从白魔芋未授粉子房培养出单倍体植株（简报）

通过花药培养已从20多个科的一百多种植物中得到单倍体植物。未授粉子房离体培养人工诱导单倍体的研究,已从二棱大麦、小麦和烟草、水稻、玉米、普通大麦、向日葵、百合、青稞等植物的未授粉子房培养出单倍体植物。1987年我们进行了白魔芋未授粉子房的离体培养,并获得单倍体植物,现将实验初步结果报道如下。     

未授粉子房和胚珠离体培养诱导植物雌核发育研究进展

未授粉子房和胚珠培养离体诱导雌核发育的研究已近半个世纪,目前共有20科40余种种子植物的未授粉子房或胚珠离体培养诱导了雌核发育,但成功获得雌性单倍体的植物只有10科25种2变种。本文重点对离体雌核发育的胚胎学的研究资料进行综述,包括离体条件下胚珠中胚囊的发育状况、雌核发育的模式、雌性单倍体形成的途径以及自发胚乳的离体诱导并指出该领域研究中存在的问题,进一步在研究方法上提出了设想和建议。     

被子植物未受精胚珠与子房离体培养的研究进展

介绍被子植物未受精胚珠与子房离体培养诱导单倍体植株的研究进展。迄今已有9个科21种植物用这一方法诱导出单倍体植株,植物的基因型、外植体的发育程度、接种前的预处理、培养基和培养条件等均能影响诱导率的高低。胚胎学观察揭示大孢子与胚囊内的卵细胞、助细胞和反足细胞均有可能在培养中启动分裂,通过胚状体或愈伤组织形成单倍体植株。本项技术在植物单倍体育种中可发挥重要作用。     

植物雌性单倍体的离体诱导

对单倍体的用途和来源作了简略的概括。回顾了通过离体诱导获得雌性单倍体的研究历程 ,并分析了这一方法的优势。离体诱导雌性单倍体的效果受到供体植株的基因型、供体植株的生理状态、胚囊发育时期、材料预处理、花器附属物、培养基、培养方式、培养条件等一系列因素的影响。对这些影响因子的有关研究进行了系统的总结。在雌性单倍体的个体发育方面 ,对一些有代表性的实验结果进行了总结     

植物雌性单倍体的离体诱导

对单倍体的用途和来源作了简略的概括。回顾了通过离体诱导获得雌性单倍体的研究历程,并分析了这一方法的优势。离体诱导雌性单倍体的效果受到供体植株的基因型、供体植株的生理状态、胚囊发育时期、材料预处理、花器附属物、培养基、培养方式、培养条件等一系列因素的影响。对这些影响因子的有关研究进行了系统的总结。在雌性单倍体的个体发育方面,对一些有代表性的实验结果进行了总结。     

辐射花粉授粉和胚培养诱导产生黄瓜单倍体植株

以5个基因型的黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L．)为试材,通过γ射线辐射花粉授粉并结合胚培养,从3个基因型中获得了单倍体植株。与正常二倍体植株相比,单倍体植株生长缓慢,花器异常。研究发现辐射剂量、亲本基因型、授粉组合对座果率和单倍体产率有一定影响。     

离体染色体加倍的新技术

利用花药衍生的单倍体植株进行植物育种取决于这些植株染色体数目加倍而获得双单倍体植株的能力,染色体加倍可自然发生,也可通过抗有丝分裂试剂如秋水仙碱处理完整单倍体植株或单倍体组织培养物来诱导发生。秋水仙碱用于进行多种作物染色体加倍已达50余年。然而,秋水仙碱可以促使植物诱变,同时也对人类具有剧毒,因此,应用秋水仙碱进行研究难度较大。荷兰 Wageningen 植物育种与繁殖研究中心的 J.M.Van.Tuyl 和同事研究发现,除草剂 Oryzal-in 可用作低浓度秋水仙碱的替代品。他们用0.0001～0.01% Oryzalin 离体处理 Nerine 和 Lilium 的不育     

柑桔花粉植株的诱导

目前在国内外已有数十种植物利用花药培养获得单倍体植株,但在果树花药培养方面的研究,至今尚未见到诱导出花粉单倍体植株的报道。我们自1974年3月开始,对柑桔类花药培养进行了一系列探索,经过多次反复试验,于1979年5月首次在四季桔(Citrus microcarpa Bunge)花药培养中获得了具有根、茎、叶的完整植株,经镜检胚状体和根尖细胞染色体为单倍体(2n=9)(图版1,7),表明是花粉发育的单倍体植株。现将试验结果报告于后。     

植物单倍体技术及其应用的研究进展

该文较全面地综述了获得植物单倍体的相关途径及其在基础科学研究和植物育种方面的重要应用,着重介绍了一种基于着丝粒改造的染色体消除法诱导单倍体的策略及植物单倍体在基因组学研究中潜在的应用价值,旨在促进植物单倍体技术的完善并开拓其应用领域。     

棉花组织培养研究的现状和前景

对棉花组织培养中胚珠（幼）培养和杂种植株获得,体细胞无性系变异和抗性突变体筛选,花药培养和单倍体育种,体细胞胚发生和人工种子的制作,离体棉纤维诱导和超级棉生产,原生质体培养和植株再生等研究进展,问题和前景作了概述。     

In vitro production of haploid and doubled haploid plants from pollinated ovaries of maize (Zea mays)

Haploid induction has potential application for maize breeding. This paper reports that maize haploid plants have been induced by in vitro culture of pollinated ovaries. From a total of 26,400 cultured ovaries, 24 haploid plants were obtained and two of them were doubled after colchicine treatment. The maximum frequency of gynogenesis was 0.17% at 19.5 h post-pollination (HPP). The results showed that HPP was an important factor affecting plant induction from ovaries. Regenerated diploid R₀ plants were then subjected to genetic analysis using SSR molecular markers. One R₀ plant, whose progeny revealed a high level of homogeneity for several agro-morphological traits, was homozygous at 20 loci tested, with 11 showing paternal and 9 maternal banding pattern. This demonstrates that it is feasible to induce maize haploid plants by in vitro culture of pollinated ovaries.     

灯盏花花药培养初报

对灯盏花花药培养诱导单倍体植株进行了研究。结果显示：灯盏花花药愈伤组织培养以附加60 g·L^-1蔗糖较好,B5和MS培养基相比较,MS培养基较适宜,在MS+NAA 1.0 mg·L^-1+BA 0.5 mg·L^-1+蔗糖60 g·L^-1的培养基中,花药愈伤组织诱导率可达36.03%。将愈伤组织转移到MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L^-1中继代增殖后,经芽苗分化、生根后可得到完整植株。再生植株根尖细胞经细胞学鉴定存在单倍体。     

毛脉酸模的组织培养及植株再生

以毛脉酸模下胚轴和幼苗根茎为外植体,以MS为基本培养基,与不同浓度比例的6-BA和2,4-D等植物生长调节剂进行毛脉酸模组织培养的研究。结果表明,毛脉酸模幼苗根茎是诱导丛生芽的最佳材料,诱导丛生芽产生的最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 3.0 mg·L^-1+2,4-D 0.1 mg·L^-1,诱导率为81.2%;生根培养基为无激素的MS培养基,生根率可达92%,在此条件下生根迅速,可获得完整植株;组培苗经过炼苗移栽后成活率可达80%。     

野葛叶片和茎段高频再生体系的建立

探讨几种因子对野葛叶片和茎段高频再生体系建立的影响。采用植物组织培养、正交实验和单因子实验的方法。野葛叶片和茎段的最佳消毒方式为70%酒精处理30 s后再用0.1%HgCl₂处理15 min;野葛叶片愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基为MS+NAA 1.0 mg·L^-1+2,4-D 2 mg·L^-1,野葛茎段愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基为MS+NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1+6-BA 1.0 mg·L^-1+2,4-D 2 mg·L^-1;暗培养更有利于野葛愈伤组织的诱导;野葛叶片和茎段愈伤组织诱导的最佳蔗糖浓度均为30 g·L^-1;野葛叶片愈伤组织的最佳出芽培养基为MS+NAA 1.0 mg·L^-1+6-BA 3.0 mg·L^-1,而野葛茎段愈伤组织的最佳出芽培养基为MS+ NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1+KT 2 mg·L^-1;光照培养更有利于野葛叶片和茎段愈伤组织芽的再分化;野葛叶片愈伤组织再生芽生根的最佳培养基为MS+NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1+PP₃₃₃ 0.5 mg·L^-1,而野葛茎段愈伤组织再生芽生根的最佳培养基为MS+NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1+PP₃₃₃ 3.0 mg·L^-1;野葛叶片和茎段愈伤组织再生芽生根的最佳蔗糖浓度均为30 g·L^-1;叶片再生苗移栽的最佳PP₃₃₃浓度为1.0 mg·L^-1,茎段再生苗移栽的最佳PP₃₃₃浓度为3.0 mg·L^-1;叶片和茎段再生苗的最佳移栽基质均为蛭石:珍珠岩（2:1）。     

加拿大金露梅离体培养与快繁体系的建立

以加拿大金露梅嫩芽、叶片为外植体进行试验,通过观察确定嫩芽为初代培养的外植体。运用L₉(3⁴)正交试验筛选出最适合的腋芽初代培养、芽苗继代增殖及组培苗生根的最佳培养基,从而为金雨点建立了一套“腋芽诱导—继代增殖—生根培养”的快速繁殖体系。结果表明,诱导腋芽的分化培养基为MS+6-BA 2 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1,其中MS、6-BA和NAA均为诱导的主要因子,影响顺序为MS＞6-BA＞NAA,诱导率达96.33%;继代增殖培养中激素6-BA是影响加拿大金露梅芽增殖生长的主要激素,差异极显著（p=0.000 1）,并且以浓度为2.0 mg·L^-1的增殖效果最好,确定最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.6 mg·L^-1+KT 0.2 mg·L^-1,半月增殖倍数达6.12;对生根培养3种激素（KT、NAA、IBA）进行方差分析, KT和NAA的影响均达到了显著水平(p=0.000 1; 0.001 0),是影响生根的主导因子,而IBA的p值为0.424 5,因此可以忽略其影响,在诱导时确定用NAA和KT两种激素。之后对生根数量、生根率进行多重比较表明最终确定生根培养基为MS+NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1+KT 1.0 mg·L^-1,生根数为8.63条,生根率为95.33%。     

培养条件对黄檗快速繁殖影响的研究

以黄檗带顶芽和腋芽的茎段为材料,以MS和1/2MS为基本培养基,进行黄檗组培苗的快速繁殖,以研究不同培养条件对黄檗快速繁殖的影响。结果表明：以MS+6-BA 0.8 mg·L^-1为培养基,浓度10％次氯酸钠溶液消毒黄檗茎段8 min,其组培苗生长最旺盛,成活率可达92.8%。以MS为基本培养基,蔗糖浓度20 mg·L^-1,pH值5.8对黄檗组培苗的壮苗效果最好。     

胡桃楸胚性愈伤组织诱导与体细胞胚胎发生

胡桃楸是东北东部山地阔叶红松林的重要组成树种。因其被大量采伐,资源日趋枯竭。体细胞胚胎发生是快速繁殖和人工种子研制的基础,对遗传改良有重要意义。为探讨不同外植体、植物生长调节物质种类及配比对胡桃楸培养物的影响,建立了胡桃楸体胚发生及再生植株体系。结果表明:合子胚为外植体时最易形成胚性愈伤组织,外植体最佳取材时期为5～6月。胡桃楸胚性愈伤组织最适诱导为MS+1.0mg·mL-12,4-D+0.5mg·mL-16-BA;体细胞胚的诱导、发育和分化的适宜的培养基为附加蔗糖60g.L-1、水解酪蛋白700mg·mL-1时不添加任何生长调节物质的MS培养基。     

Reflexions sur nos cultures d'antheres de plantes cultivées

Abstract

Considerations about our anther cultures of cultivated plants. – One of the main activities performed at the Casaccia Nuclear Centre, in the framework of a contract between CNEN and the European Communities, centers on the induction of haploid plants by anther culture and the subsequent chromosome doubling in order to obtain completely homozygous diploid plants. In tobacco, it is now possible to obtain haploid plants from any cultivar; we perform in vitro culture of internodes from which homozygous diploid plants are regenerated, taking advantage of natural phenomenon of endopolyploidy. In order to try to generalize this method of producing haploid plants in other plant species, we are studying the mechanism involved in haploid embryogenesis which occurs in vitro in the microspores. Datura, Nicotiana and Atropa are among the genera in which a direct embryogenesis from the microspore is observed; it is interesting to note that all three genera belong to the family Solanaceae and are very rich in alkaloids. In almost all the other cases of in vitro induction of haploids, microspores produce calli from which plantlets can be differentiated, but this way of plant regeneration is less interesting because only few plantlets are obtained and it is not sure that each haploid comes from a single microspore. We examined the factors which could influence the transformation of microspores into embryoids in tobacco, namely: the developmental stage of microspore, the degeneration of tapaetal cells, the genotype of microspore, the composition of cultural media, the physiological conditions of the plant from which the anthers were taken. From a practical point of view, it would be desirable to have informations on methods giving a maximum number of haploid plants from one embryogenic anther and the greatest number of embryogenic anthers from the cultured anthers. Our recent experiments on anther culture in liquid shaken medium have yielded good results (about 7,000 embryoids from 25 embryogenic anthers). Further, we are conducting several experiments in order to synchronize the development of the microspores in the anthers; to this end, we analyse the effect of cold treatment, ionizing radiation and gravity force. Experiments are being performed with other cultivated species, beside tobacco, in order to solve some problems of plant breeding more easily and quickly through haploidy. With the aim of introducing, in cultivated tomato, some desirable characters from the wild species, Lycopersicum peruvianum, (self-incompatibility, disease resistance, simultaneous flowering), we have obtained the interspecific hybrid through in vitro culture of young embryos. Haploid production from this hybrid could allow to quickly obtain various genetic recombinations from these two species. For this purpose we are carrying out anther cultures as well as single microspore cultures. In rice, strawberry and L. peruvianum, several diploid and tetraploid plantlets were obtained from our anther cultures. Work is in progress to ascertain the mode of their origin.     

First stages of microspore reprogramming to embryogenesis through anther culture in Prunus armeniaca L.

Prunus armeniaca L. is a worldwide known species, very important particularly in the Mediterranean basin. Microspore embryogenesis through in vitro anther culture is a widely used method to obtain haploid and doubled haploid (DHs) plants which are being routinely used in breeding programmes for new superior cultivar development in many crops. Haploid-diploidization through gametic embryogenesis allows single-step development of complete homozygous lines from heterozygous parents. In the case of fruit crops, with long reproductive cycle, a high degree of heterozygosity, large size, and, often, self-incompatibility, there is no way to obtain haploidization through conventional methods. Induction of microspore embryogenesis in vitro is switched by a stress treatment. In many species, heat or cold stress has been reported to trigger pollen embryogenesis, the response being genotype dependent. In the present work we analyzed whether microspore reprogramming could be induced in apricot cultivars by cold stress through anther culture. We report the development of an in vitro anther culture protocol in P. armeniaca L. and analyse the response of several cultivars to stress treatments and culture media for inducing pollen embryogenesis. Results showed the formation of multicellular pollen and proembryos. The effect of two culture media in the embryogenic response was also analyzed, being the responses genotype-dependent. Monitoring of the cellular changes on the microspores was performed by structural and confocal microscopy analyses. Results indicated that the reprogramming of the microspore and the first steps of the embryogenic pathway have been achieved in different varieties of P. armeniaca, which constitutes a crucial step in the design of protocols for the regeneration of microspore-derived embryos and DH plants, for future potential applications in breeding programmes of this economically important fruit tree.     

In Vitro Spermatogenesis in Explanted Adult Mouse Testis Tissues

Research on in vitro spermatogenesis is important for elucidating the spermatogenic mechanism. We previously developed an organ culture method which can support spermatogenesis from spermatogonial stem cells up to sperm formation using immature mouse testis tissues. In this study, we examined whether it is also applicable to mature testis tissues of adult mice. We used two lines of transgenic mice, Acrosin-GFP and Gsg2-GFP, which carry the marker GFP gene specific for meiotic and haploid cells, respectively. Testis tissue fragments of adult GFP mice, aged from 4 to 29 weeks old, which express GFP at full extension, were cultured in medium supplemented with 10% KSR or AlbuMAX. GFP expression decreased rapidly and became the lowest at 7 to 14 days of culture, but then slightly increased during the following culture period. This increase reflected de novo spermatogenesis, confirmed by BrdU labeling in spermatocytes and spermatids. We also used vitamin A-deficient mice, whose testes contain only spermatogonia. The testes of those mice at 13-21 weeks old, showing no GFP expression at explantation, gained GFP expression during culturing, and spermatogenesis was confirmed histologically. In addition, the adult testis tissues of Sl/Sl^d mutant mice, which lack spermatogenesis due to Kit ligand mutation, were cultured with recombinant Kit ligand to induce spermatogenesis up to haploid formation. Although the efficiency of spermatogenesis was lower than that of pup, present results showed that the organ culture method is effective for the culturing of mature adult mouse testis tissue, demonstrated by the induction of spermatogenesis from spermatogonia to haploid cells.