ph1b基因对簇毛麦遗传物质导入普通小麦的影响

ph1b基因对簇毛麦遗传物质导入普通小麦的影响@陈静$中国科学院成都生物研究所!成都610041ph1b基因;;小麦;;簇毛麦     

图位克隆小麦抗叶锈基因Lr1

图位克隆小麦抗叶锈基因Lr1@凌宏清$InstituteofPlantBiology!UniversityofZurich,Zollikerstrasse107.CH-8008Zurich,Switzerland@BeatKeller$InstituteofPlantBiology!UniversityofZurich,Zollikerstrasse107.CH-8008Zurich,Switzerland图位克隆;;抗叶锈;;小麦     

过去50年中中国小麦品种在Glu-A1,Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点上等位基因的变化

过去50年中中国小麦品种在Glu-A1,Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点上等位基因的变化@张学勇$中国农业科学院品种资源研究所!北京100081,China@董玉琛$中国农业科学院品种资源研究所!北京100081,China小麦;;基因     

TaDEP1基因在普通六倍体小麦及其供体种中的保守与分化

根据已知小麦正源基因TaDEP1 cDNA序列设计引物,成功克隆了小麦TaDEP1基因组序列,发现该基因包含5个外显子,4个内含子.通过比较该基因在六倍体普通小麦A、B、D基因组中的差异,筛选出可以区分A、B、D基因组的分子标记Ta956.以中国春缺体-四体系为材料,利用该标记将TaDEP1基因定位于小麦5A、5B和5...     

禾本科植物大小基因组间在基因密度上的共线性与保守性

禾本科植物大小基因组间在基因密度上的共线性与保守性@BeatKeller$InstituteofPlantBiology!UniversityofZǖｒｉｃｈＺｏｌｌｉｋｅｒｓｔｒａｓｓｅ107,CH-8008Zǖｒｉｃｈ,Switzerland禾本科植物;;基因组;;基因密度;;共线性     

无载体框架序列转基因小麦中外源1Ax1基因表达框的遗传分析

为了研究无载体框架序列转基因小麦中转基因表达框的遗传规律,选育稳定表达的转基因株系,利用基因枪介导1Ax1基因的最小表达框转化得到了转基因小麦,对其后代转基因植株中1Ax1基因表达框的遗传进行了分析,结果表明：无载体框架结构的1Ax1基因在转基因后代中稳定遗传,在T1代中呈现3:1的分离,遵从孟德尔遗传模式;SDS－PAGE分析表明其中部分转基因后代分离出新的高分子量蛋白亚基分子量略低于1Dx5亚基。     

化学杀雄剂导致小麦雄性不育分子机制的初步研究

化学杀雄剂导致小麦雄性不育分子机制的初步研究@张爱民$中国农业大学植物遗传育种系!北京100094,China小麦;;杀雄剂;;雄性不育;;分子机制     

小麦品种复壮30中与抗白粉病基因连锁的一个RAPD标记

小麦品种复壮30中与抗白粉病基因连锁的一个RAPD标记@王立新$北京市农业科学院植物细胞工程实验室!北京100089小麦;;抗白粉病;;基因;;RAPD标记     

小麦春化发育机制的初步研究

小麦春化发育机制的初步研究@尹军$山西农业大学!太谷030801小麦;;春化;;发育机制     

小麦与环境互作的遗传学基础及其在提高小麦产量中的作用

小麦与环境互作的遗传学基础及其在提高小麦产量中的作用@JWSnape$JohnInnesCentre!NorwichResearchPark,Colney,Norwich,UK小麦;;环境互作;;遗传学     

乌拉尔图小麦(Triticum urartu)1Ay高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因编码区的克隆与鉴定

应用简并性引物和基因组PCR反应从乌拉尔图小麦(Triticum urartu)不同种质材料中获得并测定了表达型和沉默型1Ay高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因全长编码区的基因组DNA序列.表达型1Ay基因编码区的序列与前人已发表的y型高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因编码区的序列高度同源,由其推导的1Ay亚基的一级结构与已知的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基相似.在细菌细胞中,表达型1Ay基因编码区的克隆序列可经诱导而产生1Ay蛋白,该蛋白与种子中1Ay亚基在电泳迁移率和抗原性上类似,表明所克隆的序列真实地代表了表达型1Ay基因的全长编码区.但是,本研究所克隆的沉默型1Av基因的编码区序列因含有3个提前终止子而不能翻译成完整的1Ay蛋白.讨论了表达型1Ay基因在小麦籽粒加工品质改良中的潜在利用价值以及lAy基因沉默的机制.     

乌拉尔图小麦(Triticum urartu)1Ay高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因编码区的克隆与鉴定(英文)

应用简并性引物和基因组PCR反应从乌拉尔图小麦(Triticum urartu)不同种质材料中获得并测定了表达型和沉默型1Ay高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因全长编码区的基因组DNA序列。表达型1Ay基因编码区的序列与前人已发表的y型高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因编码区的序列高度同源,由其推导的1Ay亚基的一级结构与已知的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基相似。在细菌细胞中,表达型1Ay基因编码区的克隆序列可经诱导而产生1Ay蛋白,该蛋白与种子中1Ay亚基在电泳迁移率和抗原性上类似,表明所克隆的序列真实地代表了表达型1Ay基因的全长编码区。但是,本研究所克隆的沉默型1Ay基因的编码区序列因含有3个提前终止子而不能翻译成完整的1Ay蛋白。讨论了表达型1Ay基因在小麦籽粒加工品质改良中的潜在利用价值以及1Ay基因沉默的机制。     

Analysis of HMW glutenin subunits and their coding sequences in two diploid Aegilops species

Considerable progress has been made in understanding the structure, function and genetic regulation of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits in hexaploid wheat. In contrast, less is known about these types of proteins in wheat related species. In this paper, we report the analysis of HMW glutenin subunits and their coding sequences in two diploid Aegilops species, Aegilops umbellulata (UU) and Aegilops caudata (CC). SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that, for each of the four Ae. umbellulata accessions, there were two HMW glutenin subunits (designated here as 1Ux and 1Uy) with electrophoretic mobilities comparable to those of the x- and y-type subunits encoded by the Glu-D1 locus, respectively. In our previous study involving multiple accessions of Ae. caudata, two HMW glutenin subunits (designated as 1Cx and 1Cy) with electrophoretic mobilities similar to those of the subunits controlled by the Glu-D1 locus were also detected. These results indicate that the U genome of Ae. umbellulata and the C genome of Ae. caudata encode HMW glutenin subunits that may be structurally similar to those specified by the D genome. The complete open reading frames (ORFs) coding for x- and y-type HMW glutenin subunits in the two diploid species were cloned and sequenced. Analysis of deduced amino acid sequences revealed that the primary structures of the x- and y-type HMW glutenin subunits of the two Aegilops species were similar to those of previously published HMW glutenin subunits. Bacterial expression of modified ORFs, in which the coding sequence for the signal peptide was removed, gave rise to proteins with electrophoretic mobilities identical to those of HMW glutenin subunits extracted from seeds, indicating that upon seed maturation the signal peptide is removed from the HMW glutenin subunit in the two species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 1Ux and 1Cx subunits were most closely related to the 1Dx type subunit encoded by the Glu-D1 locus. The 1Uy subunit possessed a higher level of homology to the 1Dy-type subunit compared with the 1Cy subunit. In conclusion, our study suggests that the Glu-U1 locus of Ae. umbellulata and the Glu-C1 locus of Ae. caudata specify the expression of HMW glutenin subunits in a manner similar to the Glu-D1 locus. Consequently, HMW glutenin subunits from the two diploid species may have potential value in improving the processing properties of hexaploid wheat varieties.     

Silencing of HMW glutenins in transgenic wheat expressing extra HMW subunits

Wheat HMW glutenin subunit genes 1Ax1 and 1Dx5 were introduced, and either expressed or overexpressed, into a commercial wheat cultivar that already expresses five subunits. Six independent transgenic events were obtained and characterized by SDS-PAGE and Southern analysis. The 1Dx5 gene was overexpressed in two events without changes in the other endosperm proteins. Overexpression of 1Dx5 increased the contribution of HMW glutenin subunits to total protein up to 22%. Two events express the 1Ax1 subunit transgene with associated silencing of the 1Ax2* endogenous subunit. In the SDS-PAGE one of them shows a new HMW glutenin band of an apparent M_r lower than that of the 1Dx5 subunit. Southern analysis of the four events confirmed transformation and suggest that the transgenes are present in a low copy number. Silencing of all the HMW glutenin subunits was observed in two different events of transgenic wheat expressing the 1Ax1 subunit transgene and overexpressing the Dx5 gene. Transgenes and expression patterns were stably transmitted to the progenies in all the events except one where in some of the segregating T₂ seeds the silencing of all HMW glutenin subunits was reverted associated with a drastic lost of transgenes from a high to a low copy number. The revertant T₂ seeds expressed the five endogenous subunits plus the 1Ax1 transgene. Received: 16 June 1999 / Accepted: 29 July 1999     

Inheritance of glutenin protein subunits of wheat

Summary The inheritance of the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin protein subunits in hexaploid wheat has been investigated by using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to examine the segregation of these subunits in 496 test-cross seeds. The parents of the f₁ hybrid were chosen so that the test-cross seeds segregated for all the HMW glutenin bands. Two glutenin subunits from one parent, believed to be controlled by genes on chromosome 1D, segregated as alternatives to two glutenin subunits from the other parent, a result that supports the assumption that these subunits are controlled by allelic genes at each of two loci that are very closely linked. Similar results were obtained for glutenin subunits believed to be controlled by chromosome IB, which suggests that these subunits are controlled also by allelic genes at each of two loci that are very closely linked. A single glutenin subunit band, believed to be controlled by chromosome 1A, segregated as an alternative to a single glutenin band from the other parent, except that one seed did not possess either band. It was concluded that these bands are controlled either by allelic genes or by nonallelic genes that are very closely linked.     

水稻杂种一代与亲本幼苗基因表达差异的分析

杂种优势是一种普遍存在的生物学现象,其形成的原因十分复杂。本世纪初,Bruce和Shull相继提出的杂种优势形成的显性互补假设和超亲优势假设至今仍作为一种理论模型而缺乏实验证实。水稻杂种优势的利用自70年代三系配套技术建立得到了广泛的应用,但水稻杂种优势形成的遗传学基础目前还知之甚少。在水稻杂种优势形成机理研究中,分别从生理生化代谢、同工酶分析、DNA限制性片段多态性和DNA含量差异进行了分析,但杂种优势形成的分子机理仍未得到阐明。杂种优势的形成是与异质化相关的过程,它涉及到两个遗传背景不同的体系的相互作用。因此,在相互作用过程中,亲本基因的表达与调控就决定了杂种一代的基因表达类型和特性。因此,我们从分析基因表达与调控入手,运用mRNA差异展示技术分析了玉米杂种一代与亲本基因表达的差异,揭示了不少有意义的现象。本研究以水稻籼型杂交组合(汕优63:珍汕97A×明恢63)为材料,探讨水稻杂种一代与亲本基因表达的差异,揭示了杂种优势形成过程中的一些重要现象。     

Allelic variation at high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit loci in Aegilops biuncialis Vis

Alleles at the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit loci Glu-U1 and Glu-M(b)1 were analyzed in the tetraploid species Aegilops biuncialis (UUM(b)M(b)). The material for the investigation included the collection of 39 accessions of Ae. biuncialis from Ukraine (the Crimea), one Hellenic accession, one accession of unknown origin, F2 seeds from different crosses, as well as samples from natural populations from the Crimea. Ae. umbellulata and Ae. comosa accessions were used to allocate components of the HMW glutenin subunit patterns of Ae. biuncialis to U or M(b) genomes. Eight alleles were identified at the Glu-U1 locus and ten alleles were revealed at the Glu-M(b) 1 locus. Among alleles at the Glu-M(b) 1 locus ofAe. biuncialis there were two alleles controlling the y-type subunit only and one allele encoding the x-subunit only.     

Characterization of two HMW glutenin subunit genes from Taenitherum Nevski

The compositions of high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits from three species of Taenitherum Nevski (TaTa, 2n = 2x = 14), Ta. caput-medusae, Ta. crinitum and Ta. asperum, were investigated by SDS-PAGE analysis. The electrophoresis mobility of the x-type HMW glutenin subunits were slower or equal to that of wheat HMW glutenin subunit Dx2, and the electrophoresis mobility of the y-type subunits were faster than that of wheat HMW glutenin subunit Dy12. Two HMW glutenin genes, designated as Tax and Tay, were isolated from Ta. crinitum, and their complete nucleotide coding sequences were determined. Sequencing and multiple sequences alignment suggested that the HMW glutenin subunits derived from Ta. crinitum had the similar structures to the HMW glutenin subunits from wheat and related species with a signal peptide, and N- and C-conservative domains flanking by a repetitive domain consisted of the repeated short peptide motifs. However, the encoding sequences of Tax and Tay had some novel modification compared with the HMW glutenin genes reported so far: (1) A short peptide with the consensus sequences of KGGSFYP, which was observed in the N-terminal of all known HMW glutenin genes, was absent in Tax; (2) There is a specified short peptide tandem of tripeptide, hexapeptide and nonapeptide and three tandem of tripeptide in the repetitive domain of Tax; (3) The amino acid residues number is 105 (an extra Q presented) but not 104 in the N-terminal of Tay, which was similar to most of y-type HMW glutenin genes from Elytrigia elongata and Crithopsis delileana. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Tax subunit was mostly related to Ax1, Cx, Ux and Dx5, and Tay was more related to Ay, Cy and Ry.     

Conformational differences between two wheat (Triticum aestivum) ''high-molecular-weight'' glutenin subunits are due to a short region containing six amino acid differences.

'High-molecular-weight' (HMW, high-Mr) glutenin subunits are protein constituents of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seeds and are responsible in part for the viscoelasticity of the dough used to make bread. Two subunits, numbered 10 and 12, are the products of allelic genes. Their amino acid sequences have been derived from the nucleic acid sequences of the respective genes. Subunit 10 has fewer amino acids than subunit 12, but migrates more slowly on SDS/PAGE (polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis). This anomaly is due to between one and six of the amino acid differences between the subunits, localized towards the C-terminal end of the proteins. This has been established by making chimaeric genes between the genes for subunits 10 and 12, transcribing and translating them in vitro and analysing the products by SDS/PAGE. The postulated conformational differences between subunits 10 and 12 are discussed in relation to current hypotheses for the structure of HMW glutenin subunits.     

Mapping of glutenin and gliadin genes located on chromosome 1B of common wheat

Summary The inheritance of the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenins and of several gliadins controlled, respectively, by the long and short arms of chromosome 1B of common wheat was studied. Analysis was carried out on the progeny of two inter-varietal crosses in which the parental lines possessed differentially migrating subunits as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No recombination event was detected either within the fraction of the HMW glutenins or among most of the gliadin subunits studied indicating that they are controlled by tightly linked gene clusters. One gliadin subunit (B30) showed 25.5% recombination frequency with the rest of the gliadin subunits and 23.5% recombination frequency with the fraction of the HMW glutenin subunits. It has been concluded that this subunit is controlled by a separate locus (Gld-B6), proximal to the major gliadin gene cluster on the short arm of chromosome 1B. Consequently, the recombination percentage between the glutenin loci and most of the gliadin loci was calculated as 49.0 and the distance in centi-Morgans (cM) as 53.6. The estimated distance in cM is very close to the observed recombination percentage. A genetic map of these storage protein genes is presented.