(1,3)-β-D-葡聚糖在诊断深部真菌感染中的意义

探讨(1,3)-β-D-葡聚糖(BG)检测对于诊断深部真菌感染的临床意义。收集2009年同时进行(1,3)-β-D-葡聚糖检测和真菌培养的住院患者的临床资料。分析不同科室送检真菌抗原情况,重症医学科的(1,3)-β-D-葡聚糖检测阳性者真菌菌种分布情况以及(1,3)-β-D-葡聚糖检测假阳性情况。同时送检(1,3)-β-D-葡聚糖和真菌培养共275例,重症医学科送检最多,共178例:重症医学科(1,3)-β-D-葡聚糖检测阳性36例(阳性率20.22%);重症医学科(1,3)-β-D-葡聚糖检测阳性同时真菌培养阳性者25例,其中白假丝酵母菌10例,热带假丝酵母菌7例,光滑假丝酵母菌4例,阿萨希毛孢子菌2例,克柔假丝酵母菌1例,烟曲霉1例。11例(1,3)-β-D-葡聚糖假阳性,9例存在细菌菌血症。重症医学科等科室应加强真菌感染监测。深部真菌感染中,假丝酵母菌属感染最多见。细菌菌血症可能造成(1,3)-β-D-葡聚糖检测假阳性。     

肿瘤患者深部真菌感染的菌株分布及耐药性分析

探讨肿瘤患者深部真菌医院感染的病原菌分布特点及耐药现状。回顾性分析2008年1月至2009年12月哈尔滨医科大学第一临床医学院住院肿瘤患者送检标本分离出的173株真菌的分布及耐药情况。肿瘤患者深部真菌医院感染以下呼吸道感染为主,占76.3%,真菌种类主要是白假丝酵母菌(74.6%);真菌药敏试验结果表明,深部真菌对两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶耐药率均5%;对伊曲康唑及伏立康唑的耐药率为0~6.5%;对氟康唑耐药率有上升趋势,为2.5%~25.0%。临床分离的真菌主要集中在呼吸道标本,以白假丝酵母菌为主,对抗真菌药物普遍敏感,应积极治疗,合理利用抗真菌药物,改善患者预后,减少耐药菌株的产生。     

热带念珠菌所致血流感染的临床及实验室分析CSCD

目的通过对热带念珠菌所致血流感染的临床特征及实验室检查结果进行分析,为临床预防及诊治提供一定的参考依据。方法收集2018年1月至2020年12月四川大学华西医院热带念珠菌血流感染患者的临床资料,回顾性统计分析患者的临床特征及实验室检查结果等。结果27例热带念珠菌血流感染患者均有基础疾病且伴有2种及以上危险因素,(1,3)-β-D-葡聚糖试验对辅助诊断热带念珠菌血流感染有很好的灵敏度,其余炎性指标如超敏C反应蛋白、降钙素原、白细胞介素-6均有不同程度增高;27株热带念珠菌对唑类抗真菌药物的敏感率依次为伊曲康唑(77.8%)、伏立康唑(48.2%)、氟康唑(48.2%)、泊沙康唑(37.0%),对两性霉素B、卡泊芬净、米卡芬净敏感率均是100%。结论热带念珠菌血流感染常发生于有基础疾病且合并多种危险因素的患者,针对临床高危患者,应及时完善实验室检查以明确诊断;热带念珠菌对唑类药物的敏感性较差,临床治疗时应重视药敏结果、合理用药、及时控制患者症状。     

血流感染真菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解真菌性血液感染常见病原真茵的菌群分布及耐药性状况,为临床真菌感染性疾病提供病原学诊断和合理使用抗真菌药物的依据。方法回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属第一医院5年（2008-2012年）间导致真菌性血液感染的217株真菌的菌群分布及药物敏感性状况。结果217株真菌标本中以假丝酵母菌属为主,占88. 5%;其中又以白假丝酵母菌比例最高,占35.4%。菌种分布与患者的性别和年龄存在相关性。60-79岁年龄组感染白假丝酵母菌多见,占49% ,这一比例明显高于其他真菌。男性更容易感染白假丝酵母菌（40.1% vs 24.6%,P〈0.05）,女性感染近平滑假丝酵母菌更常见（24.6% vs 11.8%,P〈0.05）.假丝酵母菌和新生隐球菌对两性霉素B、伏立康唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶的敏感性均较高。光滑假丝酵母菌对伊曲康唑敏感率较低,仅为60.0%。结论真菌血流感染在临床呈上升趋势,抗真菌药物均体现较高抗菌活性,对真菌感染进行地区层面流行病学调查和耐药监测很重要。     

2型糖尿病患者真菌性泌尿系感染的真菌菌群分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者真菌性泌尿系感染的真菌菌群分布及耐药性。方法回顾性分析在台州市恩泽医疗中心(集团)路桥医院就诊的1 000例2型糖尿病患者,所有患者均送检清洁中段尿进行检查,对判断为真菌性泌尿系感染患者的尿液进行真菌培养,观察菌群分布及耐药性。结果 2型糖尿病患者泌尿系真菌感染率达8.70%,共培养出103株真菌,其中排名前六的真菌分别是白假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌、克柔假丝酵母菌、法氏假丝酵母菌和近平滑假丝酵母菌;对主要致病菌耐药性较低的药物是5-氟胞嘧啶(2.91%)和两性霉素B(0.97%)。两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶的耐药率均明显低于氟康唑、伊曲康唑与伏立康唑(χ~2=21.58、31.93;17.94、16.43;26.30、13.03,P0.01)。结论 2型糖尿病患者真菌性泌尿系感染的发生率较高,以白假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌和热带假丝酵母菌最为多见,临床医师应根据病原学、耐药性检查及安全性选择合适的抗生素,对无法进行耐药性检查的患者可首选两性霉素B。     

皮肤性病门诊生殖道酵母菌阳性结果分析

目的探讨生殖道假丝酵母菌阳性率、药敏情况及耐药趋势,为临床合理选用抗真菌药物提供最新的依据。方法按照《全国临床检验操作规程》,采用法国梅里埃生物公司API-20C酵母菌鉴定板、ATB-Fungus酵母菌药敏板对2012年1月至2014年12月培养生殖道酵母菌阳性的标本进行鉴定及药敏试验。结果 1 419例生殖道分泌物分离出114例假丝酵母菌,感染率为8.0%,其中白假丝酵母菌101例占88.60%,感染率最高,其他非白假丝酵母菌13例占11.40%;药敏结果表明,假丝酵母菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B具有较高敏感性(92.11%、100.00%),对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑呈现不同程度的耐药;101例白假丝酵母菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B的敏感性分别为93.07%、100.00%,未出现对两性霉素B的耐药菌株。结论皮肤性病门诊生殖道酵母菌分离株仍以白假丝酵母菌为主,白假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑的耐药率呈上升趋势;微生物实验室应加强对假丝酵母菌的分离鉴定及耐药性监测,为临床医生准确合理地使用抗真菌药物提供病原学依据。     

男性生殖道真菌感染菌种构成及耐药分析

目的探讨男性生殖道真菌感染病原菌的种类构成及耐药性,为临床治疗提供依据。方法采集2367份男性患者生殖道分泌物立即送检采用法国生物梅里埃公司Vitek2-Compact进行菌种鉴定以及ATB FUNGUS3真菌药敏试剂条进行药敏试验。结果 2 367例男性生殖道炎症患者中,共检出真菌410例,检出率为17.32%,其中白色假丝酵母菌303株,占73.90%;近平滑假丝酵母菌75株,占18.29%;热带假丝酵母菌16株,占3.90%;4种假丝酵母菌对两性霉素B的敏感率为100.00%;白色假丝酵母菌和热带假丝酵母菌对伏立康唑、氟康唑、依曲康唑耐药率分别为1.65%、1.32%、7.59%和12.50%、12.50%、18.75%。结论假丝酵母菌在男性生殖道感染中占有一定比例;菌种以白色假丝酵母菌为主,近平滑假丝酵母菌次之。因为它们对唑类抗真菌药物有不同程度的耐药,所以临床应加强假丝酵母菌的检测和药敏分析,合理选用药物。     

皮肤性病门诊生殖道酵母菌阳性结果分析

摘要：目的 探讨生殖道假丝酵母菌阳性率、药敏情况及耐药趋势,为临床合理选用抗真菌药物提供最新的依据。方法 按照《全国临床检验操作规程》,采用法国梅里埃生物公司API-20C酵母菌鉴定板、ATB-Funguns酵母菌药敏板对2012年1月至2014年12月培养生殖道酵母菌阳性的标本进行鉴定及药敏试验。结果 1 419例生殖道分泌物分离出114例假丝酵母菌,感染率为8.0%,其中白假丝酵母菌101例占88.60%,感染率最高,其他非白假丝酵母菌13例占11.40%;药敏结果表明,假丝酵母菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B具有较高敏感性（92.11%、100.00%）,对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑呈现不同程度的耐药;101例白假丝酵母菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B的敏感性分别为93.07%、100.00%,未出现对两性霉素B的耐药菌株。结论 皮肤性病门诊生殖道酵母菌分离株仍以白假丝酵母菌为主,白假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑的耐药率呈上升趋势;微生物实验室应加强对假丝酵母菌株的分离鉴定及耐药性监测,为临床医生准确合理地使用抗真菌药物提供病原学依据。     

ICU内侵袭性真菌感染临床分析及药敏情况

目的 分析重症加强病房(ICU)内侵袭性真菌感染的临床状况、病原菌菌群分布及耐药情况,为临床治疗及减少真菌感染提供参考依据.方法 回顾性分析3年来真菌培养阳性住院患者病例资料,从感染部位、菌种分布、真菌耐药情况等方面进行分析.结果 ICU中侵袭性真菌感染发生率为8.6％;尿液、痰液和血液分别为36.6％、28.8％和11.8％;真菌感染以假丝酵母菌为主要菌属(94.3％),白色假丝酵母菌占51.6％,是感染主要菌种;5种常见抗真菌药物敏感率最高的是两性霉素平均为99.8％,其次为伏立康唑;光滑念珠菌及热带念珠菌耐药比较严重,氟康唑(FLU)的敏感率分别为41.1％、17.6％,伊曲康唑的敏感性分别为6.1％、35.3％.结论 白色假丝酵母菌是ICU侵袭性真菌感染感染的主要病原菌;两性霉素及伏立康唑对5种念珠菌有较好的抗菌活性.     

下呼吸道真菌感染的临床特点及耐药性分析

目的探讨住院患者下呼吸道真菌感染的临床特点,对其耐药性进行分析,以指导临床合理用药。方法回顾性调查2008年1月至2009年12月间安徽医科大学第一附属医院发生下呼吸道真菌感染的病例,并进行统计学分析。结果 374例下呼吸道真菌感染患者检出白色念珠菌253例(67.6%),光滑念珠菌74例(19.8%),热带念珠菌28例(7.5%),克柔念珠菌10例(2.7%),其他假丝酵母菌3例(0.8%),毛霉菌4例(1.1%),烟曲霉菌2例(0.5%)。本组资料药敏结果显示各种真菌对多种抗真菌药物敏感率较高,其中两性霉素B、伏立康唑和氟康唑的敏感率较高,而伊曲康唑的耐药率最高,达到12.2%。结论下呼吸道真菌感染仍以白色念珠菌感染为主,光滑念珠菌和热带念珠菌其次,3种念珠菌占总分离真菌的94.9%,5种抗真菌药物的耐药率以伊曲康唑最高,社区获得性感染患者预后明显优于医院感染患者。     

Comparison of fungal communities among ten macrophyte rhizospheres

The fungal community composition, size and several physico-chemical properties were individually investigated in ten macrophyte rhizospheric substrates using nested PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and soil chemical methods. Results indicated that both Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes were dominant fungi in macrophyte rhizospheric substrates, and denitrifying fungi (Fusarium graminearum) was found in nine of ten macrophyte rhizospheres. Fungal Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) and richness (S) in Thalia dealbata, Typha latifolia, Iris hexagona and Hemerocallis aurantiaca rhizospheres were higher than those in other six rhizospheres. Fungal number and biomass were 1.91 × 10³ CFUs g^?1 dw and 1.53 μg ergosterol g^?1 dw in Iris pseudacor rhizosphere, and were greater than in other nine rhizospheres. The correlation analysis showed that fungal number and biomass significantly and positively correlated to total soil phosphorus, while fungal H and S were significantly and negatively correlated to total organic carbon. The principal components analysis (PCA) showed that the fungal community significantly divided ten macrophyte rhizospheres into four groups, showing the significant difference of fungal communities among ten rhizospheric substrates. The current study revealed for the first time the importance of rhizospheric fungal community in distinguishing macrophyte rhizospheres, thus will undoubtedly widen our insight into fungal communities in aquatic rhizospheres.     

Endophyte research: going beyond isolation and metabolite documentation

Many fungi belonging to mostly Ascomycota inhabit living tissues of plants of all major lineages without causing any visible symptoms. Termed horizontally transmitted endophytes, they have been investigated mostly for their capacity to produce bioactive secondary metabolites. However, many questions regarding the interactions between endophytes and their plant hosts, phytophagous insects and other fungi remain unanswered. This review highlights some of these areas of endophyte biology about which very little or no knowledge exists. Information garnered' using modern methodologies' on these grey areas of ‘endophytism’ (endophytic mode of lifestyle) would help immensely in understanding the evolution of endophytes of aerial plant tissues and in exploiting endophytes in various fields of biotechnology.     

Cloning and overexpression of a maltase gene from Schizosaccharomyces pombe in Escherichia coli and characterization of the recombinant maltase

The Schizosaccharomyces pombe maltase structural gene (SPMAL1⁺) was amplified from genomic DNA of S. pombe by PCR. An open reading frame of 1740 bp, encoding a putative 579 amino-acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 67.7 kDa was characterized in the genomic DNA insert of plasmid pQE30. The specific maltase activity in the induced transformants was 21 times higher than that in wild-type. However, the estimated molecular mass of the purified recombinant maltase was 44.3 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimal temperature and pH of the purified recombinant maltase were 40 °C and 6, respectively. The recombinant maltase was weakly activated by Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and Ba²⁺, but was strongly inhibited by Hg²⁺, Ag⁺ and Cu²⁺, EDTA, and PMSF. The purified maltase could actively hydrolyse ρ-nitrophenyl glucoside (PNPG), maltose, dextrin, and soluble starch. The results demonstrate that maltase from S. pombe was different from that from other yeasts, and might be usefully exploited in the future by the biotechnology industry or lead to the development of new molecular genetic tools.     

Proteomic analysis of the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea during cellulose degradation

The ascomycete Botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus infecting and causing significant yield losses in a number of crops. Moreover, in the last few years, B. cinerea has been adopted as an important model system in molecular phytopathology. In spite of these contributions, the molecular basis of the infection cycle remains unclear. Proteomic approaches have revealed significant information about the infective cycle of several pathogens, including B. cinerea. The main aim of this study is to make available a proteomic database containing a significant number of identified proteins from B. cinerea. In brief, three independent B. cinerea cultures supplemented with carboxymethylcellulose were used, and the extracted proteins were independently separated by 2‐D PAGE to obtain the proteome map from B. cinerea. Two hundred and sixty‐seven spots were selected for MALDI TOF/TOF MS analysis, resulting in 303 positive identifications, mostly representing unannotated proteins. Identified proteins were then classified into categories using the PANTHER classification system ( www.pantherdb.org ), showing the relevance of protein metabolism and modification process and oxidoreductase activity. Since cellulose is one of the major components of the plant cell wall, many of the identified proteins may have a crucial role in the pathogenicity process. In brief, this proteomic map of B. cinerea will be a useful basis for exploring the proteins involved in the infection cycle, which will in turn provide new targets for crop diagnosis and focused fungicide design.     

Molecular approach to the characterisation of fungal communities: methods for DNA extraction, PCR amplification and DGGE analysis of painted art objects

A protocol for efficient extraction of fungal DNA from micromycetes colonising painted art objects was developed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitors were successfully removed by a combined application of a Chelex-100 adsorption resin and a Geneclean Kit for Ancient DNA. Universal fungal primers for PCR amplification of 28S rDNA (U1 and U2) were tested for their applicability in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of fungal communities. Artificially produced mortar samples inoculated with fungal pure cultures isolated from mural paintings were used as model objects for DNA extractions and DGGE analysis. Good resolution in DGGE was achieved using 260-bp rDNA fragments amplified with U1/DGGE and U2 primers directly from model communities.     

Fungal pathogenesis: Past,present and future

Over the last 20 years a record number of fungal and fungal-like diseases have jeopardized wild species the world over, causing several of the most severe population declines and extinctions ever witnessed (Fisher et al. 2012). Such events include the devastating impact of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on amphibian populations and the extinction of bat populations as a result of Geomyces destructans infection. This commentary focusses on two human-infecting fungal pathogens causing much scientific interest, that is, Cryptococcus gattii and Trichophyton rubrum. It summarises recent research findings into their pathogenic evolution and adaptive strategies and highlights key gaps in our knowledge. Finally, the prose attempts to fuse such data with the work of Casadevall, exploiting his theories to predict the future of fungal pathogenesis, that is, where pathogenesis refers to the mechanism that results in disease (Casadevall 2012).     

中国菌物已知种数

据作者对1978年以来国内外主要菌物学期刊和专著进行的系统搜集,中国大陆发表的菌物累计有2,849新种,129新变种,5,260新记录种。若加上戴芳澜编著的《中国真菌总汇》所记载的6,737种和168变种,中国大陆已知菌物计14,846种297变种。据不完全统计,香港和台湾报道的菌物种类中分别约有800种和400种在中国大陆未曾记载,因此全国总计已知菌物应为16,046种297变种。假设其中有10%为同物异名,则目前我国菌物已知种数约为14,700种,其中管毛生物界(主要是卵菌)约300种,原生动物界(主要是黏菌)约有340种,真菌约14,060种。     

Orchestration of morphogenesis in filamentous fungi: conserved roles for Ras signaling networks

Filamentous fungi undergo complex developmental programs including conidial germination, polarized morphogenesis, and differentiation of sexual and asexual structures. For many fungi, the coordinated completion of development is required for pathogenicity, as specialized morphological structures must be produced by the invading fungus. Ras proteins are highly conserved GTPase signal transducers and function as major regulators of growth and development in eukaryotes. Filamentous fungi typically express two Ras homologs, comprising distinct groups of Ras1-like and Ras2-like proteins based on sequence homology. Recent evidence suggests shared roles for both Ras1 and Ras2 homologs, but also supports the existence of unique functions in the areas of stress response and virulence. This review focuses on the roles played by both Ras protein groups during growth, development, and pathogenicity of a diverse array of filamentous fungi.     

DNA sequence incongruence and inconsistent morphology obscure species boundaries in the Teratosphaeria suttonii species complex

Teratosphaeria suttonii (=Kirramyces epicoccoides) is a leaf pathogen that can cause premature defoliation, reduced growth and vigor, and subsequent tree death of many Eucalyptus species. Although the fungus primarily infects mature leaves in the lower canopy, infections can spread to younger leaves during continued epidemics or when trees are stressed. Teratosphaeria suttonii has a wide distribution in Australia and has been introduced to many other parts of the world, most probably with germplasm used to establish plantations. The aim of this study was to establish the phylogenetic relationships between T. suttonii isolates from different countries and to consider whether cryptic species exist in a species complex. DNA from parts of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and elongation factor-1α genes was sequenced and analyzed for isolates from throughout the range of T. suttonii in Australia, and from six countries (China, Indonesia, South Africa, Uruguay, United States, and Vietnam) where the pathogen is introduced. Morphometrics of conidia produced both in vivo and in vitro were also considered. Analysis of the sequence data resulted in incongruent genealogies. Furthermore, groups of isolates in the genealogies could not be linked to area of origin. Similarly, differences in conidial morphology could not be linked to any of the phylogenetic groups. There was no evidence of distinct species boundaries, and isolates from Australia were closely related to those from other parts of the world. The results of this study support the treatment of T. suttonii as a morphologically and genetically diverse species in its natural range in Australia. The diversity is reflected in introduced populations.