一种嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌的分离纯化方法*

根据纤维素降解细菌对不溶性纤维素底物的粘附作用,利用Hungate厌氧操作技术直接以不溶性纤维素粉为基质进行滚管,分离和纯化获得嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌。     

利用基本培养基初步筛选牛瘤胃中纤维素降解菌

目的初步筛选牛瘤胃中纤维素降解菌。方法分别采用基本培养基（牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基、马丁培养基）,利用好氧、兼性和厌氧3种不同的培养方法进行初选,初步分离牛瘤胃中的细菌与真菌,再通过复选培养基（加入微晶纤维素）,筛选降解纤维素的菌种。结果筛选分离出降解纤维素的1株厌氧细菌和1株厌氧真菌。结论此实验方法简单易行,能够有效地从牛瘤胃中筛选出生长良好的纤维素降解菌。     

红树林沉积物中天然多聚有机物厌氧降解菌多样性与细菌新类群分离

[目的]红树林沉积物中有机物丰富,通过研究认识参与难降解天然有机多聚物的微生物降解过程及其环境作用,并获得新颖的难培养厌氧微生物。[方法]对漳州九龙江河口红树林沉积物中降解纤维素、几丁质和木质素的厌氧细菌定向富集和平板分离纯化,并对其多样性进行分析。[结果]共筛选分离获得202株厌氧细菌(82株专性厌氧细菌,120株兼性厌氧细菌),包括4个疑似新属(Lachnotalea sp.MCCC 1A16036、Varunaivibrio sp.MCCC 1A15903、Clostridium sp.MCCC 1A15884、Caminicella sp.MCCC 1A17445)和4个疑似新种(Sunxiuqinia sp.MCCC 1A15904、Pseudodesulfovibrio sp.MCCC 1A16040、Pseudodesulfovibrio sp.MCCC 1A16038、Mangrovibacterium lignilyticum MCCC1A15882)。不同天然有机多聚物富集菌群分离到的优势可培养细菌主要属于变形菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门,但种群略有差异。在纤维素和几丁质富集菌群中,变形菌门和拟杆菌门菌株是纤维素和几丁质富集菌群的优势菌群,拟杆菌门的Prolixiacer bellariivorans、Mangrovibacterium lignilyticum和变形菌门的Desulfovibrio salexigenes、Vibrio alginolyticus分别在纤维素和几丁质富集菌群可培养细菌中占绝对优势。但降解实验表明,放线菌门细菌Demequina salsinemoris MCCC 1A15890和Brevibacterium celere MCCC 1A17451对纤维素降解活性最高。梭杆菌门细菌Propionigenium maris MCCC 1A15874和Ilyobacter polytropus MCCC 1A15889对几丁质降解活性最高。在木质素富集菌群中,拟杆菌门的Mangrovibacterium lignilyticum和厚壁菌门的Clostridium amygdalinum都具有较高的相对丰度。变形菌门细菌Desulfomicrobium apsheronum MCCC 1A15932和拟杆菌门细菌Mangrovibacterium lignilyticum MCCC 1A15882对木质素降解效果显著。[结论]红树林沉积物中存在丰富多样且新颖的厌氧难培养细菌,且多数具有纤维素、几丁质或木质素厌氧降解能力。该研究结果为探究红树林沉积物原位环境天然有机多聚物碳的生物地球化学循环机制提供了相关理论基础和纯培养微生物资源。     

嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌的分离、鉴定及其系统发育分析

利用纤维素降解细菌和纤维素粘附的方法分别从新鲜牛粪、高温堆肥和本实验室保存的纤维素降解富集物中分离得到4株嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌。分离菌株为革兰氏染色阴性,直的或稍弯曲杆菌,菌体大小为0.4μm～0.6μm×3μm～15μm,严格厌氧,不还原硫酸盐,形成芽孢。多数芽孢着生于菌体顶端。分离菌株能利用纤维素滤纸、纤维素粉Whatman CFII、微晶纤维素、纤维素粉MN300和未经处理的玉米秆芯、甘蔗渣、水稻秸杆。分离菌株在pH6.2～8.9、温度45℃～65℃范围内利用纤维素,最适pH为7.0～7.5,最适温度为55℃～60℃,发酵纤维素产生乙醇、乙酸、H2和CO2。分离菌株还可利用纤维二糖、葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖、山梨醇作为碳源。部分长度的16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离菌株EVAI与Clostridium thermocellum具有99.8%相似性。     

新发现一种固氮细菌

麻萨诸赛大学的微生物学家证明,生活在普通池泥和森林土壤中的厌氧细菌能进行固氮和纤维素降解这两种复杂的生理功能。纤维素形成植物细胞壁的坚硬结构,是一种丰富的植物成分。全球植物每年产生的纤维素几乎达10~(11)吨。这种细菌能以纤维素为生存能源,而从空气中固定氮的发现表明细菌在全球氮循环中起着巨大的作用;已认为它们每年承担固定全部     

厌氧真菌和甲烷菌共培养的研究进展

厌氧真菌是自然界中降解植物纤维素类物质最高效的微生物之一.近年来,大量厌氧真菌和甲烷菌共培养菌株被分离.共培养中,甲烷菌通过对厌氧真菌代谢产物的利用显著提高厌氧真菌对木质纤维素的降解;厌氧真菌通过为甲烷菌提供能量和营养物质使甲烷菌快速生成大量甲烷.全面深入地了解共培养中两者的互作关系以及共培养降解木质纤维素产甲烷的特性...     

外源纤维素诱导明显影响微生物土壤结皮细菌群落结构

【目的】微生物土壤结皮(Microbial soil crusts, MSCs)对于遏制土壤荒漠化、恢复荒漠地区生态环境起着重要作用。MSCs中的微生物, 特别是纤维素降解菌, 起着稳固、修复生态环境的功能。外源纤维素诱导是全面认识MSCs中纤维素降解细菌的多样性及其在MSCs形成和发展中的作用的重要途径。【方法】通过对微生物土壤结皮分别添加小麦秸杆(麦秸)、锯末木屑两类纤维素材料进行诱导, 以PCR-DGGE方法分析细菌群落变化。【结果】外源纤维素, 特别是麦秸的添加会迅速提高MSCs中细菌丰富度及多样性, 将细菌丰富度提高约66.7%, Shannon-Weiner指数提高约15.8%; 相同处理的样品聚类位置较近, 说明纤维素对于MSCs细菌菌群变化起主导作用; 细菌群落结构组成在添加纤维素诱导后发生了变化, 麦秸诱导样品与同时期对照样品差异最大, 但各样品中Firmieutes和Alphaproteobacteria始终为优势类群; 所得DGGE条带序列中有13条与纤维素降解菌序列同源性相近, 他们所代表的细菌很可能具有纤维素降解能力, 其中厌氧性的梭菌属(Clostridium)所占比例最大, 约为46.1%, 其次为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus), 约占30%; 纤维素降解过程中, 诱导增加了MSCs发育有重要作用的一些类群如Microcoleus vaginatus和一些Alphaproteobacteria类群细菌等的丰度和多样性, 它们中有的可通过分泌多糖物质等增强土壤颗粒黏结、有的可以其固碳或固氮等能力提高土壤营养水平。【结论】为认识外源纤维素诱导MSCs细菌群落结构的变化规律, MSCs中纤维素降解细菌的多样性及纤维素降解细菌对MSCs形成和发展的作用提供了基础, 同时也为恢复荒漠生态系统实践方法提供了理论依据。     

瘤胃纤维素降解细菌的研究进展

反刍动物瘤胃是自然界中最有效的纤维素降解系统，其纤维素降解能力主要源于寄居于其中的纤维素降解细菌、真菌和原虫。其中，瘤胃纤维素降解细菌因数量庞大、种类繁多以及代谢途径丰富，在木质纤维素降解及利用方面发挥着重要作用。本文综述了国内外瘤胃纤维素降解细菌的种类，分析了瘤胃纤维素降解细菌的特性；阐述了瘤胃纤维素降解细菌通过纤维小体对纤维素的降解过程，以及瘤胃微生物之间的相互作用和相互制约关系；简述宏组学技术在开发新纤维素降解菌和新纤维素酶方面的应用，旨在为进一步研究纤维素降解细菌的降解机理，开发新的纤维素菌种和酶资源提供新的思路。     

光合细菌对芳香族化合物厌氧降解的研究进展

许多被有毒性的芳香族化合物污染的环境实际上是缺氧的 ,因此芳香族化合物的厌氧降解逐渐引起人们的兴趣。芳香族化合物的厌氧还原降解机制从根本上不同于好氧条件下的氧化降解机制 ,而光合细菌一直以来是研究芳香族化合物厌氧降解的模式菌株。因此 ,从生理学、酶学及分子生物学角度出发概括了对光合细菌厌氧降解芳香族化合物的研究动态。     

产纤维素体菌厌氧降解纤维素制乙醇的研究进展

纤维素(植物细胞壁的主要成分)是自然界最丰富的一种可再生资源,但是极难降解利用。纤维素体是一种多酶复合体,能够高效降解纤维素,降解产物能够被某些厌氧微生物利用发酵产乙醇。综述了近年来产纤维素体菌厌氧降解纤维素制乙醇的研究进展,报道了纤维素体结构和功能、重组设计型纤维素体、代谢工程、混菌培养等研究方向的最新成果和思路,并对其前景作了展望。可以预期,随着研究的深入,生物质制乙醇必将日益显示出其强大的市场竞争力。     

Unravelling carbon metabolism in anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria

Carbon metabolism in anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria has been investigated essentially in Clostridium thermocellum, Clostridium cellulolyticum, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Ruminococcus albus. While cellulose depolymerization into soluble sugars by various cellulases is undoubtedly the first step in bacterial metabolisation of cellulose, it is not the only one to consider. Among anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria, C. cellulolyticum has been investigated metabolically the most in the past few years. Summarizing metabolic flux analyses in continuous culture using either cellobiose (a soluble cellodextrin resulting from cellulose hydrolysis) or cellulose (an insoluble biopolymer), this review aims to stress the importance of the insoluble nature of a carbon source on bacterial metabolism. Furthermore, some general and specific traits of anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria trends, namely, the importance and benefits of (i) cellodextrins with degree of polymerization higher than 2, (ii) intracellular phosphorolytic cleavage, (iii) glycogen cycling on cell bioenergetics, and (iv) carbon overflows in regulation of carbon metabolism, as well as detrimental effects of (i) soluble sugars and (ii) acidic environment on bacterial growth. Future directions for improving bacterial cellulose degradation are discussed.     

Electron microscopic study of the methylcellulose-mediated detachment of cellulolytic rumen bacteria from cellulose fibers

The presence of methylcellulose prevents the attachment of cellulolytic rumen bacteria to cellulose fibers. The addition of methylcellulose to pure cultures of these organisms in which the cells are already adherent to cellulose causes their detachment from this insoluble substrate and the inhibition of their growth. Methylcellulose is not used as a carbon source by these organisms and has no effect on their growth when glucose and cellobiose are the carbon sources. Attached cells of Bacteroides succinogenes orient themselves in the plane of the individual cellulose fibers and their methylcellulose-induced detachment, which is complete (almost 100%), leaves grooves where the cellulose has been digested. Attached cells of Ruminococcus albus colonize the cellulose in a looser and less regular pattern and their almost complete methylcellulose-induced detachment leaves less regular pits in the cellulose surface. On the other hand, attached cells of Ruminococcus flavefaciens colonize the cellulose surface in a random orientation by means of a discernible exopolysaccharide network, and their less complete methylcellulose-induced detachment leaves no residual impressions on the cellulose surface. These data support the suggestion that bacterial attachment is necessary for the digestion of highly ordered crystalline cellulose, and that cellulolytic species differ in the nature of their attachment to this insoluble substrate and in the nature of their enzymatic attack. Methylcellulose is an effective agent for detaching major rumen cellulolytic bacteria from their cellulosic substrate.     

Prevention of fungal colonization and digestion of cellulose by the addition of methylcellulose

When the attachment of cellulolytic rumen fungi to cellulose is blocked by the addition of methylcellulose, cellulose digestion is entirely inhibited. Even after these fungi have colonized and penetrated the cellulosic fibers of filter paper, the addition of methylcellulose effectively halts cellulose digestion. This effect of methylcellulose is accompanied by the complete inhibition of fungal attachment to cellulose fibers; the addition of methylcellulose does not affect the growth of these organisms on soluble substrates. We conclude that fungal cellulose digestion, like bacterial cellulose digestion, requires the spatial juxtaposition of the cellulolytic organism and its insoluble substrate. The simultaneous inhibition of both attachment and digestion by the same inhibitor suggests that these two processes are functionally linked in the fungi.     

Fusion of cellulose binding domain from Trichoderma reesei CBHI to Cryptococcus sp. S-2 cellulase enhances its binding affinity and its cellulolytic activity to insoluble cellulosic substrates

Cryptococcus sp. S-2 carboxymethyl cellulase (CSCMCase) is active in the acidic pH and lacks a binding domain. The absence of the binding domain makes the enzyme inefficient against insoluble cellulosic substrates. To enhance its binding affinity and its cellulolytic activity to insoluble cellulosic substrates, cellulose binding domain (CBD) of cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) from Trichoderma reesei belonging to carbohydrate binding module (CBM) family 1 was fused at the C-terminus of CSCMCase. The constructed fusion enzymes (CSCMCase-CBD and CSCMCase-2CBD) were expressed in a newly recombinant expression system of Cryptococcus sp. S-2, purified to homogeneity, and then subject to detailed characterization. The recombinant fusion enzymes displayed optimal pH similar to those of the native enzyme. Compared with rCSCMCase, the recombinant fusion enzymes had acquired an increased binding affinity to insoluble cellulose and the cellulolytic activity toward insoluble cellulosic substrates (SIGMACELL^® and Avicel) was higher than that of native enzyme, confirming the presence of CBDs improve the binding and the cellulolytic activity of CSCMCase on insoluble substrates. This attribute should make CSCMCase an attractive applicant for various application.     

Chitin degradation by cellulolytic anaerobes and facultative aerobes from soils and sediments

Species of strictly and facultatively anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria from soils and sediments were examined for the ability to degrade chitin. Of 22 species studied, 16 degraded insoluble chitin. Cellulomonas uda, which was selected for a comparative study of its cellulase and chitinase enzyme systems, produced different enzyme systems for the degradation of cellulose and chitin and different patterns of regulation of production of the two enzyme systems were observed. Moreover, C. uda utilized chitin as a source of nitrogen for the degradation of cellulose. In natural environments, the ability to use chitin as a nitrogen source may confer on cellulolytic microorganisms, such as C. uda, a selective advantage over other cellulolytic microbes.     

Biochemical characterization of cellulose-binding proteins (CBPA and CBPB) from the rumen cellulolytic bacterium Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5

The cellulose-binding proteins, CBPA and CBPB, of rumen cellulolytic bacterium Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5 were biochemically characterized, and their properties were compared. Recombinant CBPA and CBPB were a typical 1,4-beta-endoglucanase. Both proteins bound to insoluble polysaccharides such as Avicel cellulose, acid swollen cellulose, lichenan, chitin, and oat spelt xylan. On the other hand, only recombinant CBPB bound to agarose and starch.     

Structure of Lily Glucomannan Deduced from Enzymic Hydrolyzate

A thermostable acetylxylan esterase gene, TTE0866, which catalyzes the deacetylation of cellulose acetate, was cloned from the genome of Caldanaerobacter subterraneus subsp. tengcongensis. The pH and temperature optima were 8.0 and 60 °C. The esterase was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. A mixture of the esterase and cellulolytic enzymes efficiently degraded insoluble cellulose acetate with a higher degree of substitution.     

Clostridium thermocellum: Adhesion and sporulation while adhered to cellulose and hemicellulose

Summary During growth in the presence of fibers composed of cellulose or hemicellulose, various strains of the thermophilic soil bacterium Clostridium thermocellum and several newly isolated thermophilic anaerobic soil bacteria adhered to the fibers. Attachment occurred via a fibrous ruthenium red-staining material. C. thermocellum sporulated while attached to the fibers when the pH dropped below 6.4. It is postulated that the attachment is involved in cellulose breakdown and that C. thermocellum gaines an advantage by remaining attached to its insoluble substrates when the environment is not suitable for rapid growth. The tendency to adhere to cellulose fibers was used in the purification of thermophilic cellulolytic anaerobes.     

Cellulolytic Enzyme System in Culture Filtrates of Aspergillus sydowi

During growth in liquid culture medium, that contained single soluble or insoluble cellulosic carbon source, Aspergillus sydowi (Bain. & Start.) Thom & Church released cellulolytic enzymes into the medium. The enzymes were separated by gel filtration followed by ion exchange chromatography into three components, all of high molecular weight. One of the components (Ac) has the character of a C₁ cellulase enzyme. In the assay for hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose, the combined fractions, especially whenever the fraction under test contained the component Ac, released more glucose than when each component was employed alone.     

Single cell protein from various chemically pretreated wood substrates using Chaetomium cellulolyticum

The growth behavior of Chaetomium cellulolyticum, a new cellulolytic fungus, has been examined in slurry fermentation systems using various chemically pretreated sawdusts from hardwoods as substrates. Both acid- and alkali-pretreatment methods were used and the fermentation media included the spent pretreatment liquor in an attempt to concurrently maximize substrate utilization and minimize the biological oxygen demand (BOD) level in the process effluent. Diauxic growth patterns were found in the three cases studied, suggesting an initial utilization of soluble hemicellulose sugars followed by utilization of the insoluble cellulose. This behavior patterns was supported by separate growth experiments using the major sugars of hemicellulose as carbon sources. The organism was found to be a good convertor of both cellulose and hemicelluloses into single cell protein (SCP). In terms of rate and extent of protein production in the insoluble biomass product, acid pretreatment appears to be better than alkali pretreatment if the product is intended as ruminant feed.