有机农业发展概述

本文介绍了不同国际组织为有机农业下的定义、有机农业的起源及理论发展过程,以及我国有机农业的发展轨迹:我国有机农业较发达国家起步晚,但发展迅速.通过详细叙述国内外有机农业发展规模、种植作物种类、有机农业生产标准、投入品及有机种植技术,比较了我国有机农业发展与国外存在的差异.从有机农业标准、生产技术、产品市场、有机认证、企业信誉、自然环境污染、国家政策支持力度等方面详细分析了我国有机农业发展的制约因素,提出了我国有机农业健康发展的方向及对策.     

中国有机农业及有机产业发展现状前景与对策

对中国有机农业和有机产业发展基本情况及在全球有机农业和有机产业发展中所处地位进行分析,认为中国有机农业和有机产业由于经济发展取得成就、有机发展政策氛围、有机消费群体和有机市场发展潜力等具有较广阔的发展前景,但由于发展基础薄弱、政府推动作用不明显、有机农业基础研究相对滞后、有机生产推广体系缺失、有机标准制定国际话语权不高和有机市场机制不健全等,中国有机农业和有机产业发展面临严峻挑战。为确保中国有机农业和有机产业持续健康发展,要正视中国有机发展所处阶段、统筹中国有机发展、重视有机市场建设、加强有机基础研究工作和建立完善的监督约束机制。     

香港有机高尔夫球场的草坪管理研究实施

OGC启德高尔夫球场为香港首个有机高尔夫球场,本文提出了有机高尔夫球场的管理标准,并以有机农业方式作出高尔夫球场草坪的水肥等栽培管理及病虫草害的综合生态防治方法,为今后有机高尔夫球场的发展提供参考.     

法国有机农业的发展及启示

本文对法国有机农业发展的趋势和目标以及发展有机农业所采取的措施等进行了分析,结合我国发展有机农业的现状和实际,提出了我国发展有机农业必须进一步转变观念、加强技术研究和示范推广、建立健全质量标准体系和加强政府扶持和资金支持等建议.     

美国有机农业发展及对我国的启示

美国有机农业起步较早、发展迅速,已经成为全球有机农产品第一大消费市场,分析美国有机农业起源、发展、标识管理和财政支持对发展我国有机农业、提高我国农产品质量安全具有重要借鉴意义。     

有机种植对农田节肢动物多样性影响的整合分析

有机农业是生态环境友好的生产方式, 对农业生物多样性保护具有重要意义。个体研究的差异不利于有机农业的生态环境效益评估。本研究利用文献整合分析, 以对农田生态环境具有良好指示作用的节肢动物为研究对象, 探讨了有机种植对农田生物多样性的保护效果及影响因素。结果表明, 相比常规种植, 有机种植可使节肢动物的丰富度、多度及均匀度显著提升34.95%、64.95%及12.09%; 天敌和害虫的物种丰富度分别显著提升了22.50%和31.03%; 同时天敌的个体数量比常规显著增加了71.80%, 害虫减少了10.46%。经过3年及以上的有机种植后, 节肢动物的丰富度和多度均显著高于常规种植。常规种植化学农药施用频率可显著影响节肢动物丰富度和均匀度指数, 施药次数每增加1次, 节肢动物丰富度相比有机种植显著降低13.54%, 均匀度显著降低2.64%。有机水田对节肢动物多度的提升效果显著优于有机旱地, 为后者的4.7倍; 但二者的丰富度和均匀度没有显著差异。蔬菜和茶叶种植体系对节肢动物多样性指数的综合提升效果优于其他作物类型, 丰富度、多度和均匀度指数分别显著提升了81.46%、74.14%、18.55%和48.86%、49.06%、30.88%。鼓励常规种植减少农药施用频次, 加大有机和生态化管理措施的应用程度, 是保护农业生物多样性、实现农业绿色高质量发展的有效途径。     

有机农业与可持续发展

从国内外有机农业研究与生产发展状况出发,阐述了我国绿色食品研究的目标、生产中坚持的原则;结合国外有机农业和可持续农业的争论,论证了“替代农业”的理论和实践意义．与常规农业高强度农业生产方法相比。有机农业生产方式能够培肥土壤,对环境的影响很小．有机农业为代表的“替代农业”的研究与实践已近一个世纪,我国的绿色食品事业的发展已历时十几年．讨论有机农业“环境友好”和对人体健康为主要宗旨的食品生产方式,以及维持农业系统的可持续性问题,对我国绿色食品产业的发展具有积极的指导作用。     

中美欧有机农业对比研究

从有机农业生产、有机食品消费、有机农业相关法律法规以及政策支持来对比美国、欧洲和中国的有机农业发展差距,通过借鉴欧美发达国家的有机农业发展经验,旨在为中国有机农业的发展指明方向。     

从事有机农业对农民福祉的影响

从事有机农业的农民福祉得到改善是有机农业发展的前提条件。采用Narayan等提出的福祉框架，回顾了有关有机农业行为和支持该行为的公共部门措施对农民福祉影响研究的文献，以厘清从事有机农业与农民福祉间的关系。研究表明，农民有机农业行为对其收入、健康、社会关系、安全和自由与选择等福祉要素产生影响。收入是农民福祉的首要构成要素，但农民有机农业行为究竟是增加还是降低其收入，需要考察具体情境中产量、成本和价格的综合作用，没有一致性结论。农民有机农业行为对其社会关系的影响具有双向性，但它对他们的健康、安全和选择机会的影响是积极的。公共部门通过财政支付、支持合作、建立与完善有机认证制度和采购绿色化等措施支持有机农业，有助于改善有机农民的福祉。其中，财政支付是最重要的支持措施。研究认为不同情境的农民有机农业行为对其福祉影响的综合评价、农民有机农业行为与其福祉间因果关系的检验和公共部门有机农业政策对有机农民福祉贡献的检验，是今后研究的重要选题。     

对转型时期水稻生产的战略思考

我国的水稻生产正处于前所未有的转型时期,本文从是否有必要追求单季超高产、转型时期水稻生产的种植模式如何创新、栽培技术的轻简化和机械化如何配合种植模式的创新、品种改良如何适应栽培技术的轻简化和机械化等4个方面对转型期的水稻生产进行战略思考.在农机与农艺结合、种植模式创新、水稻育种策略、品种评价和审定标准方面给予技术和政策上的建议.     

Utilization and management of organic wastes in Chinese agriculture: Past, present and perspectives

Recycling and composting of organic materials such as animal waste, crop residues and green manures has a long tradition in China. In the past, the application of organic manures guaranteed a high return of organic materials and plant mineral nutrients and thus maintained soil fertility and crop yield. As a result of rapid economic development coupled with the increasing urbanization and labour costs, the recycling rate of organic materials in Chinese agriculture has dramatically declined during the last two decades, in particular in the more developed eastern and southeastern provinces of China. Improper handling and storage of the organic wastes is causing severe air and water pollution. Because farmers are using increasing amounts of mineral fertilizer, only 47% of the cropland is still receiving organic manure, which accounted for 18% of N, 28% of P and 75% of K in the total nutrient input in 2000. Nowadays, the average proportion of nutrients (N+P+K) supplemented by organic manure in Chinese cropland is only 35% of the total amount of nutrients from both inorganic and organic sources. In China, one of the major causes is the increasing de-coupling of animal and plant production. This is occurring at a time when "re-coupling" is partly being considered in Western countries as a means to improve soil fertility and reduce pollution from animal husbandry. Re-coupling of modern animal and plant production is urgently needed in China. A comprehensive plan to develop intensive animal husbandry while taking into account the environmental impact of liquid and gaseous emissions and the nutrient requirements of the crops as well as the organic carbon requirements of the soil are absolutely necessary. As a consequence of a stronger consideration of ecological aspects in agriculture, a range of environmental standards has been issued and various legal initiatives are being taken in China. Their enforcement should be strictly monitored.     

Utilization and management of organic wastes in Chinese agriculture: Past, present and perspectives

Recycling and composting of organic materials such as animal waste, crop residues and green manures has a long tradition in China. In the past, the application of organic manures guaranteed a high return of organic materials and plant mineral nutrients and thus maintained soil fertility and crop yield. As a result of rapid economic development coupled with the increasing urbanization and labour costs, the recycling rate of organic materials in Chinese agriculture has dramatically declined during the last two decades, in particular in the more developed eastern and southeastern provinces of China. Improper handling and storage of the organic wastes is causing severe air and water pollution. Because farmers are using increasing amounts of mineral fertilizer, only 47% of the cropland is still receiving organic manure, which accounted for 18% of N,28% of P and 75% of K in the total nutrient input in 2000. Nowadays, the average proportion of nutrients (N+P+K) supplemented by organic manure in Chinese cropland is only 35% of the total amount of nutrients from both inorganic and organic sources.In China, one of the major causes is the increasing de-coupling of animal and plant production.This is occurring at a time when "re-coupling" is partly being considered in Western countries as a means to improve soil fertility and reduce pollution from animal husbandry. Re-coupling of modern animal and plant production is urgently needed in China. A comprehensive plan to develop intensive animal husbandry while taking into account the environmental impact of liquid and gaseous emissions and the nutrient requirements of the crops as well as the organic carbon requirements of the soil are absolutely necessary. As a consequence of a stronger consideration of ecological aspects in agriculture, a range of environmental standards has been issued and various legal initiatives are being taken in China. Their enforcement should be strictly monitored.     

Utilization and management of organic wastes in Chinese agriculture: Past,present and perspectives

Recycling and composting of organic materials such as animal waste, crop residues and green manures has a long tradition in China. In the past, the application of organic manures guaranteed a high return of organic materials and plant mineral nutrients and thus maintained soil fertility and crop yield. As a result of rapid economic development coupled with the increasing urbanization and labour costs, the recycling rate of organic materials in Chinese agriculture has dramatically declined during the last two decades, in particular in the more developed eastern and southeastern provinces of China. Improper handling and storage of the organic wastes is causing severe air and water pollution. Because farmers are using increasing amounts of mineral fertilizer, only 47% of the cropland is still receiving organic manure, which accounted for 18% of N, 28% of P and 75% of K in the total nutrient input in 2000. Nowadays, the average proportion of nutrients (N+P+K) supplemented by organic manure in Chinese cropland is only 35% of the total amount of nutrients from both inorganic and organic sources.

In China, one of the major causes is the increasing de-coupling of animal and plant production. This is occurring at a time when “re-coupling” is partly being considered in Western countries as a means to improve soil fertility and reduce pollution from animal husbandry. Re-coupling of modern animal and plant production is urgently needed in China. A comprehensive plan to develop intensive animal husbandry while taking into account the environmental impact of liquid and gaseous emissions and the nutrient requirements of the crops as well as the organic carbon requirements of the soil are absolutely necessary. As a consequence of a stronger consideration of ecological aspects in agriculture, a range of environmental standards has been issued and various legal initiatives are being taken in China. Their enforcement should be strictly monitored.

     

Compatibility of OMRI-certified surfactants with three entomopathogenic fungi

The Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) is a non-profit organisation providing an independent review of products intended for use in organic production systems to certify compliance with US national organic standards. Since all adjuvants to be used in organic agriculture production are required to meet these standards, OMRI's certified list of products is a convenient starting point when developing organic pest control formulations. In the current study, six OMRI-certified surfactants are tested for their compatibility with three common entomopathogens: Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium brunneum and Isaria fumosorosea. The fungi were evaluated in two common propagule forms, solid-state produced conidia and liquid-media produced blastospores. The results show that most of the surfactants are compatible with the fungi at a high surfactant concentration (2% w/v). In general, the conidia showed a higher susceptibility (greater reduction in spore germination) to the surfactants than the blastospores under these conditions. In addition, the surface tension and foaming properties of the surfactants were determined.     

我国微生物肥料发展的现状与建议

微生物肥料通常是指利用发酵技术生产出的含有特定有益微生物的液体活菌制剂,或该菌液经无菌载体吸附后而制成的固体活菌制剂。随着我国绿色农业的蓬勃发展,微生物肥料在农业生产中越来越受到人们的重视。介绍了我国微生物肥料的发展现状,并对我国微生物肥料产业化发展提出几点建议。     

Research Ethics: Beyond the Guidelines

There is international recognition of the need for sustainable research ethics committees to provide ethical review of human subjects research in developing countries, but many developing countries do not have such committees (often called 'IRBs'). Theoretical and practical uncertainties encountered by an IRB on the Caribbean island of Grenada offer insight into ethical review of research in developing countries. Theoretical uncertainties include questions about whether means of ensuring confidentiality and obtaining informed consent will be effective in local settings, and whether deviations from Western norms are justifiable. International guidelines are helpful in addressing these concerns, but are subject to interpretation. Guidelines are less helpful in practical areas like selecting members or chairs. They do not address what sort of procedures and paperwork will work in a developing country, or IRBs' relationships to governments that have no mandate for them. Experiences presented here show that IRBs in developing countries can sustainably adhere to international standards. Sustainability requires knowledge, personal commitment, and an official mandate to uphold international standards. Capacity building must therefore focus on educational programs to make developing country leaders knowledgeable about the value of international guidelines to their nations. Such knowledge is needed before people will become motivated to promote, implement, and uphold the guidelines. People in developing countries must help design bridges to help their nations put international standards into practice. The structure of such bridges may, of necessity, vary in different settings.     

Ethics committees. Research ethics: beyond the guidelines

There is international recognition of the need for sustainable research ethics committees to provide ethical review of human subjects research in developing countries, but many developing countries do not have such committees (often called 'IRBs'). Theoretical and practical uncertainties encountered by an IRB on the Caribbean island of Grenada offer insight into ethical review of research in developing countries. Theoretical uncertainties include questions about whether means of ensuring confidentiality and obtaining informed consent will be effective in local settings, and whether deviations from Western norms are justifiable. International guidelines are helpful in addressing these concerns, but are subject to interpretation. Guidelines are less helpful in practical areas like selecting members or chairs. They do not address what sort of procedures and paperwork will work in a developing country, or IRBs' relationships to governments that have no mandate for them. Experiences presented here show that IRBs in developing countries can sustainably adhere to international standards. Sustainability requires knowledge, personal commitment, and an official mandate to uphold international standards. Capacity building must therefore focus on educational programs to make developing country leaders knowledgeable about the value of international guidelines to their nations. Such knowledge is needed before people will become motivated to promote, implement, and uphold their guidelines. People in developing countries must help design bridges to help their nations put international standards into practice. The structure of such bridges may, of necessity, very in different settings.     

碳足迹核算的国际标准概述与解析

各种层面上的碳足迹核算在全球气候变化控制领域得到了越来越多的关注。但是,这些关于碳足迹核算的相关国际标准繁多,彼此之间的关系复杂,不利于研究领域和工业界对这些标准进行应用与交流,限制了碳足迹核算的发展进度与深度。对目前已有的国际主要碳足迹核算标准及生命周期评价标准进行了整理,梳理出这些国际标准的一些基本特征,绘制了国际标准之间的关系图;并进一步从生命周期评价步骤的角度出发,解析了各种国际标准在这些阶段上的相关内容,以及每一个阶段上各标准相关规定中的不同特点及逻辑关系。对促进我国碳足迹核算相关研究与实践工作具有一定的理论与现实参考意义。