酸马奶提取Kluyveromyces marxianus代谢抗菌复合物对感染致病性Escherichia coli O8小鼠的免疫机能及其

【目的】酸马奶可防治心血管、消化系统、肺结核、糖尿病和腹泻等疾病,尤其马克斯克鲁维酵母Kluyveromyces marxianus对单核细胞增生李斯特菌Listeria monocytogenes有抑菌作用,但对酸马奶提取K. marxianus代谢抗菌复合物抑菌作用的研究报道较少。为此,研究酸马奶提取K. marxianus代谢抗菌复合物对感染致病性大肠杆菌Escherichia coli O8小鼠免疫机能及其盲肠菌群的影响。【方法】将128只小鼠随机分为4组,空白组、致病对照组、K2组和K8组,致病对照组小鼠连续7 d灌胃无菌PBS,并于第4天注射E. coli O8;K2组灌胃抗菌复合物K. marxianus pH 2.0,并注射E. coli O8;K8组灌胃抗菌复合物K. marxianus pH 8.0,并注射E. coli O8。采用常规HE染色法观察0、4和7 d小鼠小肠病理切片,称重法测定小鼠免疫器官指数,ELISA法测定血清中免疫球蛋白,流式细胞术测定T细胞亚群,平板涂布法测定盲肠菌群。【结果】致病对照组小鼠在实验第4天注菌后出现一系列患病临床症状和小肠组织病理变化。K2组和K8组小鼠整体精神状态好于致病对照组,死亡小鼠数量较少,可一定程度上缓解和改善感染致病性E. coli O8小鼠的小肠组织病理变化。致病对照组在第7天胸腺指数显著低于空白组(P<0.05)。K2组和K8组在第4天和第7天脾脏指数显著高于空白组(P<0.05)。致病对照组在第7天IgA显著低于空白组(P<0.05)。K2组在第4天IgA、IgG显著高于空白组(P<0.05)。K2组在第7天IgG和IgM显著高于空白组(P<0.05)。K8组在第7天IgM显著高于空白组(P<0.05)。K2组在第4天和第7天CD8+显著低于空白组,CD4+/CD8+显著高于空白组(P<0.05)。K8组在第4天CD8+显著低于空白组(P<0.05)。K8组在第7天CD8+显著低于空白组,CD4+/CD8+显著高于空白组(P<0.05)。致病对照组在第7天盲肠E. coli数量显著高于空白组,双歧杆菌数量显著低于空白组(P<0.05)。K2组在第7天盲肠E. coli数量显著低于空白组,肠球菌数量显著低于空白组,乳酸杆菌数量显著高于空白组(P<0.05)。K8组在第7天盲肠肠球菌数量显著低于空白组,乳酸杆菌数量显著高于空白组(P<0.05)。【结论】酸马奶提取K. marxianus代谢抗菌复合物K2和K8能缓解感染致病性E. coli O8小鼠临床症状,提高其免疫机能,并影响其盲肠菌群,提高双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌,降低E. coli和肠球菌的数量。     

乳杆菌代谢产物对化脓性链球菌的抑制作用

【目的】分析乳杆菌代谢产物对化脓性链球菌的抑制作用。【方法】基于双层平板打孔法,通过测量抑菌圈大小来检测乳杆菌代谢产物对化脓性链球菌的抑菌作用;然后分别采用高效液相色谱法和4-氨酰安替比林法检测乳杆菌代谢产物中的有机酸和H2O2含量;最后,检测乳酸、乙酸和H2O2对化脓性链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。【结果】对化脓性链球菌的抑菌效果以植物乳杆菌KLDS1.0667最好,副干酪乳杆菌KLDS1.0342-1次之,瑞士乳杆菌KLDS1.0203抑菌效果最差;乳酸和乙酸产量KLDS1.0667>KLDS1.0342-1>KLDS1.0203;H2O2产量KLDS1.0203>KLDS1.0667>KLDS1.0342-1。在抑菌试验中,乳杆菌的发酵上清液经去除H2O2处理后抑菌圈直径都减小;将发酵上清液的p H调至7.0后均检测不到抑菌圈。结果表明,乳杆菌代谢产物中对化脓性链球菌起抑制作用的主要物质为有机酸和H2O2,其中乳酸是产生抑菌作用的最主要物质。乳酸、乙酸和H2O2对化脓性链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为1.28、0.64和0.008 g/L,对化脓性链球菌的最小杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为5.12、2.56和0.032 g/L。【结论】乳杆菌可利用其代谢产物对化脓性链球菌产生抑制作用,主要抑菌物质为有机酸和H2O2。     

3种蒙药复方对致病性Escherichia coli O1的抑菌机理及对小鼠的保护率

【目的】研究3种蒙药复方对致病性Escherichia coli O1的抑菌机理及对感染E.coli O1小鼠的保护率。【方法】分别采用酶标比浊法、微生物粘附法、试剂盒法和邻硝基苯β-D-半乳吡喃糖苷(ONPG)法测定3种蒙药复方对E.coli O1生长曲线、细胞表面疏水性、细胞壁及细胞膜渗透性的影响。同时,采用人工感染小鼠法测定其对小鼠的保护率。【结果】3种蒙药复方均能不同程度地抑制致病性E.coli O1,且对人工感染E.coli O1的小鼠有保护作用,其中蒙药复方Ⅲ的保护率与环丙沙星相当,均达到50%;7味单药组成的蒙药复方Ⅲ水煎剂作用于E.coli O1细胞时,首先改变其表面疏水性,其次随作用时间的延长破坏其细胞壁的完整性,进而破坏细胞膜并改变其通透性,最终导致细胞结构的破坏,从而起到抑制作用。【结论】蒙药复方Ⅲ的体内外抑菌效果最佳,其效果与抗生素环丙沙星相当。     

马克斯克鲁维酵母菌菊粉酶的异源表达及低聚果糖制备工艺优化

【目的】低聚果糖是新型的食品和保健品原料,具有广阔的市场需求。以菊粉酶水解菊粉制备低聚果糖的酶法工艺是先进的绿色制造。本研究旨在获得高产的菊粉酶菌株及以菊粉为原料酶法制备低聚果糖的优化工艺。【方法】采用基因工程手段克隆马克斯克鲁维酵母菌(Kluyveromyces marxianus)的菊粉酶基因,实现其在毕赤酵母中的高效表达;测定菊粉酶在不同p H、温度、金属离子和底物浓度等条件下的酶活变化趋势,获得最佳的反应参数;通过高效液相色谱法检测水解产物,获得不同酶量水解产物各组分分布。【结果】菊粉酶工程菌株在10 L发酵罐中的产菊粉酶活达1 570 U/m L、蛋白质含量为2.75 g/L发酵液;菊粉酶最适反应参数为:在体积为1 L的反应体系中,p H 5.0、反应温度50°C、含0.2 mmol/L Mg2+以及菊粉浓度为8%。在该条件下,酶量为10 U时菊粉被完全水解。水解产物中单糖和二糖含量仅为9.25%,而低聚果糖(C3-C8)含量为90.75%,且C3-C5低聚果糖含量高达72.92%。【结论】克隆了K.marxianus菊粉酶基因并实现了高效表达,获得了水解菊粉制备低聚果糖的最佳工艺条件。为菊粉酶的大量生产及低聚果糖的酶法制备奠定了良好的基础。     

食源性致病性大肠杆菌O157:H7和O55:H7特异性噬菌体的分离与鉴定

【背景】肠出血性大肠杆菌(enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli,EHEC) O157:H7和肠致病性大肠杆菌(enteropathogenic E. coli,EPEC) O55:H7是2株常见食源性致病菌,能导致腹泻及肠道外疾病,其特异性噬菌体具有制备新型抗菌制剂的应用前景。【目的】分离能特异裂解O157:H7和O55:H7的噬菌体,并分析其生物学特性和基因组特征,探索致病性大肠杆菌防控的抗生素替代方法。【方法】利用双层平板法从环境水样中分离噬菌体,对其形态、感染复数、宿主范围、一步曲线等生物学特性进行鉴定,使用Illumina MiSeq平台对其全基因组进行测序,利用RAST、Prokka、BLASTp等软件进行生物信息学分析。【结果】分别以E.coli O157:H7和O55:H7为宿主分离出2株特异性烈性噬菌体:vB＿EcoM＿P251和vB＿EcoM＿P255,均属于肌尾病毒科(Myoviridae)。最佳感染复数均为1,在培养15min内能以91.9%和90.8%的速率吸附到宿主细胞上,而且在37-60℃、pH4.0-11.0条件下保持高且稳...     

纳米银的抗菌特性及对多重耐药菌株的抗菌作用

【目的】利用革兰氏阴性细菌、革兰氏阳性细菌和真菌的模式菌株分析纳米银的抗菌特性,并评价纳米银对多重耐药菌株的抗菌作用。【方法】利用生物法合成的纳米银,以微量肉汤法测定3种标准菌株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),并计算MBC/MIC比值。用系列浓度的纳米银处理3株标准菌株后经平板计数法绘制时间-杀菌曲线。采用菌落平板计数法测定了纳米银对3种标准菌株的"抗生素后效应"(post-antibiotic effect,PAE),最后在生物安全II级实验室测定纳米银对临床分离的多重耐药菌株的抗菌作用。【结果】用生物法合成了粒径5–30 nm的纳米银,zeta电位为–19.5 m V。该纳米银制剂对3种标准菌株的时间-杀菌曲线均表现为时间依赖型抗菌作用。纳米银对大肠杆菌和白色念珠菌"抗生素后效应"随着浓度增加而增加,对金黄色葡萄球菌无明显"抗生素后效应"。纳米银对3种标准菌株的MIC值和MBC值均在1.00–4.00μg/m L之间;对3株人源性多重耐药菌MIC值在6.00–26.00μg/m L之间,MBC值在1.00–32.00μg/m L之间;对14株动物源性多重耐药菌MIC值在4.00–10.00μg/m L之间,MBC值在8.00–16.00μg/m L之间。纳米银对所有测试菌株的MBC/MIC值均小于2。【结论】纳米银是一种时间依赖型的抗菌剂,有不同程度的"抗生素后效应",对人源和动物源性多重耐药菌有杀菌作用。     

毛栓菌产漆酶条件优化及该酶对合成染料脱色的特性

【目的】提高菌株Trametes hirsuta SYBC-L19漆酶产量,并研究该酶对合成染料脱色的性质。【方法】通过单因素和响应面设计,对产漆酶培养基进行优化。【结果】最优培养基为:玉米粉20.0 g/L、马铃薯淀粉32.4 g/L、酒石酸铵2.9 g/L、吐温80 0.5 g/L、CuSO4.5H2O 2.0 mmol/L、香兰素0.54 mmol/L、NaH2PO4.2H2O 2.0 g/L、MgSO4.7H2O0.5 g/L、MnSO4.H2O 0.1 g/L;最佳培养条件为:培养温度30°C,初始pH 6.0,装液量40 mL/250 mL,接种量8%。【结论】培养8 d酶活达35 U/mL,是优化前的39倍。对漆酶催化合成染料脱色进行了考察,发现该酶在60°C下对偶氮类染料AR1和RB5能迅速脱色,5 min内即可完成。     

抗肿瘤银杏内生真菌Aspergillus oryzae YX-5发酵 培养基的优化

【目的】对一株具有抗肿瘤活性的银杏内生真菌Aspergillus oryzae YX-5的发酵培养基进行优化。【方法】以发酵后的菌体干重、粗提物质量和粗提物抗肿瘤活性为指标,通过单因素实验选出合适的碳源和氮源,再以选出的碳源、氮源以及K2HPO4、MgSO4·7H2O、KCl共5个因素进行正交实验,确定出最适宜的发酵培养基配方。【结果】YX-5的最佳发酵培养基配方为葡萄糖45 g/L,蛋白胨8 g/L,K2HPO4 0.5 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2 g/L,KCl 1 g/L,FeSO40.01 g/L。优化后菌体干重、代谢物的产量和抗肿瘤活性分别提高了41.88%、226.52%和19.31%。【结论】通过对米曲霉菌(Aspergillus oryzae)YX-5的发酵培养基进行优化,明显提高了粗提物产量和抗肿瘤活性,这对后期规模化发酵中减小发酵规模和降低工作量十分有利。     

内生菌株B16发酵条件优化及其对人参锈腐病的防效

【目的】优化人参病害拮抗菌株B16的发酵条件,提高发酵液的活菌含量和抗菌活性,检测该菌对人参病害的防效。【方法】采用单因子试验、正交试验优化菌株B16的发酵培养基及发酵条件,于室内盆栽条件下研究其对人参锈腐病的防效。【结果】菌株B16发酵最适培养基为:蔗糖1.00%、酵母膏0.50%、Mg SO4·7H2O 0.05%、Fe SO4·7H2O 0.06%、Na Cl 1.00%;最佳发酵条件:p H 7.5、温度35°C、接种量5%、装液量40 m L/250 m L、摇床转速170 r/min、发酵周期48 h。菌株B16发酵液对人参锈腐病的保护作用和治疗作用防效分别达到64.8%和58.6%。【结论】菌株B16具有很强的生防潜力。     

共表达磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶和烟酸转磷酸核糖激酶提高重组大肠杆菌发酵木糖产丁二酸

野生型E.coli K12能够在厌氧条件下代谢木糖生长,但是丁二酸不是其主要的代谢终产物。而在E.coli BA203(Δldh A,Δpfl B,Δppc)中,通过过量表达磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化激酶(PCK),即E.coli BA204,使其能够在厌氧条件下利用木糖发酵生产丁二酸。为了进一步提高生物量及丁二酸的产量,通过过量表达烟酸转磷酸核糖激酶(NAPRTase)提高NAD(H)的生成,从而提高木糖代谢速率。因此采用2种方法构建了共表达烟酸转磷酸核糖激酶和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化激酶的基因工程菌,即E.coli BA208(BA203/p Trc99a-pnc B-pck)和E.coli BA209(BA203/p Trc99a-pck-trc-pnc B)。通过实验发现:厌氧发酵72 h,BA209消耗16.7 g/L木糖,生成15.8 g/L丁二酸,乙酸含量有所降低,而丙酮酸的量几乎不变。BA209中NAD(H)总量和ATP含量较BA208和BA204都有明显的提高。这为考察NAD(H)和ATP 2种辅因子对重组大肠杆菌利用木糖合成丁二酸的影响提供了研究平台。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。