流行性出血热冻干致敏人O型血球的研制及其应用

本文应用致敏的人O型血球研究反向间接血凝(RPHA)和反向间接血凝抑制(RPHI)方法用以检测流行性出血热抗原抗体,并试验成功用pH9.0硼酸盐水制备灭活鼠脑病毒液作为抗原。为抗原制备提供了一种简便的方法。以上RPHA法用于检测组织培养内病毒与用荧光法检测细胞内病毒抗原法结果一致,用RPHI检测病人血清抗体效价,特异性高,敏感性与IFA相同。该致敏血球和抗原是冻干制品,稳定性好、使用方便,是一种代替荧光检测病毒抗原和抗体的良好制品。     

微量间接血凝试验用于斑疹伤寒诊断

用鼠肺培养的普氏立克次体提取的ESS(Erythrocytes Seasltizlng Substance)可溶性抗原致敏6种经醛固鞣化的红血球,结果证明人“O”型、绵羊、家兔红血球较敏感;在37℃或4℃条件下用2．5％戊二醛、1：20,000鞣酸各处理15分钟所致敏的血球抗原血凝滴度高;以2．5％浓度醛固鞣化血球加入等量ESS可溶性抗原致敏为宜。此法制备的血球抗原可冻干保存。血凝反应比补体结合、外斐氏试验敏感性高,特异性强,没有非特异性交叉反应。可用微量塑料板法,便于基层流行病学及临床早期诊断用,亦可用作间接血凝抑制试验检查抗原。     

立克次体病的检疫和诊断(续三)

<正> a.按上表,用微量滴管吸取1％正常兔血清盐水滴在V型血清盘1-8或1-12孔内,每孔0.025ml,然后用定量吸管吸取待检血清0.025ml于第一孔内,(或用0.025ml的定量稀释棒直接蘸取血清)从第一孔倍比稀释。 b.有定量吸管吸取1％抗原致敏的红血球,每孔0.025ml。 并按上法同时作已知阳性血清、阴性血清、盐水和醛化血球对照。 c.在微型振荡器上振荡3分钟,放置37℃水浴箱内静置2小时后判读结果。 3)间接血凝抑制试验 用抗原致敏血球测知抗原(病原体)效价。     

关于双醛化被动血凝法若干问题的探讨

本文报道了探讨双醛化被动血凝法一些影响因素的结果,认为固定方法,致敏时的pH,致敬物的浓度,以及致敏红细胞的浓度,均对血凝滴度有影响。用纯化的乙型肝炎抗体致敏双醛化羊红细胞,作反向被动血凝试验,可以测出每毫升含3．73毫微克的乙型肝炎抗原。用纯化的乙型肝炎抗原致敏双醛化羊红细胞,作被动血凝法可检测,乙型肝炎抗体;在4℃保存的致敏红细胞,其滴度至少在4个半月内无明显变化。比较了对流免疫电泳、放射对流免疫电泳和反向被动血凝三种方法,用于检测病人血清中乙型肝炎抗原的敏感性和特异性。三种方法的相对敏感度相应为l：20：600。用这三种方法检测407侧患者血清样品的阳性率,相应为2．2％、11.3％和13．3％,反向被动血凝法敏感性最高,但特异性差;放射对流免疫法敏感度虽稍差,但特异性高。如果与抑制试验结合应用,反向被动血凝法是一种可以推广的简便检查方法。     

斑点ELISA检测感染华支睾吸虫兔血清抗体

许多报道表明,斑点ELISA用于单克隆抗体Ig型别和IgG亚类的鉴定及寄生虫病的检测,不仅有较好的敏感性及特异性,而且快速、简便。我们以此法试用于人工感染华支睾吸虫兔血清抗体的检测,结果如下。材料及方法硝酸纤维素膜:浙江黄岩人民化工厂产。华支睾吸虫抗原:冻干成虫可溶性抗原,1:200。检测血清:(1)华支睾吸虫兔血清:采自经口感染华支睾吸虫囊蚴后40—50天粪检虫卵阳性之兔;(2)免疫兔血清:以华支睾吸虫抗原免疫。方法按余等(1982)皮内免疫法进行。血清IgG提纯按北京医学院微生物学教研组(1980)方法分别用50%和33%饱和度(NH4)2SO4盐…     

流行性出血热病毒单克隆抗体的反向被动血凝和被动血凝抑制试验在诊断中的初步应用

本文用流行性出血热病毒单克隆抗体致敏羊血球,做反向被动血凝和被动血凝抑制试验。检查出血热病毒抗原和抗体,不仅敏感,性能稳定,而且操作简便、快速。     

日本血吸虫重感染兔肝在生理盐水中冷藏24小时后的虫卵活性观察

本文探讨日本血吸虫重感染兔肝加生理盐水置冰箱浸泡24小时后分离的虫卵活性。1材料和方法感染1500条日本血吸虫尾蚴的26只家兔肝,用常规方法分离虫卵,按兔肝湿重等分为两份。一份即时分离虫卵称即时组,另一份加少量生理盐水(淹没肝组织为度)置冰箱24小时分离虫卵称24小时组。两组所获虫卵均分别制备加热超声虫卵〔1〕和冰冻干燥虫卵。加热超声的两组虫卵用玻片法作环卵沉淀试验以观察环沉率和反应强度。冻干卵两组则制备成1%虫卵抗原用对流免疫电泳(抗原稀释法)检测活性,并用凯氏微量定氮法测含氮量,依据含氮量稀释为10—15μg/ml致敏血球,…     

单克隆抗体间接免疫荧光法检测巨细胞病毒分离培养中的抗原

应用抗巨细胞病毒(HCMV)蛋白抗原(分子量为20千道尔顿)的单克隆抗体(McAb-20k)和HCMV IgG特异性阳性血清以间接免疫荧光试验检测28例器官移植病人尿标本接种人胚肺细胞后的HCMV感染情况,结果前法于接种后48小时检测到HCMV阳性病人9例,后者于接种6天检测到阳性病人11例。与病毒分离结果相比较,两法的敏感性分别为81.8％和90.9％,特异性相应为100％和94.12％,符合率均为92.9％,比病毒分离提前数天至数周作出诊断,重复性良好。因此,抗HCMV蛋白抗原的单克隆抗体间接免疫荧光法是一种有效的、早期快速而又敏感特异的诊断方法,操作简便,既使没有单抗,可用HCMV IgG阳性血清代替,也可取得较好效果,值得在一般实验室推广应用。     

钩端螺旋体(三宝垄群巴托型)耐热、耐碱性红血球致敏物质用于血凝试验的研究

我们从钩端螺旋体(三宝垄群巴托型)中提出一种耐热性、耐碱性红血球致敏物质(Fss),并进行了血凝试验的研究。初步发现这种物质可使绵羊红血球致敏。致敏后的红血球能与相应的免疫血清发生血凝反应。三宝垄群巴托型钩端螺旋体血清与其它型红血球致敏物质抗原的血凝试验,具有较高的敏感性和一定的型特异性,除与钩端螺旋体的独立群独立型和澳洲群巴力科型有一定的凝集价外,与其它8个群钩端螺旋体代表型均不产生凝集。由此提供了用这种抗原物质作钩端螺旋体抗原型鉴定的可能性。钩端螺旋体红血球致敏物质血凝试验受温度、红血球浓度及红血球致敏时间等因素的影响而使血凝增强或减弱。     

Ⅰ型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV—Ⅰ)体外抗体应答及IFNr的调节

以纯化、灭活的HSV-I为抗原,体外致敏洗涤过的健康成人外周血淋巴细胞,37℃孵育12天,细胞培养上清中的特异性抗体用ELISA法测定。11例血清HSV-I抗体阳性成人的淋巴细胞接受灭活HSV-I抗原致敏后,培养上清中均能检出特异性抗体,抗体类型为IgG(26.6土23ng/m1),体外产生的特异抗体水平与原血清抗体水平无相关性(R=0.45,P>0.05)。同法刺激新生儿淋巴细胞;不能诱生任何类型的HSV-I抗体。在本实验系统中,特异性抗体应答是一个蛋白质的全新(de novo)合成过程,应答水平和体外致敏用的病毒抗原量有明显剂量依赖关系,最适刺激抗原量为108ng/ml。HSV-I抗体应答需要T、B细胞的相互作用,两类细胞单独均不能诱导特异性HSV-I抗体应答。在本实验系统中加入适量重组人γ干扰素,能增强抗体应答水平,过高剂量起抑制作用。     

Serological studies of types A, B, and E botulinal toxins by passive hemagglutination and bentonite flocculation

Johnson, H. M. (Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio), K. Brenner, R. Angelotti, and H. E. Hall. Serological studies of types A, B, and E botulinal toxins by passive hemagglutination and bentonite flocculation. J. Bacteriol. 91:967-974. 1966.-Formalinized sheep red blood cells (SRBC), sensitized with types A, B, and E botulinal toxoids and toxins by bis-diazotized benzidine (BDB), were tested against A, B, and E antitoxins prepared in horses and rabbits. Type B antitoxin cross-reacted with A toxoid SRBC, but the reciprocal cross-reaction was not observed. E toxin SRBC were specifically agglutinated by E antitoxin. Flocculation of antigen-sensitized bentonite particles was less sensitive in titration of antitoxin than hemagglutination. Also, reciprocal cross-reactions were observed between types A and B antitoxins. Cross-reactions in both serological tests were eliminated by titration of antitoxins in the presence of the heterologous antigens, with no inhibitory effect on the homologous antitoxins. Generally, equine antitoxins were less suitable for agglutinations, especially of antigen-sensitized bentonite particles. Types A, B, and E antitoxins were specifically inhibited by 43, 39, and 245 mouse ld(50) of their respective homologous toxins in the hemagglutination-inhibition test. A, B, and E antitoxins were specifically inhibited by 500, 950, and 1,500 mouse ld(50) of their respective homologous toxins in bentonite flocculation inhibitions. Formalinized SRBC sensitized with rabbit types A and B antitoxins by BDB were respectively clumped by as little as 0.75 to 1.3 mouse ld(50) of A toxin and 2.3 ld(50) of B toxin, whereas bentonite particles sensitized by the same antitoxins were specifically clumped by 150 ld(50) of A toxin and 630 ld(50) of B toxin. E antitoxin sensitization of SRBC or bentonite particles was not successful. Evidence is presented that indicates that the serological procedures are applicable to the detection of botulinal toxins in food.     

Appearance of IgG (Fc) receptor(s) on cultured human fibroblasts infected with human cytomegalovirus.

Cultured human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38) after infection with human cytomegalovirus (CMV) but not when uninfected, could hemadsorb sheep red blood cells (SRBC) coated with rabbit anti-SRBC IgG. The adsorption of IgG-coated SRBC to virus-infected cells was completely abolished if the tests were carried out in the simultaneous presence of rabbit antiserum elicited against CMV. Normal sera of rabbit or human origin as well as purified human IgG but not Fab fragment of human IgG could also abolish the binding of sensitized SRBC to CMV-infected fibroblasts. Active metabolism on the part of CMV-infected fibroblasts proved to be an important requisite for demonstrating binding of sensitized SRBC to their surfaces. By using an indicator Staphylococcus aureus to which rabbit antiserum against normal human IgG, IgM, or IgA was bound via Fc fragments, evidence has been obtained which suggests the existence of receptor(s) on CMV-infected WI-38 cells that react specifically with Fc region of human IgG.     

Problems posed by the preparation of specific anti-cytomegalovirus immunoglobulins

The authors describe the preparation of a first batch of intravenous cytomegalovirus (CMV) immune globulin at the Nancy Regional blood transfusion centre. Immune plasmas were selected from 3 640 healthy volunteer blood donors on the basis of CF antibody titers to CMV (Kolmer's method modified) of, at least, 1:8; plasmas from approximately 10% of the donors were therefore selected. The 68 liters of pooled immune plasma had à CF antibody titer of 1:16 (CMV antibody titers of 1: 10 000 and 1: 640 when tested in the ELISA assay and passive hemagglutination assay respectively). Intravenous immune globulin was produced from pooled plasma by Cohn fractionation and treatment with pepsin at pH 4; 4.8 liters of immune globulin were prepared and divided in 96 doses of 50 ml each. The final product was found to have a CMV antibody titer of 1: 32 (CF) 1: 50 000 (ELISA) or 1: 2 560 (passive hemagglutination). Recent reports on the preparation of CMV immune globulin are briefly reviewed.     

Artemisinin-Derived Dimers Have Greatly Improved Anti-Cytomegalovirus Activity Compared to Artemisinin Monomers

Background

Artesunate, an artemisinin-derived monomer, was reported to inhibit Cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication. We aimed to compare the in-vitro anti-CMV activity of several artemisinin-derived monomers and newly synthesized artemisinin dimers.

Methods

Four artemisinin monomers and two novel artemisinin-derived dimers were tested for anti-CMV activity in human fibroblasts infected with luciferase-tagged highly–passaged laboratory adapted strain (Towne), and a clinical CMV isolate. Compounds were evaluated for CMV inhibition and cytotoxicity.

Results

Artemisinin dimers effectively inhibited CMV replication in human foreskin fibroblasts and human embryonic lung fibroblasts (EC₅₀ for dimer sulfone carbamate and dimer primary alcohol 0.06±0.00 µM and 0.15±0.02 µM respectively, in human foreskin fibroblasts) with no cytotxicity at concentrations required for complete CMV inhibition. All four artemisinin monomers (artemisinin, artesunate, artemether and artefanilide) shared a similar degree of CMV inhibition amongst themselves (in µM concentrations) which was significantly less than the inhibition achieved with artemisinin dimers (P<0.0001). Similar to monomers, inhibition of CMV with artemisinin dimers appeared early in the virus life cycle as reflected by decreased expression of the immediate early (IE1) protein.

Conclusions

Artemisinin dimers are potent and non-cytotoxic inhibitors of CMV replication. These compounds should be studied as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of CMV infection in humans.     

Quantifying complement-mediated phagocytosis by human monocyte-derived macrophages

The present study demonstrates that SRBC can be opsonized with untreated human serum such that lysis by active complement components is minimal but sufficient opsonization occurs to permit high rates of complement-mediated phagocytosis. Phagocytosis of SRBC opsonized with 2% whole human serum by human monocyte-derived macrophages was quantified in a colourimetric assay. Ingestion of SRBC was shown to occur solely via complement receptors because no phagocytosis was observed when SRBC were coated with heat- inactivated human serum, phagocytosis was augmented by the phorbol ester, PMA, and phagocytosis was inhibited by a protein kinase C (PKC)-specific inhibitor RO 31-8220. This method was used to demonstrate directly that HIV-1 infection of human monocyte-derived macrophages inhibits complement-mediated phagocytosis and will provide a useful tool for pharmacological investigations on complement-mediated phagocytosis by adherent macrophages.     

Aqueous Cytokine Changes Associated with Posner-Schlossman Syndrome with and without Human Cytomegalovirus

Aim

To study the differences in aqueous cytokines in Posner-Schlossman Syndrome (PSS) patients with and without human cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in the aqueous humor.

Methods

This is a prospective study. Fifty-three uveitis patients with clinical signs of PSS were enrolled and aqueous humor samples were collected. Fourteen PSS patients were positive of CMV DNA in the aqueous by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. These eyes were negative of common ocular pathogens such as herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, rubella virus and toxoplasma. Twenty-five otherwise healthy cataract patients were enrolled as controls. Cytokine concentration was measured by a magnetic color-bead-based multiplex assay and analyzed using statistical and classification approaches.

Results

The average age of 53 PSS patients was 48.74±13.43 years (yrs) (mean ± standard deviation) and 66.3±15.0 yrs for the controls. The median CMV viral DNA copy number was 26000/mL aqueous (range 1400 to 85000 copies/mL) in 14 CMV positive patients as determined by quantitative PCR. PSS aqueous had significantly higher Interleukin (IL)-8 (CXCL8), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (CCL2), macrophage inhibitory protein 1-β (CCL4), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels than controls after adjusted by age and gender. IL-2, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-α (IFN-α) levels were significantly lower in PSS aqueous than controls. No difference between CMV positive PSS and CMV negative PSS aqueous was observed. Over 97% of PSS samples were distinguished from controls by elevated CXCL10 (>500 ng/mL), CXCL8 (>30 ng/mL) and CCL2 (>60 ng/mL) levels.

Conclusion

PSS eyes were characterized by elevated aqueous chemokine concentration. The presence of CMV viral DNA was not associated with significant change of the type of cytokine expression in PSS patients.     

Assessment of the status of cell-mediated immunity in cytomegalovirus-infected renal allograft recipients.

Renal allograft recipients are unusually susceptible to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. Since humoral immunity to CMV is uncompromised in these patients, it was felt desirable to assess the competence of cell mediated immunity (CMI). Several parameters were used. On skin testing with candida, SK-SD, mumps, and PPD-5 antigens, 80.0% of patients and 5.0% of controls were unreactive. T-lymphocyte ratios (SRBC rosette test) were 18.7% in transplant patients, vs. 40.3% in controls. These differences are statistically significant. Lymphocyte stimulation assay ([³H] thymidine uptake) was developed to study CMI to CMV. Lymphocytes from all the normal seropositive subjects (10) had increased [³H]thymidine uptake on exposure to CMV antigens. There was no antigen specific stimulation of lymphocytes from the seronegative controls (five). Six of nine (67.7%) CMV infected renal allograft recipients, studied six or more months post-transplantation, had no evidence of CMI to CMV by this assay.     

A human monoclonal antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV)

We report the development of a human monoclonal antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV) produced from a human X human hybridoma. This hybrid was developed by fusion of an EBV-transformed cell line making antibody to CMV and a human lymphoblastoid cell line WI-L2. The antibody is directed to a CMV-specific antigen primarily in the nucleus of CMV-infected human fibroblasts. It cross-reacts with at least 10 different strains of CMV and may provide a method for the rapid in vitro diagnosis of CMV infections. The production of CMV-specific human man monoclonal antibodies from human-human hybridomas for future therapeutic use is now technically feasible with this specific method of production.     

A reverse effect of in vitro and in vivo concanavalin A-induced spleen cells on anti-sheep red blood cells response detected with a new method based on flow cytometry

A simple flow cytometric method for detecting humoral immunity against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) is described. The SRBC were incubated with the serum from SRBC-immunized mice, monoclonal anti-SRBC, or the supernatant which was obtained from the in vitro primary culture of spleen cells with SRBC. The antibodies which bound to SRBC were estimated by means of an immunofluorescence and a flow cytometry. When the channel number of the peak in the histogram of flow cytometry was measured as an index of fluorescence intensity of SRBC, the number significantly correlated with the concentration of IgM and IgG classes of anti-SRBC. The flow cytometry method and hemagglutination (HA) test, as a classic method, were compared in SRBC-immune sera and monoclonal anti-SRBC antibody. The sensitivity determined with flow cytometry was much higher than that with HA. The minimum detectable concentration of anti-SRBC antibody was found to be 3.4 ng/ml by the flow cytometry. The dose response of SRBC in in vitro primary culture was detected by the flow cytometry, not by HA, and the response increased with the dose of SRBC. Using this method, the effect of in vitro and in vivo concanavalin A (Con A)-induced spleen cells on humoral response against SRBC was examined in an in vitro culture system. Anti-SRBC response (IgM and IgG) was found to be suppressed by in vitro Con A-induced lymphocytes, but enhanced by in vivo Con A-induced lymphocytes. Thus, this new approach is found to be a good method for detecting the in vitro primary humoral antibody response, which is known to have a low reactivity.     

Percutaneous in vivo gene transfer to the peripheral lungs using plasmid-liposome complexes

The purpose of this study was to investigate a new method of in vivo gene transfer to the lung parenchyma by the percutaneous approach. The plasmid that contains the gene for firefly luciferase driven by a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (pCMVL) in combination with cationic lipids was percutaneously injected into the lung parenchyma. Luciferase activities were localized to the lobes of the lung where the plasmids with cationic lipids were injected. Percutaneous injection of the plasmid containing the human endothelin-1 (hET-1) gene driven by a CMV promoter (pRc/CMVhET-1) in combination with cationic lipids into the lungs caused pulmonary fibrosis localized to the injection site in the peripheral lungs. We concluded that percutaneous in vivo gene transfer to the lungs is a unique and important approach to introduce exogenous gene expression in the limited area of the lung parenchyma. This method of gene transfer will be applicable for human gene therapy for targeted areas of peripheral lung and will also be useful to assess the function of the proteins expressed by a gene in the local area of the lungs.