and viral suppression of defence responses. Sequential requirement of pro-viral factors and the antagonistic activity of antiviral factors suggest a two-step model to explain plant–virus interactions. At each step of the infection process, host factors with antiviral activity have been identified. Here we review our current understanding of host factors with antiviral activity against plant viruses.     

乌拉尔图小麦NAC转录因子的筛选与分析

NAC是植物特有的具有多种功能的一类转录因子,广泛参与植物的生长发育,器官建成及抗逆境胁迫等反应.目前有关NAC转录因子的研究主要针对模式植物(如拟南芥和水稻),而在小麦中的研究相对较少.本文利用生物信息学方法,获得乌拉尔图小麦(Triticum urartu)NAC转录因子家族基因的全长序列,并对其进化关系,生物学功能,染色体定位以及基因复制等进行预测与分析,同时利用荧光定量PCR验证相关转录因子在非生物胁迫下的表达模式.结果显示,共筛选得到87个乌拉尔图小麦全长NAC转录因子,通过进化树分析将其分为7个亚族,其中39个NAC 转录因子被定位在7条染色体上.通过基因复制分析发现,有5对NAC转录因子基因发生了复制.进一步通过荧光定量验证4个NAC转录因子在非生物胁迫下的表达模式,发现4个转录因子均受不同胁迫而上调表达.     

中国香菇自然群体的交配型因子分析*

以自收集于中国14个省、区的53个野生香菇菌株分离得到的94个单核体为材料,进行了交配型因子分析。从该样本中鉴定出66个不同的A因子和72个不同的B因子,而且A、B不亲和性因子系列中的特异性因子均呈等概率分布。据此估算在中国香菇自然群体中存在121个特异的A因子和151个特异的B因子,表明中国香菇自然种质中蕴藏着丰富的遗传多样性。