UV+MW复合诱变结合抗性突变筛选替考拉宁高产菌株

采用微波照射(MW)、紫外照射(UV)和MW+UV处理技术,对替考拉宁产生菌AT-92的孢子进行诱变,诱变处理的孢子悬液涂布在含替考拉宁致死浓度的培养基平板上培养,获得替考拉宁抗性突变株,通过摇瓶发酵对替考拉宁抗性基因突变株进行筛选,获得一株遗传性状稳定的替考拉宁高产菌AT 92-52-37菌株,其产替考拉宁能力比出发菌株的提高5倍。     

替考游动放线菌发酵生产替考拉宁的动力学模型

根据丝状菌的生长机理和替考拉宁的发酵动力学特征提出了一个简化的形态学结构模型,并用于描述替考拉宁的发酵过程．模型将菌丝分为三种类型：具有生长活性的菌丝(G)、具有代谢活性的菌丝(N)和失活的菌丝(D)．菌丝G可因失去生长活性而转化为菌丝N,菌丝N可因失去代谢活性而转化为菌丝D．菌丝G与菌丝生长有关,而菌丝N则与替考拉宁的合成有关．该模型能较好地描述替考拉宁发酵过程、     

替考拉宁与万古霉素治疗MRSA下呼吸道感染的临床疗效和安全性分析

目的对替考拉宁与万古霉素治疗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)下呼吸道感染的临床疗效和安全性进行分析。方法回顾性分析2013年6月至2014年12月我院收治的53例MRSA下呼吸道感染患者的临床资料,其中22例应用替考拉宁治疗(替考拉宁组),31例应用万古霉素治疗(万古霉素组);分别对其治疗前后的临床症状、体征、临床疗效、细菌清除情况以及不良反应进行分析,并将临床分离菌分别进行替考拉宁和万古霉素的体外药敏试验。结果替考拉宁组治疗时间平均(9.2±3.1)d,显著性低于万古霉素组的(14.9±3.3)d(P0.01)。替考拉宁组总有效率为77.3%,万古霉素组为77.4%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.000,P0.05)。替考拉宁组细菌清除率为72.7%,万古霉素组为83.9%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.972,P0.05)。药敏试验结果显示替考拉宁和万古霉素对痰液MRSA分离菌均有极强的抗菌活性。替考拉宁组出现与药物很可能和可能有关的不良反发生率为9.1%,万古霉素组为16.1%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.062,P0.05)。结论替考拉宁和万古霉素治疗MRSA下呼吸道感染疗效均较好,安全性高,但替考拉宁较之万古霉素使用时间更短。     

万古霉素耐药肠球菌基因分型及耐药性分析

目的了解本地区万古霉素耐药肠球菌(Vancomycin resistant Enterococci,VRE)耐药基因型别及耐药性,为临床治疗提供依据。方法用PCR方法检测56株VRE的耐药基因vanA、vanB、vanC、vanD、vanE和vanG;用K-B法检测其对临床常用14种抗菌药物的药敏,并用肉汤稀释法检测万古霉素和替考拉宁的药敏。结果 56株VRE中,vanA阳性的43株;vanB、vanC、vanD、vanE和vanG阳性0株;未检测到万古霉素耐药相关基因的13株。2011-2014年万古霉素和替考拉宁的MIC值呈逐年向左漂移趋势,与同期替考拉宁的使用有关。结论本研究所收集VRE对万古霉素的耐药大部分为高水平耐药,所携带的耐药基因类型主要为vanA,另有其他未知基因型以及少数vanA阳性但是表现为万古霉素敏感菌株。     

儿童泌尿道常见致病细菌病原学及耐药性分析

目的探讨导致我院儿童泌尿道感染细菌的菌群分布以及抗菌药物的使用。方法将中段尿标本接种于CLED培养基,致病菌用VITEK-60鉴定,药敏试验采用K-B法。结果共分离出123株致病细菌,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌及铜绿假单胞菌是导致我院儿童泌尿道感染的主要病原菌,肠球菌是主要革兰阳性致病球菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢他啶的敏感性最高。肠球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、阿莫西林/克拉维酸的敏感率最高。结论应继续加强对泌尿道感染的病原学及耐药监测,为临床经验用药提供有力依据。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌诱导SKH-1无毛小鼠菌血症模型

目的建立SKH-1无毛小鼠感染MRSA致菌血症模型的方法及其评价体系。方法 62只SPF级SKH-1无毛小鼠随机分成PBS对照组、低剂量模型组、高剂量模型组及给药组,尾静脉注射无菌PBS至对照组小鼠体内,其余各组小鼠尾静脉注射相应剂量MRSA(ST-239)菌悬液,从体重、死亡率、血常规、血液细菌浓度、主要器官荷菌量及病理改变等方面对模型进行评价,并用抗生素替考拉宁对模型进行检验。结果各组感染小鼠体重均下降明显,血常规指标改变明显;高剂量组死亡率高,血液中细菌浓度较高,肝、肾等多组织器官播散严重,皮肤可见多发性脓肿灶;使用替考拉宁能显著降低小鼠死亡率,减轻主要器官的损伤程度。结论应用MRSA菌株可成功诱导建立SKH-1无毛小鼠菌血症模型,模型具有病理特征明显及观察简便的优点,为相关药物评价研究提供了一个理想的动物模型。     

2005-2011年血液科病房细菌分布及耐药情况

目的:探讨我院血液病房近7年临床分离细菌的分布及耐药特征,为临床合理选用抗生素提供参考依据.方法:回顾分析2005年～2011年间南京市鼓楼医院血液病房临床分离的细菌及药敏试验资料.鉴定菌种采用VITE-ATB系统并以Kirby-Bauer 纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,根据NCCLS标准判断结果.结果:7年间共送检标本5802例次,分离出细菌897株.其中革兰氏阴性菌占63.9％,革兰氏阳性菌占36.1％.革兰氏阴性菌中肠杆菌科细菌占48.8％,非发酵菌占38.8％;革兰氏阳性菌中葡萄球菌及肠球菌分别占70.9％及l9.5％.大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯杆菌ESBLs的检出率分别为68.1％及27.3％;金黄色葡萄球菌及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)检出率分别为79.5％及85.3％.我科病房检出了替考拉宁中介金黄色葡萄球菌1株及万古霉素耐药人葡萄球菌.结论:血液病房病原菌分布仍以革兰氏阴性菌为主;总体细菌耐药性呈增长趋势,并出现对亚胺培南耐药的肠杆菌科、万古霉素耐药及替考拉宁不敏感的葡萄球菌属.     

血流感染的金黄色葡萄球菌耐药特性研究

目的:探究血流感染的金黄色葡萄球菌耐药特性研究。方法:对2013年2月~2014年2月期间受检的42株血流感染的金黄色葡萄球菌培养标本的药物耐药特性进行回顾性分析。结果:42株金黄色葡萄球菌对利福平、莫西沙星敏感性较高,均高于70%,耐药率较低,均低于20%;且均对呋喃妥因、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替考拉宁、替加环素的敏感率高达100.0%;另外,检出14株MRSA(占33.3%),对呋喃妥因、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替考拉宁、替加环素的耐药率均为0%。结论:早期根据血流感染患者药敏结果,需进一步优化抗菌药物治疗方案,减少耐药发生,改善临床预后。     

金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成能力与耐药性关系的研究

目的 调查本地区分离金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成能力与耐药性之间的关系,为临床金黄色葡萄球菌的治疗及耐药性分析提供合理的依据.方法 对所分离的金葡菌进行药敏试验,采用刚果红平板法,定性检测生物膜粘附能力,探讨金葡菌的耐药性与生物膜形成之间的关系.结果 对50株金葡菌进行生物膜检测发现,15株为生物膜阳性,均检测为ica A基因阳性,35株生物膜阴性.生物膜阳性菌株对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、利福平及庆大霉素的耐药性显著高于生物膜阴性菌株,生物膜阳性菌的MRSA阳性率高达66.7％,显著高于生物膜阴性菌株,但均未发现对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药的菌株.结论 本地区金葡菌生物膜阳性菌株比例较高,生物膜阳性株对抗菌药物的耐药性明显高于生物膜阴性株.     

肺炎链球菌致老年患者社区获得性肺炎的危险因素与临床耐药性

目的了解肺炎链球菌致老年患者社区获得性肺炎的危险因素与耐药特征,为临床合理使用抗菌药物,有效预防和控制感染提供依据。方法收集2011年1月至2014年12月金华市第二医院老年科住院患者下呼吸道标本中分离的肺炎链球菌253株,均经全自动微生物鉴定仪鉴定,药敏试验采用纸片扩散法(K-B),结果按美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)标准判读,采用WHONET 5.6软件进行耐药性分析。结果调查显示感染的最危险因素是患者年龄≥60岁,主要标本来源于痰液(75.5%);药敏试验表明肺炎链球菌对克林霉素、红霉素、四环素和复方新诺明的耐药率最高,分别为90.1%、86.2%、81.4%和76.7%,而对阿莫西林、万古霉素、莫西沙星、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺的耐药率2.0%。结论肺炎链球菌是引发本院老年患者社区获得性肺炎的主要致病菌,主要检出于痰标本,其耐药情况较为严重,表现出多药耐药,临床必须加强对肺炎链球菌的耐药性监测,阿莫西林、万古霉素、莫西沙星、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺可作为治疗该菌感染的首选药物。     

Notulae de Ranunculaceis sinensibus (ⅩⅩⅢ)

(1) In this paper, differences among the five genera constituting the tribe Cimi cifugeae of the family Ranunculaceae are discussed. Beesia, the first genus, with compound cymes and flowers bearing neither petals nor staminodes, is different from the other four genera with simple or compound racemes and flowers bearing either petals or staminodes, and may occupy a primitive position within the tribe. As to the other four genera, Souliea is characterized by the stem without basal leaf but with 2～5 sheath-like cataphylls, the sepals being deciduous but not caducous, moderate in size and petaloid, the petals being much smaller than sepals, but pink in color and more or less petaloid, the pollen grains being pan tocolpate or pantoporate, the carpels being 1～3 per flower, when mature forming dry linear follicles conspicuously reticulate on the surface and dehiscent along the ventral suture, and the seeds being reticulate-foveolate on the surface. These diagnostic characters indicate clear ly that Souliea might have deviated from the lineage formed by the next three genera, i. e. Anemopsis, Cimicifuga, and Actaea, which have their own well-recognizable diagnostic characters. Anemopsis is characterized by the normally developed basal leaf, the racemose inflorescence with sparse and few long pedicellate flowers, the sepals 7～10 in number, mod erate in size, and petaloid, the petals slightly smaller than sepals, the tricolpate pollen grains, the carpels 2～4 per flower, stalked, when mature forming dry oblong follicles with transverse veins on the surface, and the seeds with scaly membranous wings. Cimicifuga is distinguished by the normally developed basal leaf, the caducous, small, often sepaloid sepa ls, the organs of the second floral whorl sometimes with empty sterile anthers being stamin odes not petals, the tricolpate pollen grains, the carpels 1～8 per flower, when mature form ing dry oblong or ovoid follicles with transverse veins on the surface, and the seeds usually with scaly membranous wings. The last genus Actaea is different by the basal leaf trans formed into a small scale, the caducous, small, often sepaloid sepals, the organs of the sec ond floral whorl being clawed petals, the pollen grains with 3(4～6) colpi, carpel 1 per flow er, when mature forming a fleshy indehiscent berry smooth on the surface and without any veins, the seeds roughish or slightly rugose, neither foveolate nor winged on the surface, and the advanced most asymmetric karyotype. According to the diagnostic characters given above, we believe that Beesia, Souliea, Anemopsis, Cimicifuga, and Actaea do represent five independent genera, and the treatment of the tribe Cimicifugeae including these five genera in it by Hutchinson (1923), Janchen (1949) and some other authors, has precisely shown the taxonomic diversity within the tribe. We are therefore unable to accept the treatment published by Compton et al. (1998) to lump the two genera, Souliea and Cimicifuga, into the genus Actaea. (2) Compton et al. (1998, 1997) found out that the Chinese plants previously identified by various authors as Cimicifuga foetida L., in which the terminal and lateral racemes of the compound raceme flower more or less simultaneously, differ from the true C. foetida L. in northern Asia, in which the terminal raceme of the compound raceme flowers before the lateral ones, and thus restored the species name Cimicifuga mairei Lévl. , which was formerly reduced to the synonymy of C. foetida L. , for the Chinese plants. After examining the specimens collected from Siberia and from Southwest China we failed to find out any other differences in both vegetative and reproductive organs between the plants of the two regions, and we consider that it is better to treat the populations in Southwest and Central China as a geographical variety of Cimicifuga foetida L. A new combination, Cimicifuga foetida L. var. mairei (Lévl.) W. T. Wang & Zh. Wang, is thus made. (3) 3 species of Delphinium, 1 species and 1 variety of Clematis are described as new.     

From the creation of the Veterinary Schools to the evolution of the notion of contagion in the 19th and 20th centuries

The creation of the Veterinary Schools in the 18th century would reveal a plethora of scientists, some of whom would be the precursors of Pasteur, some rivals, others followers collaborators or friends of the Master. Among the precursors let us name Chabbert, Huzard, Girard, Delafond, Renault, Toussaint, Galtier ; among the rivals: Chauveau, Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas; among the followers, collaborators or friends of Pasteur: Bouley, at first a resolute spontaneist, then the most fervent in defense of Pasteur (President of the Academy of Medicine and of the Academy of Sciences) and Nocard, Director of the School in Alfort, an important collaborator of Pasteur. Later, there was Leclainche, who created the International Office of Epizootics, and who was President of the Academy of Sciences; Guérin, who with Calmette developed the BCG vaccination; Ramon, the father of anatoxins (vaccines against diphtheria, and tetanus, combined vaccines, adjuvants to immunity). Thus, the creation of the Veterinary Schools contributed not only to the evolution of the notion of contagion, to the amelioration of animal health and the economics of agricultural production, but also to serious advances in human care, and to the protection of public health.     

Importance of biological and abiotic factors for geochemical cycling in a freshwater eutrophic lake

Here we report the results of a comprehensive biogeochemical monitoring of Rostherne Mere in 1998, including changes in dissolved oxygen, organic carbon and nitrogen, nitrate/nitrite, ammonia, Al, Na, S, K, Mg, Ca, Si, Fe, Mn, orthophosphate, particulate N & P, suspended solids, temperature, pH, chlorophyll-a and zooplankton. The results demonstrated the major influence of primary producers on the overall geochemical cycling of N, P and Si, and suggested that the significance of zooplankton might have been previously underestimated. For major anions and cations, however, the influence of biota on lake water concentrations appeared to be negligible, reflecting the fact that these chemicals were present far in excess of plankton requirements. Thus changes in concentrations of Ca, K, Na, Mg and S were rather limited and must have reflected changes in hydrological and meteorological parameters. K, however, demonstrated a transitional pattern, reflecting some influence of biological uptake. During the stratification period, the slow processes of bacterial decomposition in the hypolimnion gradually released chemicals contained in the materials accumulated in the bottom layer, remarkably increasing the concentrations of dissolved compounds of those elements present in amounts comparable with the pool stored in the sedimenting detritus (e.g. orthophosphate P, ammonia N, Si and DOC). The decomposition also resulted in a drop in the redox potential, followed by partial denitrification and chemical release from the sediments. The hypolimnion of the Mere was confirmed to remain at the stage of Mn release, characterised by accumulation of DOC, orthophosphates, ammonia and initial stages of denitrification. High levels of P released from the sediments during the stratification period suggest that the lake’s recovery after sewage diversion might be further delayed.     

小鼠基因组中的微卫星重复序列的数量、分布和密度

作者分析了老鼠基因组中各染色体及其内含子、外显子和基因间区上各种类型的微卫星(1-6个碱基的重复序列)的数量及其密度。SSR约占老鼠基因组的2.85%,其中46.2%存在于基因间区,4.75%存在于外显子,49.05%在内含子区域,即非编码区富含微卫星。微卫星的数量与染色体或基因区域的大小有关,但密度与染色体或基因区域的大小的关系并不十分密切。第4染色体的外显子区域中6种类型的SSR含量都比其它区域少。A,T,AC,AG,AT,AAC,AAG,AGG,AAAC,AAAG,AAAT,AACC,AAAAC,AAAAG,AAAAT,AAACC,AAAGG,AAGAG,AAAAAC,AAAAAG,AAAAAT,AAAGAG,ACACAT,ACAGAG,ACAGGC,ACATAT是老鼠基因组中主要的SSR类型,而一些5碱基重复单元的SSR在老鼠基因组的某一条甚至某几条染色体都不存在     

贵州罗甸纳水上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)地层的再研究

本文详细描述了贵州罗甸纳水上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)剖面的生物地层和年代地层,其牙形刺序列自上而下可详细划分为：Streptognathodus isolatus, S. wabaunsensis, S. tenuialveus, S. firmus, Idiognathodus nashuiensis , Streptognathodus simulator, S. guizhouensis , S. gracilis-S, excelsus , S. cancellosus , S. clavatulus , S. nodocarinatus , Idiognathodus podolskensis , Mesogondolella clarki -Idiognathodus robustus , Diplognathodus ophanus-D, ellesmerensis, Idiognathoides ouachitensis, Streptognathodus expansus, Idiognathoides sulcatus parva, Idiognathodus primulus-Neognathodus bassleri, Idiognathodus primulus-Neognathodus symmetricus, Neognathodus symmetricus, Idiognathoides corrugatus-I, pacificus, I. sinuatus, I. sulcatus sulcatus, Declinognathodus noduli ferus 和 Gnathodus bilineatus bollandensis 等带。 Declinognathodus noduliferus 和 Streptognathodus isolatus 的首次出现分别代表上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)和二叠系的开始。根据牙形刺和有孔虫的序列,罗甸纳水剖面的上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)地层自下而上可划分为罗苏阶(Luosuan)、滑石板阶(Huashibanian)、达拉阶(Dalaan)和马平阶(Mapingian),并可与俄罗斯的巴什基尔阶(Bashkirian)、莫斯科阶(Moscovian)、卡西莫夫阶(Kasimovian)和格舍尔阶(Gzhelian),北美的莫罗阶(Morrowan)、阿托克阶(Atokan)、得梅因阶(Desmoinesian)、密苏里阶(Missourian)和弗吉尔阶(Virgilian)进行对比。另外,本文也详细讨论了剖面中的石炭系中间界线及石炭-二叠系界线。     

Teliospores of smut fungi general aspects of teliospore walls and sporogenesis

Summary The concept and nomenclature for the elements of teliospore walls in smut fungi are presented and a survey of teliosporogenesis is given, as seen by light and transmission electron microscopy. Four developmental types are distinguished: the Ustilago, Microbotryum, Tilletia, and Entorrhiza type. In the Ustilago type, sporogenous hyphae are completely segmented into teliospore initials which are embedded in a hyaline matrix formed by gelatinised hyphal walls (found in species ofAnthracoidea, Cintractia, Heterotolyposporium, Kuntzeomyces, Macalpinomyces, Melanopsichium, Sporisorium, Testicularia, Tolyposporium junci, Trichocintractia, and species ofUstilago infecting members of the family Poaceae). In the Microbotryum type, septate sporogenous hyphae are also completely segmented into teliospore initials, however, they are not surrounded by a hyaline matrix (Microbotryum, Sphacelotheca, Ustilago spp. infecting dicotyledons). A yeast-like budding of teliosporogenic cells is observed for some species ofMicrobotryum, Sphacelotheca, andUstilago infecting dicotyledons. In the Tilletia type, teliospores differentiate locally in the sporogenous hyphae, in an apical or intercalary position, without a hyaline matrix (Conidiosporomyces, Doassinga, Entyloma, Erratomyces, Ingoldiomyces, Neovossia, Oberwinkleria, Rhamphospora, Tilletia). In all these types, the teliospore initials first develop a hyaline sheath under which the ornamentation, the exosporium, sometimes a middle layer, and the endosporium are successively deposited by the fungal cell. In the Entorrhiza type, the teliospores develop inside vital host cells with the wall of the sporogenous hypha included into the teliospore wall. The fungus develops a middle layer and an electron-transparent endosporium inside the hyphal wall while a layer forming the ornamentation is deposited onto the hyphal wall, probably by vesicles of dictyosomes of the host cell.Part 164 in the series Studies in Heterobasidiomycetes from the Botanical Institute, University of Tübingen     

海南岛新生代种子植物区系科的多样性分析

根据化石及现代植物资料,海南岛第三纪种子植物有53科,其中古近纪已出现48科,新近纪降至25科,第四纪晚期有89科,现代增加至233科.区系地理成分分析结果表明,海南岛古近纪时,泛热带科占当时科总数的45.8%,热带-亚热带科占8.3%,亚热带-温带科占31.3%,其中出现了很多海南岛现代植物区系的表征科,如冬青科、壳斗科、金缕梅科、樟科、桃金娘科、罗汉松科、棕榈科、红树科、梧桐科和松科等,基本形成了现代海南岛植物区系的雏形.新近纪时由于全球气候变冷,本区植物区系组成大幅度减少,热带性质也明显减弱,其中泛热带分布的科仅占当时海南岛植物区系全部科的32.0%,热带-亚热带分布的科占12.0%,而亚热带-温带分布的科所占比例有所升高,达36.0%.第四纪晚期至现代,随着气候逐渐回暖,本区植物区系的热带性质逐渐加强.第四纪晚期泛热带科占当时科总数的49.4%,热带-亚热带科占12.4%,亚热带-温带科占19.1%,区系特征逐渐接近现代.现代海南种子植物区系中,泛热带分布科占科总数48.1%,热带-亚热带科占18.9%,亚热带-温带科占15.9%.总体上,海南岛第三纪早期的古近纪、第四纪晚期一直到现代均以泛热带分布的科占优势,而第三纪晚期的新近纪本区植物区系的热带性质较弱.整体上反映出海南岛新生代种子植物区系的演变特征与古近纪以来全球气候的变化有密切的联系.     

Immunohistochemical mapping of galanin-like neurons in the rat central nervous system

Using an antiserum generated in rabbits against synthetic galanin (GA) and the indirect immunofluorescence method, the distribution of GA-like immunoreactive cell bodies and nerve fibers was studied in the rat central nervous system (CNS) and a detailed stereotaxic atlas of GA-like neurons was prepared. GA-like immunoreactivity was widely distributed in the rat CNS. Appreciable numbers of GA-positive cell bodies were observed in the rostral cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex, the nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis, the caudate, medial preoptic, preoptic periventricular, and preoptic suprachiasmatic nuclei, the medial forebrain bundle, the supraoptic, the hypothalamic periventricular, the paraventricular, the arcuate, dorsomedial, perifornical, thalamic periventricular, anterior dorsal and lateral thalamic nuclei, medial and central amygdaloid nuclei, dorsal and ventral premamillary nuclei, at the base of the hypothalamus, in the central gray matter, the hippocampus, the dorsal and caudoventral raphe nuclei, the interpeduncular nucleus, the locus coeruleus, ventral parabrachial, solitarii and commissuralis nuclei, in the A1, C1 and A4 catechaolamine areas, the posterior area postrema and the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia. Fibers were generally seen where cell bodies were observed. Very dense fiber bundles were noted in the septohypothalamic tract, the preoptic area, in the hypothalamus, the habenula and the thalamic periventricular nucleus, in the ventral hippocampus, parts of the reticular formation, in the locus coeruleus, the dorsal parabrachial area, the nucleus and tract of the spinal trigeminal area and the substantia gelatinosa, the superficial layers of the spinal cord and the posterior lobe of the pituitary. The localization of the GA-like immunoreactivity in the locus coeruleus suggests a partial coexistence with catecholaminergic neurons as well as a possible involvement of the GA-like peptide in a neuroregulatory role.     

Le peuplement humain en Eurasie : l’Asie centrale montagneuse et les piémonts sous-himalayens du Plio-Pléistocène à l’Holocène, origines, évolution humaine et migrations

During the years 1996 and 1997, a team of the Laboratory of Prehistory, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, and of the Departments of Archaeology, Karachi and Peshawar University, Pakistan, leads the first prehistoric field investigation in the District of Chitral, Hindu Kush, close to the Wakhan Corridor (the Amu Daria course in the Pamir). Problematics are the origins and the becoming of the Epipaleolithic/Neolithic hunters-gatherers known in the Pamir Plateau and the Gissar Range, the lithics tradition of which share common roots with the Sub-Himalayan Soanian tradition (Mode 1). A second field investigation has been conduced in the North West India, where Soan developed from Early Pleistocene, in the Frontal Range of the Siwaliks and Himachal Pradesh during the years 2003, 2005 and 2006 in cooperation with the Department of Archaeology and Museums of Punjab, India. New discoveries in both countries support new hypothesis for the understanding of human evolution in Asia and Homo sapiens origins.     

Early Cretaceous Palynofloras from Tarim Basin,Xinjiang

One hundred and eight species of fossil spores and pollen referred to 55 genera found from the Lower Cretaceous Kapushaliang (Kizilsu) Group in the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang have been studied in this paper. The Kapushaliang Group may be divided into the Yageliemu Formation, the Shushanhe Formation and Baxigai Formation in ascending order. The Yageliemu palynoflora is characterized by the predominance of gymnospermous pollen, the relative abundance of pteridophytic spores and the absence of angiospermous pollen. Coniferae is dominant, while Lygodiaceae and Schizaeaceae are important in the flora. The most common species of palynomorphs are Todisporites minor, Cicatricosisporites dorogensis, C. australiensis, Lygodiumsporites subsimplex, Schizaeoisporites cretacius, S. zizyphinus, S. certus. Cibotiumspora paradoxa, Cyathidites australis, C. minor, Biretisporites potoniael, Cycadopites minimus, Pseudowalchia hiangulina, Parvisaccites radiatus, Podocarpidites multesimus, P. canadensis, Alisporites bilateralis, Cedripites cretaceus, C. canadenris, Abietineaepollenites microalatus, Clarsopollis classoides, C annulatus, C. xinjiangensis (sp. nov.), Ephedripites multicostatus, E. tarimensis (sp. nov.), etc . The palynoflora is comparable with those of the lower part of the Lower Xinminbu Formation in northwestern China and the lower part of the Lower Mannville Formation in western Canada, which is considered corresponding from Berriasian to Valanginian in age. The Shushanhe palynoflora is also characterized by dominance of gymnosperms and subdominance of pteridophyta. Some primitive angiospermons pollen grains are found in the upper part of the formation. In addition to the most common species of the above mentioned palynoflora, the important species in the present palynoflora comprise Cicatricosisporites potomacensis, C. orbiculatus, C. subrotundus, Concavissimisporites punctatus, C. verrucosus, C. globosus, lmpardecispora apiverrucata, Trilobosporites crassus, T. trioreticulosus, Pilosisporites verus, P. trichopapillosus, Klukisporites pseudoreticulatus, Verrucosisporites obscurilaesuratur, Converrucosisporites saskatchewanensis, Foraminisporis wonthaggiensis, Cingulatisporites valdensis, C. ruginosus, Jiaohepollis verus, Pityosporites constrictus, etc. More than 40 in dicative species of Early Cretaceous occur in the assemblage. The palynoflora compares clcsely with those of the middle part of the Lower Xinminbu Formation and the Quartz Sand Member of the Lower Mannville Formatton. It is suggested that the Shushanhe Formation should belong to Hauterivian of Barremian in age. The Baxigai palynoflora is basically similar to the Shushanhe palynoflora. But the palynoflora shows an obvious increase in abundance of lygodiaceous spores and angiospermous pollen accompanied by a great reduction of Classopollis and Ephedripltes. Most of the Early Cretaceous species occurring in the above mentioned palynofloras are present. In addition, some Cretaceous species recorded from Aptian and Albian Stages in Europe, North America and Australia, such as Trilobosporites tribotrys, T. trioreticulosus, Coptospora paradoxa, Camarozonosporites insignis, Crybelosporites punctatus, etc., appear in the assemblage. In comparison with the microfloras of the upper part of the Lower Xinminbu Formation, the Upper Mannville Formation and the lower part of the Lower Colorado Group, the Baxigai Forma- tion should be referred to Aptian to Albian in age. Judging from the palynofloras, the early Cretaceous palaeoclimate in the basin should belong to the arid or semi-arid type of the subtropic zone. However, from Barremtan through Albian the climatic conditions might appear relatively wet.