西双版纳傣族村寨对湿地植物的传统利用

作者用半结构访谈与关键人物访谈相结合,并佐以证据标本采集的民族植物学研究方法,对云南省西双版纳3个自然环境和经济社会条件差异较大的典型傣族村寨(曼降,曼安,曼伞)居民的湿地植物知识,以及不同性别、年龄人群掌握湿地植物知识的差异作了统计分析。研究结果表明:(1)西双版纳傣族村寨利用的湿地植物种类丰富,经鉴定的有46科102种,以湿生植物为主;利用类型有食用类、药用、代茶类和宗教类等,以食用类为主。(2)三个村寨中以曼伞调查和采集到的植物种类最多,曼安次之,曼降最低。3个村寨利用的湿地植物种类的相似性低。这与村寨周围的自然植被类型及其干扰程度密切相关。(3)统计分析显示,村寨的自然环境与经济发展状况对该村村民传统湿地知识的掌握有重要的影响。食用和药用、代茶植物知识在3个村寨都表现为年长组(>45岁)明显高于年轻组(≤45岁,P<0.05),而男性和女性对不同知识的掌握则因村寨自然环境和经济发展状况的不同而各不相同。植物多样性和民族传统文化多样性的关系显示出传统知识的传承对植物多样性保护是十分重要的。     

油瓜的生物学特性

油瓜又名油渣果或猪油果,是葫芦科多年生藤本植物,学名Hodgsonia macrocarpa,种子硕大如鸭蛋,种仁含油量高达65—78％,味香可食。产于越南、緬甸、印度等国,我国南陲也有野生,1934年我国植物学工作者首先在云南省的前屏边县(现已并入河口县称为河口瑶族苗族自治县)发现;1959年后,又先后在广西及广东省发现。近年来大家都认为油瓜是一种在南亚热带及热带极好的油料植物,各植物学研究机关分别在云南、广东、广西等省进行了引种驯化试验、繁殖试验以及生物学特性的观察。     

食用植物民族植物学研究进展——基于Web of Science文献计量与知识图谱分析（英文）

基于传统食用植物研究的主要内容、研究现状和研究方法,以及未来的研究趋势,采用"食用植物"、"民族植物学"等关键词从Web of Science数据库中检索了1991年至2014年6月30日前发表的相关文献,并用CITESPACE软件,分析了食用植物民族植物学研究的相关文献,旨在发现其研究历史、现状和未来的发展趋势,为食用植物民族植物学研究工作者提供参考。通过文献检索,共检索到1991-2014年间发表的954篇文献。分析这954篇文献及其引文的研究内容后发现:传统食用植物知识的记录是过去和现在研究的重点;而传统食用植物研究中的定量研究方法、传统知识的传承、当地食用资源的管理和食用植物的营养、化学成分分析等是未来食用民族植物学研究的重点。     

民族植物学应重视“人类利用实践对植物资源影响”的研究

对民族民间利用植物资源的传统知识进行调查编目、探究相关传统知识形成的原因和影响因素一直是民族植物学研究的重点内容.作为“人与植物”之间关系中一个重要领域——人类利用实践对植物资源影响的研究却相对被忽略.重视这一研究领域,既可以为民族植物学方法及原理在植物资源保护与可持续利用实践提供理论依据,从而有助于推动民族植物学研究进入“应用阶段”,同时也拓展了民族植物学研究领域.其中,人类采集活动(尤其是越来越严重的商业性采集)对植物资源的影响应该受到民族植物学家的重点关注.     

滇西北纳西族传统食用植物的民族植物学研究——以丽江地区文海村为例

社会的快速发展加剧了民族传统食用植物及其民族植物学传统知识的流失.粮食危机是全世界一直以来面临的危机,而在发展中国家则更加严重,因此开展传统食用植物的民族植物学研究十分重要和迫切.纳西族是滇西北高原上的原著少数民族,在长期生活过程中积累了丰富的传统植物知识.研究采用民族植物学的原理和方法,于2012年对坐落于玉龙雪山山麓的文海纳西族村落开展了野外调查,共访谈信息报告人89人,其中关键信息报告人30人.具体采用了文献研究方法、参与式调查方法、关键人物访谈法和集体讨论法.结果表明:纳西族传统食用植物表现出物种数、采集时间、食用部位、食用类型、食用功能5个层面上的多样性.共记录到传统食用植物146种、45科、67属;与周边玉龙山植物相比,22％的科和7.4％的属至少有1种食用植物.采集时间可持续全年,春季采集的食用植物有20.44％,夏季有22.63％,秋季有48.18％,8.76％的食用植物还可在冬季采收.当地食用的植物部位有8种、食用类型有15种,66种食用植物有药用功能,可预防和治疗18种疾病.多样化的传统食用植物是纳西族抵抗食物短缺的物质基础,也蕴藏着丰富的资源.     

青刺及其护肤相关传统知识的民族植物学研究

青刺(Prinsepia utilis)为滇西北多民族地区药食同源的多年生落叶灌木,被该地区的社区群众广泛使用于传统文化、医药、食用等方面。随着现代社会的发展,青刺及相关的传统知识面临消失的危险。为探讨该地区青刺资源及其相关传统知识的保护与传承,该文基于民族植物学野外调研的基础上,采用天然药物化学与药理活性测试的方法,对青刺主要传统功效的物质基础及其护肤活性进行初步研究。结果表明:(1)在滇西北多民族聚居区,青刺被广泛用于围栏防护或防风固土、皮肤外伤的治疗、食用等多种传统用途;(2)从青刺不同部位的提取物中检测到没食子酸、槲皮素等10个有护肤活性的单体化合物;(3)青刺嫩叶提取物的总黄酮含量高于其发酵产物和青刺果提取物;(4)传统利用频率最高的青刺果油呈现出较好的DPPH自由基清除活性,不同产地和工艺之间抗氧化活性有差异。该研究结果初步验证了青刺传统护肤功效的物质基础及其相关活性之间的相关性,为青刺资源及相关传统知识的保护与传承及深度研发提供了参考。     

现代民族植物学引论

提出了“现代民族植物学”的概念,阐述了其内涵,简要介绍了研究思路和方法,并用具体事例说明了现代民族植物学的重要意义.现代民族植物学是民族植物学的一个发展阶段,是指利用现代科学技术手段(计算机科学、信息科学、分子生物学、药物化学等等)研究当地人群与植物之间的相互作用关系.以AFLP和SSR分子标记技术研究云南藏区青稞种质资源的研究为例,证明了传统文化在植物遗传多样性保护中的作用.对滇东南瑶族药浴植物荷花藤的药物化学研究,证实了其传统药浴知识的科学合理性.现代民族植物学具有广阔的发展和应用前景.     

民族植物学研究现状(2017-2022)

《生物多样性公约》《名古屋议定书》《植物科学深圳宣言》等指导性文件都强调要认识到生物多样性相关传统知识的重要作用。生物多样性相关传统知识在生物文化多样性保护和可持续发展方面的作用也越来越受到人们的关注。民族植物学研究人与植物的相互作用关系, 是研究生物多样性相关传统知识的最主要学科领域, 近些年来取得了一系列的研究进展, 研究成果对于《植物科学深圳宣言》第六个优先领域目标的完成具有重要的推动作用。本文回顾了近年来特别是《植物科学深圳宣言》发布后的民族植物学研究状况, 主要从认知、利用、保护、管理植物等方面进行概述, 以便全面了解近期民族植物学研究的发展状况, 保护传统知识和植物文化, 为生物文化多样性的保护与发展做出重要贡献。近期获得的民族植物学成果, 说明民族植物学研究可以解决当下的一些热点问题。民族植物学的研究发现, 该学科能极大地促进传统知识、植物文化、生物文化多样性的保护, 尤其在农家品种以及濒危语言的保护方面有着巨大优势。     

药用民族植物学及其研究进展

药用民族植物学是研究传统医药或民间医药中植物药及其相关内容的一门由多学科组成的交叉学科。随着科学界对传统医药知识认识的不断加深,药用民族植物学已经受到了世界范围内的普遍关注。本文从传统医药的概念、引起科学界对传统医药知识产生兴趣的原因、民族传统药物的特点、药用民族植物学在发达国家和发展中国家的研究状况等方面对药用民族植物学的研究进展作了综合评述。     

药用民族植物学及其研究进展

药用民族植物学是研究传统医药或民间医药中植物药及其相关内容的一门由多学科组成的交叉学科。随着科学界对传统医药知识认识的不断加深 ,药用民族植物学已经受到了世界范围内的普遍关注。本文从传统医药的概念、引起科学界对传统医药知识产生兴趣的原因、民族传统药物的特点、药用民族植物学在发达国家和发展中国家的研究状况等方面对药用民族植物学的研究进展作了综合评述。     

Ethnobotanical Survey on Traditional Knowledge of Hodgsonia macrocarpa,Xishuangbanna, SW China

Hodgsonia macrocarpa, commonly known as lardfruit, is a perennial woody vine belongs to family Cucurbitaceae. Since the food value of its kernel was reported in the early 20th century, increasing studies have been focused on the introduction and cultivation of the wild populations and chemical analysis of the edible kernel oils. While its ethnobotanical details about local nomenclaetures, gathering techniques, form of consumption and folk resouce management are left unclear. In this study we collected these ethnobotanical data from 8 ethnic groups by conducting field survey in 23 ethnic villages in Xishuangbana. Methods including key informants interview and group discussion were used for recording the traditional medicinal and culinary knowledge of lardfruit. The results show an unexpected diversity of their folk names, which indicate the long history of folk uses. The baked edible kernel is favored by all the 8 ethnic groups. The root, stem, leaf, fruit and seed are widely used as herbal medicine for the treatment of intestinal diseases and skin ailments. The diverse folk names and multiple medicinal uses practice among different ethnic groups indicate that they exploited this plant resource in various perspectives for culture, economic and social reasons.     

Ethnobotanical aspects of some taxa in east Anatolia, Turkey

This paper presents a list of some medicinal plants distributed in the East Anatolia region. The list was prepared during an ethnobotanical survey of the region from 1995 to 2002. East Anatolia has a rich flora due to its variable climate and its many ecological zones. This diversity in flora provides a rich source of medicinal plants that has been long utilized by Anatolian cultures; and hence, accounts for the remarkable accumulation of medicinal folk knowledge for the region. This paper provides information about 71 useful plants grown in the region, 20 of which are reported for the first time. In addition to the scientific names, vernacular names and medicinal uses are given for each plant.     

Ethnobotanical studies on wild edible fruits in southern yunnan: Folk names; nutritional value and uses

The climate of Yunnan province ranges from humid tropical to subtropical. Wild edible fruits form an important dietary component of the ethnic groups in the south of Yunnan Province, which is famous for its rich diversity in both biological resources and ethnic culture, and A list of 123 different fruits is presented, which includes the folk names used by Dai, Hani, Bulang, Jinuo, and others; distribution; uses and the nutritional contents of 52 different species (edible part percentage, moisture, total sugar, titratable acid, vitamin C, crude fat, crude fiber, starch, and soluble tannin).     

高黎贡山地区民族植物学的研究Ⅰ.勒墨人

应用民族植物学的方法,对生活在云南西部高黎贡山东坡的勒墨人进行了调查。主要研究结果如下勒墨人对野生植物及环境有较大的依赖性;从 事刀耕火种轮歇栽培,并种植漆树(Toxicodendron vernicifiuum)和桤木(Alnus nepalensis)以促进轮歇地的休闲管理;栽培和管理漆树、收割生漆交换或出售,是勒墨人轮歇农业的一大特色;他们采集利用60余种野生食用植物和100余种药用植物,云黄连(Coptis teeta)和贝母(Fritillaria cirrhosa)等重要药材用于同外界进行物资交换;在对自然界的崇拜过程中,勒墨人对当地生物多样性的保护起到了积极的作用。     

The remedies of the folk medicine of the Croatians living in Cićarija, northern Istria

An ethnobotanical field study was conducted among the Croatians living in Ci?arija in northern Istria and a very restricted folk pharmacopoeia (of approximately only 30 remedies) was recorded. This finding suggests that a remarkable process of erosion of Traditional Knowledge (TK) may have taken place. The collected data were compared with the ethnobotanical findings of a field study previously conducted among the Istro-Romanians living in the nearby village of Zejane, who probably migrated there around the 14th Century. It was found that more than half of the botanical taxa were being used medicinally across the two communities, and that approximately one third of the actual medicinal plant uses were recorded in both communities. Correspondence analysis carried out comparing the same data with those of the ethnobotanical literature of Istria and Friuli-Venezia Giulia in North-Eastern Italy showed that the folk phytotherapy of the diverse ethnic populations living in multi-cultural Istria appears to be very similar.     

高黎贡山五加科的植物地理学研究

本文从属、种及地史文献资料三方面对高黎贡山五加科植物进行了植物地理学研究。结果表明：1．高黎贡山五加科植物包括15属56种及13变种。2．从起源来看,高黎贡山五加科植物以热带起源为主,热带属占66.7％(10属）,温带属占33.3％（5属）,而与地中海地区和中亚地区的联系十分微弱。3．从种的分布区式样来看：高黎贡山五加科植物以温带分布型为主,温带分布型的物种占全科种数的88.4％（61种）,这一统计结果与属的统计结果（66.7％)的属系热带属）形成很大的反差,其原因在于掸邦一马来亚板块上的高黎贡山植物区系源于赤道热带,在板块位移过程中,随着高黎贡山的北移,喜马拉雅山脉的强烈隆升,五加科这一起源于热带的古老木本植物,因不适于比赤道带冷得多的气候环境而先后被淘汰,部分属种则在新的环境中经过适应、演化和重新分化,除个别热带属的北缘种在高黎贡山北端独龙江河谷中幸存下来（如树参属Dendropanax)以外,其余新分化出来的植物则是温带性的（如常春木属Merrilliopanax),因此,现在高黎贡山五加科植物区系中,热带起源的属多于温带属,但温带种大大多于热带种。所有这些成分中,中国一喜马拉雅分布的成分(15种）和中国特有的成分（43种）构成了高黎贡山五加科植物区系的基本骨架,这些成分标志着高黎贡山五加科植物区系的东亚温带性质。4．高黎贡山五加科植物特有现象突出。一方面表现在种类丰富,计有中国特有类群22种和变种,云南特有类群12种和变种,高黎贡山特有类群9种,另一方面表现在特有类群的丰富度与纬度成正比,就高黎贡山特有种来说,北段（贡山）的特有类群（8种和变种）远远多于南段的腾冲（仅1种）。5．由于掸邦一马来亚板块位移对高黎贡山生物区系的影响,部分高黎贡山五加科植物从滇东南或滇南至高黎贡山的一些连续分布区被间断为滇西北与滇东南的对角分布式样（如少毛云南 木Aralia thomosonii var. glaerescens,单枝五叶参Pentapanax leschenaultii var.simplex,拟白背叶鹅掌柴Schefflerahy poleucoides),而与此同时,在云南形成了一条从滇西北一滇东南走向的生态地理对角线,由于该对角线的形成,导致部分五加科植物仅能在对角线以西及以南生存和繁衍（如大叶鹅掌柴Schefflera macrophylla)。     

Traditional food and herbal uses of wild plants in the ancient South-Slavic diaspora of Mundimitar/Montemitro (Southern Italy)

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: In Europe, only a limited number of cross-cultural comparative field studies or meta-analyses have been focused on the dynamics through which folk plant knowledge changes over space and time, while a few studies have contributed to the understanding of how plant uses change among newcomers. Nevertheless, ethnic minority groups and/or linguistic "isles" in Southern and Eastern Europe may provide wonderful arenas for understanding the various factors that influence changes in plant uses. METHODS: A field ethnobotanical study was carried out in Mundimitar (Montemitro in Italian), a village of approx. 450 inhabitants, located in the Molise region of South-Eastern Italy. Mundimitar is a South-Slavic community, composed of the descendants of people who migrated to the area during the first half of the 14th century, probably from the lower Neretva valley (Dalmatia and Herzegovina regions). Eighteen key informants (average age: 63.7) were selected using the snowball sampling technique and participated in in-depth interviews regarding their Traditional Knowledge (TK) of the local flora. RESULTS: Although TK on wild plants is eroded in Montemitro among the youngest generations, fiftyseven taxa (including two cultivated species, which were included due to their unusual uses) were quoted by the study participants. Half of the taxa have correspondence in the Croatian and Herzegovinian folk botanical nomenclature, and the other half with South-Italian folk plant names. A remarkable link to the wild vegetable uses recorded in Dalmatia is evident. A comparison of the collected data with the previous ethnobotanical data of the Molise region and of the entire Italian Peninsula pointed out a few uses that have not been recorded in Italy thus far: the culinary use of boiled black bryony (Tamus communis) shoots in sauces and also on pasta; the use of squirting cucumber (Ecballium elaterium) juice for treating malaria in humans; the aerial parts of the elderberry tree (Sambucus nigra) for treating erysipelas in pigs; the aerial parts of pellitory (Parietaria judaica) in decoctions for treating haemorrhoids. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that half of the most salient species documented in our case study - widely available both in Molise and in Dalmatia and Herzegovina - retain a Slavic name could indicate that they may have also been used in Dalmatia and Herzegovina before the migration took place. However, given the occurrence of several South-Italian plant names and uses, also a remarkable acculturation process affected the Slavic community of Montemitro during these last centuries. Future directions of research should try to simultaneously compare current ethnobotanical knowledge of both migrated communities and their counterparts in the areas of origin.     

我国石豆兰属药用植物资源及其保护

描述了石豆兰属15种野生药用植物的分布及其生物学特性、资源现状、药用价值等。石豆兰属药用植物是我国民间常用的中草药,主要分布于我国的华南、西南地区,其中云南、广东、广西分布较多,云南最多,有12种,占我国野生石豆兰属药用资源的80％。不同的种类在各地的资源蕴藏量不同,广东石豆兰、密花石豆兰在广东、广西常见,芳香石豆兰在广东常见。近年来,石豆兰的野生资源被当作药材和观赏花卉遭到滥采乱挖,受到不同程度的破坏。对如何保护与合理利用石豆兰属药用植物资源提出了建议。     

The Investigation on Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plants in Dietary Culture of Quanzhou,Southern Fujian

An ethnobotanical survey on the medicinal plant species marketed in Quanzhou, southern Fujian, was conducted in order to document traditional medicinal knowledge and application of medicinal plants in dietary. In addition to literature review, data was obtained using ethnobotanical tools and methods, including personal interviews during field trips, collecting herbarium specimens, and species identification by cross referencing. The results showed that: 1) There are 148 wild medicinal species, belonging to 56 plant families and 117 genera present in Quanzhou, southern Fujian. Among them, 46 species are edible wild herbs, 37 species are medicinal plants, 38 species are used as tea substituting plants or herbal tea,22 species are wild fruits, 4 species are used as spices and 1 species is used to make bean jelly; 2) The plant families which comprise a major part of the pool are Compositae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae, Liliaceae, Orchidaceae and Moraceae; 3) This study explored the utilization of the medicinal plants in Quanzhou area, and proposed methods to inherit the culture of using wild plants in dietary, as well as methods to conserve the edible medicinal wild plant resources.     

Study on Traditional Knowledge of Wild Edible Plants Used by the Mongolians in Xilingol Typical Steppe Area*

The local herdsmen were served as informants, methods of interviews and voucher specimen collection and identification have been used to conduct ethnobotanical field investigations on wild edible plants in the Xilingol typical steppe area, Inner Mongolia. The results show that 29 species and two varieties of wild plants used for food and drinks by the Mongolians in Xilingol typical steppe area. The edible parts of the plants are whole plant, aerial parts, roots, stems, bulbs, leaves, flowers, fruits or/and seeds respectively. Among them, the leaf is the most widely used part. Six categories of food uses based on the mode of folk edible use were established to classify wild food plants, including wild grain, vegetables, fruit, substitute for tea, seasoning, and snacks. Among them, vegetables were the largest group, followed by plants used as substitute for tea, and plants used for seasoning. Wild plants are usually eaten raw or cooked by the local people. Raw materials and prepared food from wild plants are preserved through the method of pickling and drying. A distinguishing feature of region and ethnic group is that mutton, beef, fresh milk and yoghourt are necessarily used in cooking dish and making milk tea from wild plants by local Mongolians.