ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE DU MUSCLE, DE LA MOELLE EPINIERE ET DU CERVEAU DE GYMNOTE

Résumé— Dans le but d'étudier la localisation cytologique de I'AChE dans divers tissus de Gymnote, nous avons préparé un antisérum anti-AChE en utilisant une préparation commerciale partiellement purifiée, contenant une forme globulaire de l'AChE G _p. Cet antisérum réagit dans le test de double diffusion avec l'enzyme purifié G _p, mais également avec la forme globulaire spontanée G _b, ainsi qu'avec les trois espèces 'natives' asymétriques A , C et D . Nous avons mis en évidence l'existence de ces quatres formes G _b, A , C et D dans des extraits de cerveau, de moelle épinière et de muscle de Gymnote. La forme globulaire G _b est particulièrement abondante dans la moelle épinière et à un moindre degré, dans le cerveau. La distribution des espèes est identique dans le muscle et l'organe électrique. Grâce à notre antisérum, nous avom Iocalisé par immunofluorescence indirecte l'AChE dans les terminaisons nerveuses sur le muscle, dans le cytoplasme de certains neurones situés dans le centre moteur de la décharge (moelle épinière) et au voisinage du noyau central de la décharge (cerveau).     

ETUDE ONTOGENETIQUE DE L'ORGANE SENSORIEL DU MUSCLE CRUCIFORME DES TELLINACEA

The closed cruciform muscle sense organ of Donax trunculus hasa similar origin to the open one of Scrobicularia plana. Bothdifferentiate as ectodermal pits before the cruciform muscleitself, which is issued from their wall. The sense organ ofDonax is closed immediately after the invagination of the pitand its closure is independent of the differentiation of theventral expansion which characterizes the closed sense organand of the canal which characterizes the open one. (Received 8 August 1983;     

INFLUENCE DU SUPERPARASITISME SUR LA DURÉE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT LARVAIRE ET LE POIDS DU PARASITOÏDE LIXOPHAGA DIATRAEAEÉLEVÉ DANS UN HÔTE DE SUBSTITUTION GALLERIA MELLONELLA

Résumé G. mellonella infestée au dernier stade larvaire avec 1, 2, 3 ou 5 planidia/hôte (ph/H) produit 1 à 5 pupes/hôte (pu/H). La mortalité des chenilles augmente avec le nombre de pl/H. Le poids des pupes et décroît avec un nombre croissant de pu/H (18,2 à 12,9 mg pour les et 12,5 à 9,7 mg pour les ). Le développement larvaire dure 8,7 j. chez les et 8,3 chez les ; il est peu affecté par le superparasitisme. Avec 1, 2, 3 et 5 pl/H nous obtenons 0,84–1,61–2,17 et 3,43 pu/H et 0,81–1,48–2,10 et 3,11 imagos/H. L'optimum est de 3 pl/H ou 1 à 2=pl/H pour obtenir des parasitoïdes plus lourds.

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Summary The influence of superparasitism on larval and pupal development is investigated. Last-larval instar G. mellonella (200±5 mg) were infected with 1, 2, 3 or 5 planidia/host (pl/H) producing 1 to 5 pupae per host (pu/H). Host mortality (8.6–8.3–14.3 and 22.2%) increased with the number of planidia. The planidia may transmit a bacteriosis. Pupal weight ( and ) decreased as number of pu/H increased. pupae were heavier than ones: 12.9 to 18.2 mg for against 9.7 to 12.5 mg for . Larval development lasted slightly longer for (8.7 d.) than for (8.3 d.), and its duration was little affected by superparasitism. 1, 2, 3 or 5 pl/H yielded 0.84–1.61–2.17 and 3.43 pu/H and 0.81–1.48–2.10 and 3.11 adults/H. An optimum was obtained with 3 planidia of L. diatraeae on G. mellonella or 1 to 2 to obtain heavier parasitoids.

     

Effects of simulated microgravity on DU 145 human prostate carcinoma cells

The high aspect rotating-wall vessel (HARV) was recently designed by NASA to cultivate animal cells in an environment that simulates microgravity. This work examines the effects of HARV cultivation on DU 145 human prostate carcinoma cells. In the HARV, these prostate cells grew in suspension on Cytodex-3 microcarrier beads to form bead aggregates with extensive three-dimensional growth between beads and on the aggregate surface. HARV and spinner-flask control cultures of DU 145 cells had similar doubling times, but the former was characterized by a higher percentage of G(1)-phase cells, larger bead aggregates, enhanced development of filopodia and microvilli-like structures on the aggregate surface, and stronger staining for select cytoskeletal proteins (cytokeratins 8 and 18, actin, and vimentin). When compared with static controls grown in a T-flask and Transwell insert, HARV cultures grew more slowly and differences in the cell cycle and immunostaining became more pronounced. These results suggest that HARV cultivation produced a culture that was less aggressive from the perspective of proliferation, more differentiated and less pliant than any of the three control cultures examined in this work. Possible factors effecting this change are discussed including turbulence and three-dimensional growth. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

ACTION DU POIREAU (ALLIUM PORRUM) SUR L'ACTIVITÉ REPRODUCTRICE APRÈS LA DIAPAUSE IMAGINALE CHEZ LE TEIGNE DU POIREAU,ACROLEPIOPSIS ASSECTELLA

Pendant sa diapause reproductrice, la teigne du poireau ne présente pas d'activité sexuelle. La reprise de cette activité, après l'hiver, est essentielle au maintient de la population. Chez les insectes qui ont subi la diapause (D), la durée de copulation est plus courte, et la période précédant la copulation est plus longue que chez les insectes matures (M). Deux caractères intéressants sont observés chez les insectes D après la levée de leur diapause: l'apparition d'un pourcentage de doubles copulations et d'insectes qui copulent après la fin de la scotophase, ce, les ♀♀ matures possèdent des ovocytes en rétention dans les oviductes. Le nombre augmente jusqu'à l'âge de 3 jours environ. Par contre, les ♀♀ en diapause n'ont aucun ovocyte à l'émergence. Sous conditions levant la diapause, ces ♀♀ atteignent leur production ovarienne maximum après une douzaine de jours. L'évolution du nombre des ovocytes dépend de la copulation et de la présence de la plante-hôte. Celle-ci est essentielle pour la ponte et intervient sur la production ovarienne, aussi bien chez les ♀♀ D que chez les ♀♀ M.     

Long-term corrosion and leaching of depleted uranium (DU) in soil

Corrosion and leaching of depleted uranium (DU) was investigated for 3 years using six DU munitions (145–264 g DU) each buried in a column with a soil core of about 3.3 kg dry soil mass. The columns were installed in an air-conditioned laboratory. Each week they were irrigated and ²³⁸U was determined in the effluents by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In addition, ²³⁵U was measured occasionally to assure that the ²³⁸U was predominantly from the DU munition. On average, 14.5 g corresponding to 7.9% of the initial DU mass was corroded after 3 years, indicating an increased corrosion as compared to the first year of observation. The leaching rates increased much stronger than the corrosion rates by factors of more than 100, resulting in a mean total amount of leached ²³⁸U of 13 mg as compared to 0.03 mg after the first year. Uranium species identified in the seepage water by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy were mainly hydroxo and carbonate compounds, while those in the corroded material were phosphate compounds. It is concluded that the dramatic increase of the leaching and its large temporal variability do not allow any extrapolation for the future. However, the high ²³⁸U concentrations observed in the seepage water highlight the need for further investigations on the transport of ²³⁸U through soil, in particular with regard to the potential future ²³⁸U contamination of groundwater in areas affected by DU weapons.     

Predicting Aggregation Kinetics of DU 145 Prostate Cancer Cells in Liquid-Overlay Culture

The predictive capacity of a novel population-balance model to simulate aggregation kinetics of attachment-dependent cells at the resolution of one-cell increments has been evaluated. Using spheroid assembly of DU 145 human prostate cancer cells as a representative system, the mathematical model proved to be robust in simulating aggregation over a 5-fold range of surface densities from 5×10³ to 2.5×10⁴ cells/cm² with a single matrix of rate constants. For cultures at 1×10⁵ cells/cm², more than 75% of simulated aggregate concentrations are within the standard deviation of measured concentrations. For the two extreme densities, at least two-thirds of model predictions are within 35% of the mean for experimental data. Error in model predictions is attributed to uncertainty in measurements and intrinsic changes in aggregation. The model has application to the rational design of spheroids in tissue engineering and bioseparation processes in pharmaceutical manufacturing.     

Vesicle traffic through intercellular bridges in DU 145 human prostate cancer cells

We detected cell-to-cell communication via intercellular bridges in DU 145 human prostate cancer cells by fluorescence microscopy. Since DU 145 cells have deficient gap junctions, intercellular bridges may have a prominent role in the transfer of chemical signals between these cells. In culture, DU 145 cells are contiguous over several cell diameters through filopodial extensions, and directly communicate with adjacent cells across intercellular bridges. These structures range from 100 nm to 5 microm in diameter, and from a few microns to at least 50-100 microm in length. Time-lapse imagery revealed that (1) filopodia rapidly move at a rate of microns per minute to contact neighboring cells and (2) intercellular bridges are conduits for transport of membrane vesicles (1-3 microm in diameter) between adjacent cells. Immunofluorescence detected alpha-tubulin in intercellular bridges and filopodia, indicative of microtubule bundles, greater than a micron in diameter. The functional meaning, interrelationship of these membrane extensions are discussed, along with the significance of these findings for other culture systems such as stem cells. Potential applications of this work include the development of anti-cancer therapies that target intercellular communication and controlling formation of cancer spheroids for drug testing.