白刺属植物的分类学及系统学研究

在回顾白刺属(NitrariaL)研究历史的基础上,对全球所产白刺属的12种植物作了详细的考证和系统整理。根据果皮结构及演化趋势,花粉形态及分布区等方面的研究资料,探讨了属内种间的系统发育,提出了属下的分类系统,在此系统下编制出分组及分种检索表。根据其地理分布,绘制了白刺属植物的中国及世界分布图。     

白刺属4种植物传粉特性的实验研究

根据对乌兰布和沙漠地区白刺属4种植物在花期进行的人工控制性授粉实验及室内外调查分析,系统研究了唐古特白刺、西伯利亚白刺、大白刺和泡泡刺4种白刺属植物的传粉特性。结果表明:不同白刺属植物兼具杂交亲和与自交亲和的能力,更倾向于异交结实。繁育系统属于自交、异交相混合的兼性异交交配系统,存在风媒传粉的可能性,不能进行无融合生殖。白刺属植物的这些传粉特性表现出对干旱荒漠地区恶劣环境的较强生态适应性。     

多倍化--白刺属的系统分类、进化特征及应用前景

在回顾白刺属研究历史的基础上,根据白刺属种间染色体倍数特征并结合形态学、生物地理学等方面的研究文献,提出新的白刺属种间分类系统：二倍体组(2n=2x=24)和四倍体组(2n=4x=48)。多倍化(2x→4x)是白刺属内种间进化的基本特征。白刺属的起源中心可能是古地中海沿岸地区;中亚及我国西北地区是白刺属的现代分布中心。并指出将该属作为模式系统开展荒漠植物分子生态学研究的前景。     

多倍化——白刺属的系统分类、进化特征及应用前景

在回顾白刺属研究历史的基础上,根据白刺属种间染色体倍数特征并结合形态学、生物地理学等方面的研究文献,提出新的白刺属种间分类系统：二倍体组(2n= 2X=24) 和四倍体组 (2n=4X=48)。多倍化(2X→4X)是白刺属内种间进化的基本特征。白刺属的起源中心可能是古地中海沿岸地区;中亚及我国西北地区是白刺属的现代分布中心。并指出将该属作为模式系统开展荒漠植物分子生态学研究的前景。     

荒漠植物白刺属4个物种的生殖分配比较

选定乌兰布和沙漠地区白刺属4种植物为研究对象,通过对其样株在花期的各生殖构件的数量特征及生物量调查,系统研究了唐古特白刺(Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.)、西伯利亚白刺(Nitraria sibirica Pall.)、大白刺(Nitraria roborowskii Kom.)和泡泡刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa Maxim.)4种白刺属植物在生殖枝水平上的生殖分配。结果表明:不同白刺属植物在分株高度、生殖枝长、生殖枝基径、单枝花数、花序干重、枝叶干重等生殖构件的数量性状方面均有显著差异,其中泡泡刺的各生殖构件的数量均最小;除了西伯利亚白刺的生殖分配值达到44.51%外,其余3种白刺的生殖分配值均没有超过20%。经统计分析,4种白刺种群的生殖枝长分别与分株高度呈显著(P<0.05)的直线性正相关关系;生殖枝花序干重与分株高显著正相关;4种白刺的生殖分配随着分株生殖枝生物量的增加而减少,即白刺的个体大小与生殖分配之间呈现负相关关系。这种生殖分配特点反映了不同白刺植物对生长环境的资源利用、与克隆繁殖的权衡及对生态适应的策略。     

甘肃省白刺属植物的数量分类研究

根据白刺属植物的46个形态学、解剖学和细胞学性状指标,对甘肃省分布的5种白刺进行了数值分类研究。根据种问欧氏距离,应用类平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类,结果表明：泡果白刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)和小果白刺(N.sibirico)间具有较强的亲缘关系,与其它3种的亲缘关系较远;毛瓣白刺(N.praevisa)、唐古特白刺(N.tangutorum)和大果白刺(N.roborowskii)可以归为一类。其中的毛瓣白刺和唐古特白刺之间的亲缘关系最为相近。     

唐古特白刺果实化学成分和功效作用研究进展

唐古特白刺是中国特有的白刺属植物,民间用于治疗脾胃虚弱、消化不良、神经衰弱、感冒等症。本文综述了唐古特白刺果实化学成分和功效作用方面的研究进展。     

白刺属的胚胎学特征及其系统学意义

作者在对白刺属的胚胎学进行了详细研究的基础上,比较了该属与蒺藜科内Fagonia,seetzenia,zygophyllum,pegamum,Balanites等属的胚胎学特征,发现白刺属在花药壁的发育、小孢子四分体排列,雌蕊的结构、胚珠的数目、珠心的发育、珠被绒毡层有无、珠孔的构成、大孢子孢原和大孢子母细胞的数目、胚柄的发育、多胚现象、果实的发育和类型等方面存在明显的差异。结果表明胚胎学特征支持将白刺属独立为白刺科的观点。文中对蔟藜科胚胎学及系统学研究作了结论。     

唐古特白刺黄酮类化合物的研究

唐古特白刺(Nitraria tangutorum Boler)系蒺藜科白刺属植物,民间用于治疗脾胃虚弱,消化不良,神经衰弱,感冒等症,其化学成分研究尚未见文献报道。本文报道从唐古特白刺种子中分得6个黄酮类化合物:异鼠李素-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖甙、山奈素-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖甙、异鼠李素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖甙、槲皮素-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖甙、异鼠李糖、槲皮素。前4个化合物首次从该属植物中分得,它们的存在对我国白刺属植物分类将有一定意义。     

中国柴胡属药用植物的数量分类研究（Ⅰ）

综合研究了柴胡属植物的形态,解剖和花粉方面的性状,对中国柴胡属药用的１４种,２变种,１变型进行了数量分类研究。根据植物分类学的实际意义,首次提出了中国柴髹属植物的分类系统,分为２亚属,２组;探讨了柴胡属药用植物各种间的亲缘关系及种间,种下单位的分类关系;并通过对分类性状的主成分分析和排序,找出了柴胡属植物分类中所应依据的重要性状。     

Synthesis and antiproliferative activity in vitro of novel (2-butynyl)thioquinolines

The series of new acetylenic thioquinolines containing propargyl, 2-butynyl, 4-bromo-2-butynyl, and 4-hydroxy-2-butynyl groups has been prepared and tested for antiproliferative activity in vitro against human [SW707 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), CCRF/CEM (leukemia)] and murine [P388 (leukemia), B16 (melanoma)] cancer lines. All the compounds obtained exhibited antiproliferative activity. The most active compounds 7, 16, 17, and 19 have the ID(50) values ranging from 0.2 to 4.6 microg/ml comparable to that of cisplatin used as reference compounds.     

Synthesis of some epoxy and/or N-oxy 17-picolyl and 17-picolinylidene-androst-5-ene derivatives and evaluation of their biological activity

Steroidal epoxy and/or N-oxy 17-picolyl and 17-picolinylidene-androst-5-ene derivatives have been prepared using 3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-17alpha-picolyl-androst-5-ene (1), 3beta-acetoxy-17-picolinylidene-androst-5-ene (2), and 3beta-hydroxy-17-picolinylidene-androst-5-ene (3) as synthetic precursors. The compounds 2 and/or 3 were reacted with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA). The compounds synthesized from 2 were 17-picolinylidene-N-oxide 4, 5alpha,6alpha-epoxy and 5beta,6beta-epoxy-17-picolinylidene-N-oxide 5 and 6, and 5alpha,6alpha:17alpha,20alpha- and 5beta,6beta:17alpha,20alpha-diepoxy-N-oxide 7 and 8. Starting from compound 3, a mixture of 5alpha,6alpha-epoxy and 5beta,6beta-epoxy-17-picolinylidene 9 and 10, 5alpha,6alpha-epoxy and 5beta,6beta-epoxy-17-picolinylidene-N-oxide 11 and 12, and 5alpha,6alpha:17alpha,20alpha- and 5beta,6beta:17alpha,20alpha-diepoxy-N-oxide 13 and 14 were obtained. From compounds 15 and 18, obtained from 1 and 3 by the Oppenauer oxidation, the 4alpha,5alpha-epoxy and 4beta,5beta-epoxy derivatives 16, 17 and 20, 21 were prepared by oxidation with 30% H(2)O(2). Oxidation of 18 with MCPBA yielded only the N-oxide 19. The structures of compounds 15 and 18 were proved by the X-ray analysis. Compounds 1-6, 9, 15, 17, 18, and 21 were tested on activity against the enzyme aromatase. Antitumor activity against three tumor cell lines (human breast adenocarcinoma ER+, MCF-7, human breast adenocarcinoma ER-, MDA-MB-231, and prostate cancer PC3) was evaluated. Three tested compounds (1, 4, and 19) showed strong activity against PC3, the IC(50) values being in the range 0.55-10microM, whereas compound 17 showed strong activity against MDA-MB-231 (IC(50) 10.4microM).     

Synthesis of 18-hydroxy-19-norcorticosterone and 18-deoxy-19-noraldosterone. Structure determination of related 19-nor steroids by means of 2-D 1H nmr

The compounds named in the title have been synthesized from the di-(ethylene ketal) of 21-hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-19-norpregn-5-ene-18, 11 beta-lactone and its 5(10)-ene isomer. Reduction of this mixture 1 with sodium aluminum bis-(methoxyethoxy)hydride furnished the 11 beta, 18, 21-triol 2a. Conversion to the 18,21-diacetate 2b, followed by deketalization to the free dione 3 and hydrolysis, afforded 18-hydroxy-19-norcorticosterone 4a which, in the solid state and probably in solution, has the 18,20-hemiacetal structure. Periodate oxidation of 4a gave 11 beta-hydroxy-3-oxo-19-norandrost-4-ene-17 beta, 18-carbolactone 5a, and acid treatment of 4a or its precursor 2a yielded 18-deoxy-19-noraldosterone 6a. The structure of 5a was confirmed by mass spectrometry and 1H nmr, and compared with that of its C-19 methyl homolog 5b and 19-noraldosterone-gamma-etiolactone 8. In particular, 2-D nmr COSY 45 experiments, affording full 1H line assignments, have rigorously established the "natural" beta (axial) configuration of the C-10 hydrogen in the 19-nor lactones 5a and 8, and therefore also in the related 4a, 6a and 19-noraldosterone 7.     

ent-Kaurenoic acids from Mikania hirsutissima (Compositae)

Four ent-kaurenoic acid derivatives, 2beta,16alpha,17-trihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (1), 3beta,16alpha,17-trihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (2), 11alpha,15beta-dihydroxy-7-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (3) and 1alpha,15beta-dihydroxy-7-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (4), were isolated together with five known compounds, 1,5-dicaffeoyl-quinic acid (5), 2-O-glucosyloxy-4-methoxy-cinnamic acid (6), phenethyl alcohol glucoside (7), phenethyl-1-O-beta-d-apiofuranosyl (1-->2) beta-d-glucopyranoside (sayaendoside) (8) and 3,6-dihydroxy-beta-ion-9-ol (9) from the 50% aqueous acetone extract of the aerial parts of Mikania hirsutissima DC. (Compositae). Compounds 1-9 were tested for their proliferative activity toward peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC); compounds 1 and 2 showed significant activity (43.8% and 36.7%, at 100 microM, respectively) on the lymphocyte.     

Synthesis of 19-noraldosterone, a potent mineralocorticoid

19-Noraldosterone has been prepared for biological re-evaluation through an extension of a recent synthesis of 19-hydroxyaldosterone: 21-hydroxy-6 beta,19-epoxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dion-20-ethylene ketal-18,11 beta-lactone (1a) was acetylated and then reduced with zinc-acetic acid-isopropanol to the 19-ol 2b. Treatment with sodium acetate transposed the double bond into conjugation, and 2a thus obtained was oxidized with pyridinium chlorochromate to the 19-oxo compound 3. Decarbonylation to the 19-nor lactone 4 was effected by heating with alkali. Protection of the C-3 carbonyl was achieved by ketalization and the resulting mixture of the 5-ene and 5(10)-ene ketals 5 was reduced with DIBAH to the corresponding mixture of the hemiacetals 6. Acid hydrolysis of the latter afforded 19-noraldosterone (7), accompanied by the 18,21-anhydro ketal 8. 19-Noraldosterone in the solid state exists in the cyclic form 7b, which appears to be also the predominant isomer present under conditions of mass spectrometry. [1H]NMR indicates that in chloroform 19-noraldosterone exists mostly as an equilibrium mixture of structures 7a and 7b. Sodium periodate oxidation furnished the gamma-etiolactone 9, confirming the 17 beta configuration in 7.     

Microbial metabolism of steviol and steviol-16alpha,17-epoxide

Steviol (2) possesses a blood glucose-lowering property. In order to produce potentially more- or less-active, toxic, or inactive metabolites compared to steviol (2), its microbial metabolism was investigated. Incubation of 2 with the microorganisms Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14581, Mucor recurvatus MR 36, and Aspergillus niger BCRC 32720 yielded one new metabolite, ent-7alpha,11beta,13-trihydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid (7), together with four known related biotransformation products, ent-7alpha,13-dihydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid (3), ent-13-hydroxykaur-16-en-19-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl ester (4), ent-13,16beta,17-trihydroxykauran-19-oic acid (5), and ent-13-hydroxy-7-ketokaur-16-en-19-oic acid (6). The preliminary testing of antihyperglycemic effects showed that 5 was more potent than the parent compound (2). Thus, the microbial metabolism of steviol-16alpha,17-epoxide (8) with M. recurvatus MR 36 was continued to produce higher amounts of 5 for future study of its action mechanism. Preparative-scale fermentation of 8 yielded 5, ent-11alpha,13,16alpha,17-tetrahydroxykauran-19-oic acid (10), ent-1beta,17-dihydroxy-16-ketobeyeran-19-oic acid (11), and ent-7alpha,17-dihydroxy-16-ketobeyeran-19-oic acid (13), together with three new metabolites: ent-13,16beta-dihydroxykauran-17-acetoxy-19-oic acid (9), ent-11beta,13-dihydroxy-16beta,17-epoxykauran-19-oic acid (12), and ent-11beta,13,16beta,17-tetrahydroxykauran-19-oic acid (14). The structures of the compounds were fully elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques, as well as HRFABMS. In addition, a GRE (glucocorticoid responsive element)-mediated luciferase reporter assay was used to initially screen the compounds 3-5, and 7 as glucocorticoid agonists. Compounds 4, 5 and 7 showed significant effects.     

Chemical constituents from the whole herbs of Peperomia tetraphylla and their chemotaxonomic significance

Our studies report the isolation of seventeen compounds (1–17), which include three phenolic acids (12–14), seven flavonoids (3, 6, 8, 11, 15–17), four secolignans (1, 2, 5 and 9), one tetrahydrofuran lignin (10) and two alkaloids (4 and 7). These compounds have been obtained from the Peperomia tetraphylla using chromatographic methods. Their structures were confirmed based on spectroscopic methods. Among them, five compounds (4, 7, 8, 11 and 15) were found in the family, four compounds (3 and 12–14) were firstly reported from genus Peperomia, and four compounds (6, 9, 16 and 17) were firstly obtained from this species. Furthermore, the chemotaxonomic significance of these ingredients from the whole plants of P. tetraphylla has been discussed in detail.     

山茶属山茶组植物的分类，分化和分布

Sect．Camellia植物迄今已合格发表的名称有 72种,l亚种和7变种,其中 Sect．Paracamellia中的威宁短柱茶 C.weiningensis和 Sect．Corallina中的连山离蕊茶 C．lienshanensis应归属本组。经研究订正,确认该组共12种和6变种,其余名称均作为相应种、变种和变型的同物异名,文中讨论了物种的形态变异与分化,分布与替代,自然杂交等问题.     

Plant growth regulation activity of steviol and derivatives

This work describes the preparation of tetracyclic diterpenoids and determination of their plant growth regulator properties. Stevioside (2) was used as starting material and the derivatives 13-hydroxy-ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (steviol, 3), ent-7alpha,13-dihydroxy-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (4), 13-hydroxy, ent-kaur-16,17-epoxi-19-oic acid (steviol epoxide, 5), 17-hydroxy-16-ketobayeran-19-oic acid (17-hydroxyisosteviol, 6), 17-hydroxy-16-hydroxyiminobayeran-19-oic acid (7), 16-ketobayeran-19-oic acid (isosteviol, 9), 16,17-dihydroxybeyeran-19-oic acid (8), and 16-hydroxyiminobayeran-19-oic acid (isosteviol oxime, 10) were obtained by simple chemical procedures. Another derivative, ent-7alpha,13-dihydroxycaur-15-en-19-oic acid (4), was obtained by biotransformation of steviol (3) by Penicillium citrinum. In order to determine the plant growth regulator activity the compounds were submitted to the lettuce hypocotyl and barley aleurone bioassays. All compounds showed significant activities in both bioassays. Steviol (3) and isosteviol (9) were also tested in field-grown grapes resulting in an increase in berry weight and size.