内源脱落酸和赤霉素对番茄发育果实和种子水分关系的影响

利用热偶湿度计研究了野生型、ＧＡ－缺陷型和ＡＢＡ－缺陷型番茄发育过程中果实种子的水分关系,发现除ＡＢＡ－缺陷型种子胶囊和果肉水势变化特殊外,３种类型果实水分状况变化基本一致;在整个发育时期内,前期种子胶囊和果肉水分流向种子,中期种子水分流向种子胶囊和果肉,后期种子和果实间的水势达到平衡。鉴于种胚脱水是一种主动过程,种胚水势一直低于整个种子、种子胶囊和果肉。内源赤霉素可明显增加果实和种子的重量,但对     

GA3、ABA对未成熟‘博Ⅱ优15’水稻种子萌发的影响

以未成熟水稻'博II优15'种子为材料,用不同浓度GA3、ABA浸种24 h,研究其对水稻种子萌发的影响.结果表明,GA3 0.10～2.00 g/L处理能极显著促进种子萌发,其中0.50 g/L效果最好,第4天发芽率高于对照(CK)56%;浓度大于0.50 g/L ABA处理显著抑制种子萌发;GA3与ABA协同处理时, GA3/ABA = 1:1(浓度0.05 g/L)和 GA3/ABA = 1:2(浓度0.01 g/L)均能极显著促进种子萌发,第7天种子发芽率分别比CK高30%和20%.进一步研究表明,GA3和ABA对未成熟水稻种子萌发的影响与α-淀粉酶活性相关.     

内源脱落酸和赤霉素对番茄发育果实和种子水分关系的影响

利用热偶湿度计（ｔｈｅｒｍｏｃｏｕｐｌｅｐｓｙｃｈｒｏｍｅｔｅｒ）研究了野生型、ＧＡ－缺陷型和ＡＢＡ－缺陷型番茄发育过程中果实种子的水分关系,发现除ＡＢＡ－缺陷型种子胶囊和果肉水势变化特殊外,３种类型果实水分状况变化基本一致;在整个发育时期内．前期种子胶囊和果肉水分流向种子,中期种子水分流向种子胶囊和果肉,后期种子和果实间的水势达到平衡。鉴于种胚脱水是一种主动过程,种胚水势一直低于整个种子、种子胶囊和果肉。内源赤霉素可明显增加果实和种子的重量,但对增加种胚溶质的作用不大。由于内源脱落酸可以促使果实成熟和衰老,促进果实细胞解体,大大降低种子胶囊和果肉水势,因而抑制成熟种子在果实内萌发。     

白及果实形态与种子结实率相关性研究

该研究以果实大小有明显差异的26个白及果序共87枚果实为材料,分析了果实形态(包括果实重量、长度及直径)与种子结实率的相关性。结果表明:果实重量与结实率的相关性最为密切,相关系数为0.786,达到中等正相关;其次是果实直径,相关系数为0.634;最后是果实长度,相关系数为0.553。对10枚果实及种胚大小测量结果显示,果实形态与种胚大小相关性为弱相关,不同果实种胚大小相差较大,种胚直径和种胚长度平均分别为177.9μm和359.0μm,最大分别为241.9μm和528.6μm,最小分别为64.5μm和114.3μm;单粒白及种子平均重3.90μg,87枚果实中,单枚果实平均种子数量为10 436粒,最大为39 488粒。该研究结果表明果实重量及饱满程度(直径),可以作为评价白及果实质量(种子结实率)的参考指标。     

两种金花茶组植物的果实、种子形态特征

对普通金花茶Camellia nitidissima、显脉金花茶C.euphlebia的果实、种子进行研究。结果表明:(1)两种金花茶果实均重分别为32.50 g和25.79 g,果实整体形态值(FT/FD)分别为0.73和0.61,果实均为扁圆形,种子均重分别为2.87 g和2.62 g,种子整体形态值(SL/SD)分别为0.76和0.75,种子亦偏扁;(2)每颗金花茶果实的种子数一般为2~8粒,最多为11粒;(3)经统计分析,两种金花茶的每果种子数与种子均重、种子发芽率呈负相关关系,种子均重和种子发芽率呈正相关关系。     

枇杷蜜中脱落酸、多酚的测定及其指纹图谱的研究

以我国不同产地的10种枇杷蜜中的脱落酸及没食子酸、原儿茶酸、p-香豆酸、阿魏酸、芦丁、柚皮素、山奈酚等13种酚类物质为检测对象,利用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测技术(HPLC-DAD)进行检测。采用Welch XtimateTMC18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)分离,以5%甲酸水及甲醇为流动相进行梯度洗脱,50 min内能较好地分离14种目标成分。利用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2004A版)对所得的图谱数据进行相似度分析,制定枇杷蜜的标准指纹图谱。同时利用掺入不同含量油菜蜜的枇杷蜜图谱数据对标准指纹图谱进行了验证。结果表明,14种目标成分在各自浓度范围内相关性良好(r=0.9990～0.9999);不同品牌枇杷蜜总酚物质分布不同(从263.4μg/100 g到580.3μg/100 g蜂蜜),其中总酚酸含量平均为249.3μg/100 g蜂蜜,显著高于总黄酮的含量(平均为140.9μg/100 g);14种成分在枇杷蜜中的分布不同,其中芦丁、脱落酸、α-儿茶酸含量最高,三者占总物质含量的68.9%;相似度的对比分析可以成功区分出不同程度的枇杷蜜掺假。本研究结果适合枇杷蜜中脱落酸及酚类物质的快速分离检测,制定的枇杷蜜标准指纹图谱可以有效用于单花蜜的品种鉴别及掺假检测,对于枇杷蜜的功能性分析及质量控制有重要的借鉴。     

三叶木通(Akebia trifoliata)果实乙醇提取物对酪氨酸酶体外活性的影响

以人工栽培条件下三叶木通(Akebia trifoliata)果实为试材,用80%乙醇分别提取果皮、果肉、种子中的有效成分,经离心过滤后,于旋转蒸发仪上减压蒸馏浓缩,再经真空干燥处理得到三叶木通乙醇提取物。以L-DOPA为底物,熊果苷作阳性对照,分析测定了该提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制百分率。结果表明:不同部位的三叶木通果实乙醇提取物对酪氨酸酶活性均有一定的抑制作用,其中果肉对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用最佳,中等浓度的果肉乙醇提取物(200μg/mL)与270μg/mL的熊果苷对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率相当。     

树葡萄果实功能成分分析北大核心CSCD

为了解树葡萄果实中功能成分的含量,本实验分别采用分光光度法测定树葡萄果实黄酮和花青索含量,Folin．Ciocaileu比色法测定多酚含量。研究结果表明：树葡萄的果皮、果肉和种子中都含有花青素、多酚和黄酮,但花青素在整个果实中含量最低,而果肉的花青索、多酚和黄酮的含量都极显著低于果皮和种子。果实中果皮的花青素含量相对于其他两个部位较高,达1．2391u;种子总多酚含量最高达19．952mg／g,其次是果皮,果肉总多酚含量最低,仅0．1333mg／g;果皮总黄酮含量最高达6．2011mg/g,其次是种子,果肉总黄酮含量最低,仅0．5800mg/g。由此可见,树葡萄果实果肉的3种功能成分含量最低,花青素和总黄酮以果皮含量最高,总多酚以种子含量最高。     

ABA和Fluridone对苹果果实成熟的影响

金完和新红星苹果（Ｍａｌｕｓ ｐｕｍｉｌａ ＭＩｌｌ,ｅｖｓ．Ｇｏｌｄｅｎ Ｄｅｌｉｃｉｏｕｓ ＆ Ｓｔａｒｒｉｍｏｓｏｎ）果实的成熟过程受脱落酯（ＡＢ）的调节。金冠果实从盛花后９０天起,ＡＢＡ浓度从低到高依次为种子、果心、果肉,至盛花后１５０ｄ,果心组织ＡＢＡ浓度高于１．８μｍｏｌ／ｋｇＦＷ时,果实自发产生乙烯跃变。外源ＡＢＡ处理能有效地触发发育晚期的金冠红星果实系统－２乙烯的合成,并使组织ＡＣ     

水杨酸对油菜幼苗侧根形成的影响

将品质均一的油菜(Brassica napus L．)种子播在加入0、0．08、0．40、2．00和10．00／μmol／L等不同浓度水杨酸的MS培养基中进行培养,结果表明,在MS培养基中添加水杨酸对油菜幼苗的侧根发生及内源生长素和脱落酸的含量有明显影响,其中添加0．40 μmol／L水杨酸,油菜幼苗的侧根发生量比对照明显增多,侧根发生量比对照增加47．8％,油菜幼苗的茎叶和根部生长素含量都高于对照和其它处理,而脱落酸含量则低于对照和其它处理。由此表明,水杨酸可能通过调节内源生长素和脱落酸含量变化,进而影响油菜幼苗侧根发生。     

Seed Dormancy in Acer: The Role of Testa-imposed and Embryo Dormancy in Acer velutinum

The embryo dormancy shown in freshly harvested samples of Acervelutinum seeds is weakly established and very short-lived.Loss of this embryo dormancy occurred during post-harvest fruitstorage at either 5 or 17 C. In contrast, the dormancy of intactfruits and seeds was overcome only during storage at the lowertemperature. Removal of the cotyledons from embryos of freshlyharvested fruits allowed more rapid germination of the embryonicaxes, indicating that the cotyledons exert an inhibitory effect,although the axes still retained a measure of innate dormancy.The inhibitory effect of the cotyledons became less marked withincreasing duration of fruit storage, this loss of inhibitoryeffect occurring at both storage temperatures. Applied ABA stronglysuppressed germinative capacity in intact embryos and isolatedembryonic axes from freshly harvested fruits, but when ABA wasapplied to embryos of fruits that had been stored for variousperiods at 5 or 17 C, the inhibitory effect was first weakenedand then lost with increased storage. Although dormancy in the seeds of A. velutinum may be describedas intermediate between testa-imposed dormancy and true dormancy,it is perhaps more properly included in the former category. Acer velutinum Boiss. var. vanvolxemii, abscisic acid, embryo dormancy, germination, seed storage, testa-imposed dormancy, tissue sensitivity     

红松种子休眠与种皮的关系

本文探讨红松(Pinus koraiensis)种子休眠与其种皮之间的关系。夹破中种皮后,种子萌发率很低。在离体胚培养基中外加 ABA 及经 ABA 溶液浸泡种子的萌发实验表明,ABA也不是导致休眠的关键因素。试验确认红松种子存在透气障碍,即中、内种皮对氧气的进入都有阻碍作用。经低温砂藏后,种皮的阻碍作用明显减小。种皮的透气性障碍可能是诱导休限的主导因素。     

Role of endogenous hormones,glumes, endosperm and temperature on germination of Leymus chinensis (Poaceae) seeds during development

Aims Leymus chinensis is an original dominant plant in the Songnen grassland, and it has great value for restoration of severely degraded land. However, seeds are dormant, and low germination percentage is a problem for restoring L.chinensis grassland. The mechanism of seed dormancy is not been well understood. The primary aims of the present study were to investigate the dormancy mechanism of L.chinensis seeds (caryopses) with reference to the role of embryo-covering layers, endogenous hormones and temperature.Methods Changes in concentration of the endogenous hormones GA 3, indoleacetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR) and abscisic acid (ABA) in L.chinensis seeds from anthesis to maturity were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Germination at different stages of maturity were tested at 16/28°C, 5/28°C and 5/35°C for intact seeds with glumes (control), intact seeds with glumes removed (naked-whole seeds) and intact seeds with glumes and one-half of the endosperm removed (naked-half seeds).Important findings Of the four endogenous hormones monitored, only the concentration of ZR differed significantly between the beginning and the end of seed development (increased); the GA 3 /ABA ratio also did not differ. Rank of germination percentage of control at the three temperature regimens was 5/28°C> 16/28°C> 5/35°C. Germination percentage of the naked-half seeds reached 100% under the three temperature regimens. We concluded that dormancy of L.chinensis seeds is not mainly controlled by endogenous hormones. Germination temperature, mechanical resistance of glumes and inhibition of endosperm are the main factors controlling dormancy and germination of L.chinensis seeds.     

濒危植物巴东木莲种子休眠与萌发特性的研究

巴东木莲(Manglietia patungensis)为我国特有种, 属国家重点保护植物。为找出其生殖环节中的致危因素, 作者对巴东木莲种子休眠与后熟过程中的形态和萌发特性进行了研究。结果表明, 巴东木莲种胚发育不完全可能是种子休眠的主要原因, 在其后熟过程中胚不断分化、发育成熟; 种皮具有较好的透性, 与休眠的关系不大; 种子不同部位均存在萌发抑制物, 胚乳中高含量的萌发抑制物是影响胚萌发的重要因素。内源激素ABA和IAA在巴东木莲种子休眠与萌发过程中起着重要作用, ABA是引起休眠的关键因素, IAA有助于种子的萌发, IAA/ABA相对含量的变化对种子的休眠和萌发产生重要影响。巴东木莲种子的休眠是由种子本身的形态和生理特点引起的综合休眠, 在4℃低温保湿条件下才能完成其形态和生理后熟过程, 而自然条件下, 巴东木莲种子成熟时正值秋季少雨, 很容易失水而不能完成其后熟过程而失去生活力, 这可能是导致该物种自然更新困难的重要原因。     

The Time Required for Dormancy Release in Arabidopsis Is Determined by DELAY OF GERMINATION1 Protein Levels in Freshly Harvested Seeds

Seed dormancy controls the start of a plant's life cycle by preventing germination of a viable seed in an unfavorable season. Freshly harvested seeds usually show a high level of dormancy, which is gradually released during dry storage (after-ripening). Abscisic acid (ABA) has been identified as an essential factor for the induction of dormancy, whereas gibberellins (GAs) are required for germination. The molecular mechanisms controlling seed dormancy are not well understood. DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) was recently identified as a major regulator of dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we show that the DOG1 protein accumulates during seed maturation and remains stable throughout seed storage and imbibition. The levels of DOG1 protein in freshly harvested seeds highly correlate with dormancy. The DOG1 protein becomes modified during after-ripening, and its levels in stored seeds do not correlate with germination potential. Although ABA levels in dog1 mutants are reduced and GA levels enhanced, we show that DOG1 does not regulate dormancy primarily via changes in hormone levels. We propose that DOG1 protein abundance in freshly harvested seeds acts as a timer for seed dormancy release, which functions largely independent from ABA.     

Seed after-ripening is a discrete developmental pathway associated with specific gene networks in Arabidopsis

After-ripening (AR) is a time and environment regulated process occurring in the dry seed, which determines the germination potential of seeds. Both metabolism and perception of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) are important in the initiation and maintenance of dormancy. However, molecular mechanisms that regulate the capacity for dormancy or germination through AR are unknown. To understand the relationship between ABA and AR, we analysed genome expression in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants defective in seed ABA synthesis (aba1-1) or perception (abi1-1). Even though imbibed mutant seeds showed no dormancy, they exhibited changes in global gene expression resulting from dry AR that were comparable with changes occurring in wild-type (WT) seeds. Core gene sets were identified that were positively or negatively regulated by dry seed storage. Each set included a gene encoding repression or activation of ABA function (LPP2 and ABA1, respectively), thereby suggesting a mechanism through which dry AR may modulate subsequent germination potential in WT seeds. Application of exogenous ABA to after-ripened WT seeds did not reimpose characteristics of freshly harvested seeds on imbibed seed gene expression patterns. It was shown that secondary dormancy states reinstate AR status-specific gene expression patterns. A model is presented that separates the action of ABA in seed dormancy from AR and dry storage regulated gene expression. These results have major implications for the study of genetic mechanisms altered in seeds as a result of crop domestication into agriculture, and for seed behaviour during dormancy cycling in natural ecosystems.     

Engineering seed dormancy by the modification of zeaxanthin epoxidase gene expression

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone synthesized during seed development that is involved in the induction of seed dormancy. Delayed germination due to seed dormancy allows long-term seed survival in soil but is generally undesirable in crop species. Freshly harvested seeds of wild-type Nicotiana plumbaginifolia plants exhibit a clear primary dormancy that results in delayed germination, the degree of primary dormancy being influenced by environmental culture conditions of the mother plant. In contrast, seeds, obtained either from ABA-deficient mutant aba2-s1 plants directly or aba2-s1 plants grafted onto wild-type plant stocks, exhibited rapid germination under all conditions irrespective of the mother plant culture conditions. The ABA biosynthesis gene ABA2 of N. plumbaginifolia, encoding zeaxanthin epoxidase, was placed under the control of the constitutive 35S promoter. Transgenic plants overexpressing ABA2 mRNA exhibited delayed germination and increased ABA levels in mature seeds. Expression of an antisense ABA2 mRNA, however, resulted in rapid seed germination and in a reduction of ABA abundance in transgenic seeds. It appears possible, therefore, that seed dormancy can be controlled in this Nicotiana model species by the manipulation of ABA levels.     

羊草种子休眠机制及破除方法研究

羊草种子休眠程度深、发芽率低是限制栽培利用的重要因子.采用不同破除羊草种子休眠的方法,测定各处理对种子萌发的影响,以探索破除羊草种子休眠的有效途径.结果显示:(1)刺破种皮的裸种子较完整种子的萌发率、吸水速率、生活力分别由对照的6%、63%、0%显著增加到60%、86%、94%.(2)完整羊草种子分别用清水浸种1 d、30% NaOH浸种80 min、清水浸种1 d后用30% NaOH浸种60min其萌发率由6%分别显著提高到36%、60%、84%,而各浓度赤霉素处理完整种子其萌发率较对照均无显著变化. (3)采用清水浸种1 d后用30% NaOH处理60 min,再施加200 μg/g GA3综合处理,可使羊草完整种子的发芽率由6%提高到91%,接近其种子生活力94%.研究表明,羊草种子的稃与种皮不影响种子水分的吸收,但影响种子对GA3的吸收、不同程度地阻碍大分子物质的渗入、限制羊草种子内部萌发抑制物的渗出,从而引起种子休眠;分析认为稃和种皮以及种子内部萌发抑制物质是引起羊草种子休眠的主要原因.     

Dormancy in Rice Seed II: THE INFLUENCE OF COVERING STRUCTURES

Most of the dormancy in rice seed can be accounted for by theinhibitory influence of the husk, and most of the residual dormancyafter dehusking can be attributed to the inhibitory influenceof other covering structures—either the pericarp or testa,or both. It is shown that the rate of water absorption is thesame in dormant and non-dormant seeds and that dormant seedsare capable of absorbing sufficient water for germination. Thecovering structures therefore do not cause dormancy by restrictingthe entry of water. Removal of a small area of the husk breaks the dormancy of alarge proportion of the seeds; but for some seeds this treatmentis ineffective whereas removal of the entire husk would breakdormancy. The site of the excision of a small area of the huskcan alter the effectiveness of the treatment: removal of a portionof husk immediately over the embryo is no more effective thanexcising a similar portion nearby, but the removal of part ofthe husk some distance from the embryo is not as effective.Sealing the perforations with paraffin wax has little effectexcept when carried out as soon as possible after the excisionis made, and then only in positions distant from the embryo. Attempts to extract a water-soluble or ether-soluble germinationinhibitor from the husk and other parts of dormant seed or todemonstrate the presence of inhibitors by indirect methods havenot been successful. Nor has it been found possible to extracta water-soluble germination stimulator from seed which has brokendormancy. The implications of these results are discussed.     

Control of seed dormancy in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia: post-imbibition abscisic acid synthesis imposes dormancy maintenance

The physiological characteristics of seed dormancy in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. are described. The level of seed dormancy is defined by the delay in seed germination (i.e the time required prior to germination) under favourable environmental conditions. A wild-type line shows a clear primary dormancy, which is suppressed by afterripening, whereas an abscisic acid (ABA)-deficient mutant shows a non-dormant phenotype. We have investigated the role of ABA and gibberellic acid (GA₃) in the control of dormancy maintenance or breakage during imbibition in suitable conditions. It was found that fluridone, a carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor, is almost as efficient as GA₃ in breaking dormancy. Dry dormant seeds contained more ABA than dry afterripened seeds and, during early imbibition, there was an accumulation of ABA in dormant seeds, but not in afterripened seeds. In addition, fluridone and exogenous GA₃ inhibited the accumulation of ABA in imbibed dormant seeds. This reveals an important role for ABA synthesis in dormancy maintenance in imbibed seeds. Received: 31 December 1998 / Accepted: 9 July 1999