新城疫病毒M蛋白在病毒毒力和复制中的作用研究进展

M蛋白是新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)基因组编码的一种非糖基化膜相关蛋白,主要位于病毒囊膜内表面,构成病毒囊膜与核衣壳连接的支架。研究表明,M蛋白是一种细胞核-细胞质穿梭蛋白,在抑制细胞基因转录和蛋白质合成以及协助病毒粒子组装和出芽方面发挥了重要作用。目前,国内外对NDV毒力和复制的关系研究主要集中在病毒的F、HN和V蛋白以及RNP复合体,但是近年来研究人员利用反向遗传操作技术研究发现M蛋白与NDV毒力和复制也存在一定的联系。因此,本文主要对NDV M蛋白的结构特征、M蛋白对NDV毒力和复制的影响及其作用机制进行综述,以期为NDV M蛋白的功能研究提供新的理论参考。     

马传染性贫血病毒Gag p9蛋白功能研究进展

对病毒复制机制研究的一个重要方面是病毒的组装和从细胞表面出芽。过去的 2 0年大量研究证实反转录病毒Gag蛋白对病毒的组装和出芽起着决定性作用。Gag蛋白的多个功能域已经被证明在病毒组装的不同时期发挥作用。马传染性贫血病毒 (equineinfectiousanemiavirus,EIAV)p9是Gag蛋白C端的一个小蛋白 ,在其之上的L域是与病毒释放直接相关的蛋白功能区域 ,L域的核心基序YPDL可与特异的病毒或细胞蛋白相互作用共同介导病毒粒子的组装和出芽作用 ,核心基序YPDL对病毒的复制能力有一定的影响。就近年来对p9功能区与病毒组装和释放关系的研究进展进行综述。     

鸭源新城疫病毒M蛋白核定位信号突变影响病毒的毒力和复制能力

【目的】研究鸭源新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)M蛋白核定位信号(nuclear localization signal,NLS)突变对其毒力和复制能力的影响。【方法】利用鸭源NDV SS1株P基因和F基因上的AgeⅠ和Bstz17Ⅰ酶切位点,将overlapPCR方法获得的M蛋白NLS突变的片段替换到p NDV/SS1GFP中获得全长质粒pNDV/SS1GFP-M/NLSm。通过反向遗传学技术拯救M蛋白NLS突变体病毒,并对拯救的病毒进行血凝(hemagglutination,HA)试验、荧光试验和M基因测序鉴定。另外,对突变体病毒进行M蛋白的亚细胞定位观察,以及病毒的生物学特性、空斑形成能力和体外增殖能力测定。【结果】成功构建M蛋白NLS突变的全长质粒pNDV/SS1GFP-M/NLSm。细胞转染物接种鸡胚后的第1代尿囊液无HA效价,盲传3代才能检测到拯救病毒的HA效价。进一步的荧光试验和M基因测序确定拯救的病毒是突变体病毒r SS1GFP-M/NLSm。与亲本病毒rSS1GFP相比,突变体病毒M蛋白由细胞核定位变为细胞质定位。此外,突变体病毒的毒力、在鸡胚上的复制能力以及在细胞中的空斑形成能力显著降低,并且感染细胞后产生的细胞病变轻微,M蛋白和绿色荧光蛋白的表达量均降低,说明M蛋白NLS突变使病毒的体外增殖能力受到抑制。【结论】NLS突变导致的M蛋白细胞核定位功能丧失可明显降低鸭源NDV的毒力和复制能力。     

慢病毒介导的靶向NDV P基因shRNA对NDV复制的抑制作用

小干扰RNA(siRNA)诱导的RNA降解可以特异性地抑制病毒感染,它作为一种有效的抗病毒治疗方法正被广泛研究。为了探讨慢病毒介导的shRNA对NDV复制的抑制效果,从而为新城疫病毒的抗病毒研究奠定基础,本研究以新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)P基因为靶基因,构建了靶向NDV P基因的shRNA重组慢病毒表达载体RNAi-341和RNAi-671。将其与辅助细胞共转染293T细胞,获得包装好的重组慢病毒;在鸡胚成纤维细胞(Chicken embryo fibroblast,CEF)和SPF鸡胚上进行了干扰实验,并通过荧光定量PCR和病毒滴度测定检测shRNA对NDV的抑制效果。结果发现,RNAi-341和RNAi-671均能抑制FLAG-P蛋白在293T细胞中的瞬时表达。在CEF细胞感染后16h后,NDV的病毒滴度分别降低了66.6倍和30.6倍;在鸡胚感染48h后,RNAi-341和RNAi-671组NDV病毒的增殖量分别减少99%和98%。RNAi-341与RNAi-671不仅能抑制P基因的转录,还能显著降低NP、M、F、HN和L基因的转录水平。与RNAi-671相比,RNAi-341的抑制效果更好。研究结果表明,慢病毒介导的靶向P基因的shRNA具有抗病毒作用,能够抑制NDV在CEF和鸡胚中的复制,从而为临床防治NDV提供一个新方法。     

基于双质粒拯救系统的新城疫病毒LaSota株的拯救

传统新城疫病毒(newcastle disease virus, NDV)的拯救系统包括一个cDNA克隆质粒和分别表达NDV的核衣壳蛋白(NP)、磷蛋白(P)、聚合酶蛋白(L)的3个辅助质粒,且必须满足4个质粒同时转染进入同一个宿主细胞才能完成病毒的组装,效率相对低下。【目的】提高NDV的拯救效率,并建立双质粒高效拯救系统。【方法】将NP、P、L基因表达盒串联克隆至真核表达载体pCI中,构建为可同时表达NP、P、L蛋白的单辅助质粒PCI-NPL;同时,采用分段克隆再拼接的方式,将NDV LaSota株基因组cDNA克隆于真核表达质粒pCI的CMV启动子下游,并分别在P和M基因中插入报告基因增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP)、5''端引入锤头状核酶序列、3''端引入丁型肝炎病毒核酶序列,构成全基因组转录质粒pCI-LaSota-EGFP;以pCI-LaSota-EGFP和pCI-NPL组成病毒拯救系统共转染至BHK-21细胞,拯救获得重组子代病毒rLaSota-EGFP,并进行系列生物学特性鉴定。【结果】经RT-PCR、荧光显微镜观察、Western blotting、生长特性测定等系列鉴定,证明rLaSota-EGFP构建正确,成功拯救获得了重组病毒rLaSota-EGFP,且与野生型(wild-type, WT) LaSota具有相似的生物学特性。【结论】基于CMV启动子的NDV双质粒新型拯救系统构建成功,为重组NDV及其他副黏病毒的高效拯救奠定了基础。     

新城疫病毒抗肿瘤研究进展

新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)为副黏病毒科,禽腮腺炎病毒属(Avulavirus)的禽副黏病毒Ⅰ型(APMV-Ⅰ),可对250多种禽类造成致死性感染,给世界范围内的家禽养殖造成了巨大损失。目前,研究发现NDV对人肿瘤细胞具有溶瘤作用,能够选择性地在癌细胞中复制。并且一些研究已经进行了人体临床试验,取得了良好的效果。因此,新城疫病毒是肿瘤治疗的潜在治疗剂。文中就NDV结构蛋白与毒力的关系、NDV直接溶瘤作用、NDV为载体的肿瘤基因治疗、NDV抗肿瘤与自噬等进行了综述。     

狂犬病病毒颗粒的蛋白质组学分析

狂犬病病毒是一种囊膜RNA病毒,主要侵害中枢神经系统,引起人和哺乳动物致命性的脑脊髓炎。现有研究表明囊膜病毒颗粒从感染的细胞中出芽释放时会携带许多可能在病毒的复制过程中发挥重要作用的宿主蛋白。尽管先前已报道某些宿主蛋白可掺入到狂犬病病毒颗粒上,但还没有系统地鉴定狂犬病病毒颗粒上的蛋白质组成。为了理解病毒与宿主间的相互作用的分子机制,本研究在病毒培养和蔗糖密度梯度超离心纯化的基础上,采用蛋白质组学方法分析了纯化的狂犬病病毒颗粒(SRV9弱毒疫苗株)上的蛋白质组成。除了检测到狂犬病病毒编码的五个结构蛋白以外,我们还检测到了50个宿主编码的蛋白。按功能可将其分成十类:胞内转运蛋白(14%),分子伴侣(12%),细胞骨架蛋白(24%),信号转导蛋白(8%),转录调节蛋白(12%),钙离子结合蛋白(6%),酶结合蛋白(6%),代谢作用蛋白(2%),泛素化蛋白(2%),其他功能的蛋白(14%)。利用免疫印迹方法对病毒颗粒上的4个宿主蛋白(肌动蛋白,微管蛋白,微丝结合蛋白和热应激同源蛋白70)进行了验证。本研究首次鉴定了狂犬病病毒颗粒上的宿主蛋白组成,有助于进一步研究该病毒复制与感染机制。     

正黏病毒科索戈托病毒研究进展

索戈托病毒属于正黏病毒家族,是一种由蜱传播给人或动物的虫媒病毒,其基因结构特征、复制及转录、编码产物的功能等与流感病毒有诸多相似之处,对流感病毒保守位点的探究具有重要意义,而且索戈托病毒属病毒的动物模型有望作为人感染高致病性流感病毒的一个替代模型。不过迄今为止全球对索戈托病毒的研究尚少,尚未引起足够的重视。本文主要对索戈托病毒的分类、基因组成及各基因编码产物、进化特点等进行了介绍,重点总结了其第六个基因片段编码的基质蛋白M和ML蛋白在病毒复制周期中所发挥的作用以及病毒与宿主间的相互作用机制等方面的研究进展。     

鹅源新城疫病毒ZJ1株微型基因组的构建及其初步应用

在获得鹅源新城疫病毒ZJ1株全基因组序列的基础上,用增强型绿色荧光蛋白（eGFP）报告基因取代鹅源新城疫病毒ZJ1株整个编码区,只保留与病毒复制、转录和病毒粒子包装相关的调控序列,将其反向克隆入转录载体TVT7R(0.0)中,构建了该毒株的微型基因组。当转染用辅助病毒ZJ1株感染的Hep_2细胞时报告基因得到表达,表明此微型 基因组RNA可被辅助病毒提供的NP、P和L蛋白翻译。同时将该病毒NP、P和L蛋白基因分别克隆入真核表达载体pCI_neo中,构建了表达该病毒NP、P与L蛋白的辅助质粒,用此微型基因组对辅助质粒的表达产物进行了功能鉴定并对该病毒拯救过程中痘苗病毒的最适感染剂量进行了摸索。以上研究为该病毒的成功拯救及开展其它相关研究奠定了基础。     

细胞基质蛋白3的功能及其参与病毒复制的分子机制

基质蛋白3(matrin 3, MATR3)是细胞核基质蛋白重要成员之一,它与细胞的基因转录调节、mRNA前体剪接和稳定性、DNA损伤修复以及细胞增殖等活动密切相关。近年来的研究表明, MATR3在逆转录病毒的复制过程中也有着重要作用。鉴于MATR3参与病毒复制的作用机制研究少有报道,该文主要从MATR3的结构特征、在细胞核中的功能、参与病毒复制的作用机制等方面进行综述,以期为深入研究MATR3在病毒生活史中的作用提供参考。     

Ubiquitin-regulated nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of the Nipah virus matrix protein is important for viral budding

Paramyxoviruses are known to replicate in the cytoplasm and bud from the plasma membrane. Matrix is the major structural protein in paramyxoviruses that mediates viral assembly and budding. Curiously, the matrix proteins of a few paramyxoviruses have been found in the nucleus, although the biological function associated with this nuclear localization remains obscure. We report here that the nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of the Nipah virus matrix (NiV-M) protein and associated post-translational modification play a critical role in matrix-mediated virus budding. Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic emerging paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis in humans, and is classified as a Biosafety Level 4 (BSL4) pathogen. During live NiV infection, NiV-M was first detected in the nucleus at early stages of infection before subsequent localization to the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane. Mutations in the putative bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) and the leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) found in NiV-M impaired its nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking and also abolished NiV-M budding. A highly conserved lysine residue in the NLS served dual functions: its positive charge was important for mediating nuclear import, and it was also a potential site for monoubiquitination which regulates nuclear export of the protein. Concordantly, overexpression of ubiquitin enhanced NiV-M budding whereas depletion of free ubiquitin in the cell (via proteasome inhibitors) resulted in nuclear retention of NiV-M and blocked viral budding. Live Nipah virus budding was exquisitely sensitive to proteasome inhibitors: bortezomib, an FDA-approved proteasome inhibitor for treating multiple myeloma, reduced viral titers with an IC(50) of 2.7 nM, which is 100-fold less than the peak plasma concentration that can be achieved in humans. This opens up the possibility of using an "off-the-shelf" therapeutic against acute NiV infection.     

The C-terminal end of parainfluenza virus 5 NP protein is important for virus-like particle production and M-NP protein interaction

Enveloped virus particles are formed by budding from infected-cell membranes. For paramyxoviruses, viral matrix (M) proteins are key drivers of virus assembly and budding. However, other paramyxovirus proteins, including glycoproteins, nucleocapsid (NP or N) proteins, and C proteins, are also important for particle formation in some cases. To investigate the role of NP protein in parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) particle formation, NP protein truncation and substitution mutants were analyzed. Alterations near the C-terminal end of NP protein completely disrupted its virus-like particle (VLP) production function and significantly impaired M-NP protein interaction. Recombinant viruses with altered NP proteins were generated, and these viruses acquired second-site mutations. Recombinant viruses propagated in Vero cells acquired mutations that mainly affected components of the viral polymerase, while recombinant viruses propagated in MDBK cells acquired mutations that mainly affected the viral M protein. Two of the Vero-propagated viruses acquired the same mutation, V/P(S157F), found previously to be responsible for elevated viral gene expression induced by a well-characterized variant of PIV5, P/V-CPI(-). Vero-propagated viruses caused elevated viral protein synthesis and spread rapidly through infected monolayers by direct cell-cell fusion, bypassing the need to bud infectious virions. Both Vero- and MDBK-propagated viruses exhibited infectivity defects and altered polypeptide composition, consistent with poor incorporation of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) into budding virions. Second-site mutations affecting M protein restored interaction with altered NP proteins in some cases and improved VLP production. These results suggest that multiple avenues are available to paramyxoviruses for overcoming defects in M-NP protein interaction.     

Mutations in the Cytoplasmic Domain of the Newcastle Disease Virus Fusion Protein Confer Hyperfusogenic Phenotypes Modulating Viral Replication and Pathogenicity

The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) fusion protein (F) mediates fusion of viral and host cell membranes and is a major determinant of NDV pathogenicity. In the present study, we demonstrate the effects of functional properties of F cytoplasmic tail (CT) amino acids on virus replication and pathogenesis. Out of a series of C-terminal deletions in the CT, we were able to rescue mutant viruses lacking two or four residues (rΔ2 and rΔ4). We further rescued viral mutants with individual amino acid substitutions at each of these four terminal residues (rM553A, rK552A, rT551A, and rT550A). In addition, the NDV F CT has two conserved tyrosine residues (Y524 and Y527) and a dileucine motif (LL536-537). In other paramyxoviruses, these residues were shown to affect fusion activity and are central elements in basolateral targeting. The deletion of 2 and 4 CT amino acids and single tyrosine substitution resulted in hyperfusogenic phenotypes and increased viral replication and pathogenesis. We further found that in rY524A and rY527A viruses, disruption of the targeting signals did not reduce the expression on the apical or basolateral surface in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, whereas in double tyrosine mutant, it was reduced on both the apical and basolateral surfaces. Interestingly, in rL536A and rL537A mutants, the F protein expression was more on the apical than on the basolateral surface, and this effect was more pronounced in the rL537A mutant. We conclude that these wild-type residues in the NDV F CT have an effect on regulating F protein biological functions and thus modulating viral replication and pathogenesis.     

Heterologous expression,characterization and evaluation of the matrix protein from Newcastle disease virus as a target for antiviral therapies

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an infectious agent of a large variety of birds, including chicken, which poses a real threat to the agriculture industry. Matrix (M) proteins of NDV and many other viruses perform critical functions during viral assembly and budding from the host cell. M-proteins are well conserved and therefore are potential targets for antiviral therapies. To validate this, we expressed the NDV M-protein in its native form in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. Proper refolding of the recombinant protein produced in E. coli was verified using circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopies and electron microscopy. Immunization of chickens with the NDV M-protein elicited significant serum antibody titers. However, the antibodies conferred little protection against the ND following lethal viral challenges. We conclude that the M-protein is not exposed on the surface of the host cell or the virus at any stage during its life cycle. We discuss how the conserved M-protein can further be exploited as an antiviral drug target.     

Functional Replacement and Positional Dependence of Homologous and Heterologous L Domains in Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Replication

We have previously demonstrated by Gag polyprotein budding assays that the Gag p9 protein of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) utilizes a unique YPDL motif as a late assembly domain (L domain) to facilitate release of the budding virus particle from the host cell plasma membrane (B. A. Puffer, L. J. Parent, J. W. Wills, and R. C. Montelaro, J. Virol. 71:6541-6546, 1997). To characterize in more detail the role of the YPDL L domain in the EIAV life cycle, we have examined the replication properties of a series of EIAV proviral mutants in which the parental YPDL L domain was replaced by a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) PTAP or Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) PPPY L domain in the p9 protein or by proviruses in which the parental YPDL or HIV-1 PTAP L domain was inserted in the viral matrix protein. The replication properties of these L-domain variants were examined with respect to Gag protein expression and processing, virus particle production, and virus infectivity. The data from these experiments indicate that (i) the YPDL L domain of p9 is required for replication competence (assembly and infectivity) in equine cell cultures, including the natural target equine macrophages; (ii) all of the functions of the YPDL L domain in the EIAV life cycle can be replaced by replacement of the parental YPDL sequence in p9 with the PTAP L-domain segment of HIV-1 p6 or the PPPY L domain of RSV p2b; and (iii) the assembly, but not infectivity, functions of the EIAV proviral YPDL substitution mutants can be partially rescued by inclusions of YPDL and PTAP L-domain sequences in the C-terminal region of the EIAV MA protein. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the EIAV YPDL L domain mediates distinct functions in viral budding and infectivity and that the HIV-1 PTAP and RSV PPPY L domains can effectively facilitate these dual replication functions in the context of the p9 protein. In light of the fact that YPDL, PTAP, and PPPY domains evidently have distinct characteristic binding specificities, these observations may indicate different portals into common cellular processes that mediate EIAV budding and infectivity, respectively.     

A large region within the Rous sarcoma virus matrix protein is dispensable for budding and infectivity.

All retroviruses have a layer of matrix protein (MA) situated directly beneath the lipid of their envelope. This protein is initially expressed as the amino-terminal sequence of the Gag polyprotein, where it plays an important role in binding Gag to the plasma membrane during the early steps of the budding process. Others have suggested that MA may provide additional functions during virion assembly, including the selective incorporation of viral glycoproteins and the RNA genome into the emerging virion. To further study the role of the Rous sarcoma virus MA sequence in the viral replication cycle, we have pursued an extensive deletion analysis. Surprisingly, the entire second half of MA (residues 87 to 155) and part of the neighboring p2 sequence were found to be dispensable not only for budding but also for infectivity in avian cells. Thus, all of the functions associated with the Rous sarcoma virus MA sequence must be contained within its first half.