Actinomyces georgiae sp. nov., Actinomyces gerencseriae sp. nov., designation of two genospecies of Actinomyces naeslundii, and inclusion of A. naeslundii serotypes II and III and Actinomyces viscosus serotype II in A. naeslundii genospecies 2

DNAs of type strains and representative members of Actinomyces groups from the human periodontal flora and from other habitats were compared by using the S1 nuclease procedure to determine their genetic relatedness. One rather common group from the human periodontal flora, previously called "Actinomyces D08," is phenotypically distinct from, and genetically unrelated to, previously described species. We propose the name of Actinomyces georgiae for this organism; the type strain is strain ATCC 49285. Another common group from the human periodontal flora is Actinomyces israelii serotype II, which was found genetically distinct from the type strain of A. israelii (serotype I) and from other previously described species of Actinomyces. We propose the name Actinomyces gerencseriae for this organism; the type strain is strain ATCC 23860. A. naeslundii serotype I strains were distinct from the other strains studied. A separate genospecies which included strains of A. naeslundii serotypes II and III and A. viscosus serotype II was delineated. Strains of Actinomyces serotype WVA 963 constitute an additional distinct genospecies. Because there are no reliable phenotypic tests, other than serological analyses, to differentiate Actinomyces serotype WVA 963 and the two genospecies of A. naeslundii, no taxonomic changes are proposed for these three genospecies.     

Actinomyces denticolens Dent & Williams sp. nov: a new species from the dental plaque of cattle

D ent , V.E. & W illiams , R.A.D. 1984. Actinomyces denticolens Dent & Williams sp. nov: a new species from the dental plaque of cattle. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 56 , 183–192.
Six strains of actinomyces isolated from the dental plaque of cattle were assigned presumptively to the genus Actinomyces on the basis of Gram reaction, cellular and colony morphology and acid end-products of metabolism. This assignment was confirmed by the peptidoglycan composition which is shared with Actinomyces species from dental plaque. These cattle strains formed a homogeneous group on the basis of cell wall carbohydrate components, DNA base composition, polypep-tide molecular weight distribution and physiological reactions but could not be classified with any recognised species of Actinomyces . A new taxon Actinomyces denticolens is proposed for these strains.     

猪一般型生殖道放线菌的分离鉴定与系统进化分析

2007年4月, 从患有化脓性肺炎、化脓性关节炎和心内膜炎的8周龄病死仔猪内脏器官中分离到一株细菌, 对其进行了种属关系鉴定、致病性及药物敏感性等研究。首先从表型特征和生化特性方面进行鉴定, 然后应用分子技术对其16S rDNA进行测序分析, 最后进行了动物实验和药物敏感性实验。该细菌表型特征和生化特性表明其与生殖道放线杆菌(A. hyovaginalis)非常相似; 对16S rDNA测序结果分析发现其与A. hyovaginalis III群菌株同源性高达99.2%, 系统进化分析也表明分离株与A. hyovaginalis III群菌株亲缘关系最近; 对小白鼠具有较强的致病性; 对红 霉素、庆大霉素和阿米卡星等药物高度敏感。因此, 证实分离菌株为有致病性的A. hyovaginalis III型。     

Biological characteristics of culture 6734-21 and the conditions for isolating the antiviral antibiotic it produces

An actinomyceteous strain No. 6734-21 was isolated from a soil sample of Central Asia and classified as Actinomyces bottropensis. It inhibited the development of the phage of the lysogenic culture of Micrococcus lysodeicticus 53-40 (No. 5) and the variolovaccine DNA-containing virus. Actinomyces bottropensis, strain No. 6734-21 produced an antiviral antibiotic classified as one belonging to the actinorodine group.     

Lysis of the cellular walls of Streptococcus group A by enzymes produced by actinomycetes]

More than 80 cultures of actinomycetes belonging to different taxanomic groups were studied with a purpose of screening actinomycetes actively producing enzymes lyzing the cell walls of group A streptococci. 31 strains of the actinomycetes producing enzymes which lyzed the cell walls by 20-50 and 60-80 per cent within 1 and 4 hours respectively were selected. The proteolytic activity of the enzymes produced by these strains was also studied. It was shown that 4 cultures, i.e. Actinomyces albus, strains 6 and 9, Actinomyces levoris, strain 29 and Actinomyces gibsonii, strain 42 were of interest as organisms producing enzymes which lyzed the streptococcal cell wall without impairing its antigenic components.     

The tentative identification of actinomycetes of the oral cavity by a complex of key morphophysiological signs

In this work the results obtained in the study of the morphology of 208 Actinomyces strains isolated from the oral cavity and a wide spectrum of their enzymatic activity are presented. The identification of these strains was carried out on the basis of chemotaxonomic criteria. Bacteria belonging to the same taxonomic group were found to have considerable similarity in their morphological and physiological features. On the basis of the data obtained in this study a simplified scheme of the tentative identification of fermentative Actinomyces, suitable for use by a wide circle of researchers, is presented.     

Numerical taxonomy and laboratory identification of Actinomyces and Arachnia and some related bacteria.

A numerical taxonomic study was made on 49 facultative anaerobic Gram-positive filamentous and/or diphtheroidal organisms isolated from dental plaques, carious dentin and faeces, together with 63 reference strains belonging to the genera Actinomyces, Arachnia, Bifidobacterium, Actinobacterium, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium and Lactobacillus. They were examined for 90 unit characters covering a wide range of tests and properties. The data were subjected to computer analysis in which the simple matching coefficient (SSM) and the similarity index (SJ) were calculated, and the results of single linkage techniques and an unweighted average linkage cluster analysis technique were compared. The strains fell into six major groups (phena). The Actinomyces strains were recovered in two phena; the first contained Actinomyces israelii and the other facultative anaerobic Actinomyces, including subclusters equal to taxospecies of A. odontolyticus and A. viscosus/A. naeslundii, while the other phenon corresponded to the genera Arachnia, Actinobacterium, Bifidobacterium and Propionibacterium. The groups of Arachnia and Actinobacterium each contained one species, representing taxospecies of Arachnia propionica and Actinobacterium meyerii. Taxonomic criteria, both constant and discriminative, were selected to form a diagnostic table useful for laboratory identification of this group of organisms. Immunofluorescence supported the numerical data.     

Phylogenetic evidence for the transfer of Eubacterium suis to the genus Actinomyces as Actinomyces suis comb. nov.

The 16S rRNA primary structures of Eubacterium suis DSM 20639T (T = type strain) and Bifidobacterium bifidum DSM 20456T were determined by sequencing in vitro amplified rDNA. Sequence comparisons indicated that B. bifidum is moderately related to representatives of the genera Actinomyces and Mobiluncus. The closest relative of E. suis is Actinomyces pyogenes. E. suis and A. pyogenes are more closely related phylogenetically to one another than to the other Actinomyces species that have been investigated by using comparative 16S rRNA analysis. Therefore, we propose that E. suis should be transferred to the genus Actinomyces as Actinomyces suis comb. nov.     

Coaggregation between Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella intermedia with Actinomyces naeslundii strains

Abstract Using a visual coaggregation assay, 43% (6 of 14) of Prevotella nigrescens and 50% (4 of 8) of Prevotella intermedia strains coaggregated with Actinomyces naeslundii strains which represented the six Actinomyces coaggregation groups (A to F). For both species, coaggregation occurred most frequently with A. naeslundii strains from coaggregation groups C, D and E. No coaggregation was observed with Actinomyces israelii , Actinomyces odontolyticus or six oral Streptococcus species. Coaggregation was not inhibited by lactose, saliva or serum. Pretreatment of Prevotella strains with heat, SDS and proteinase K abolished coaggregation when the treated cells were added to untreated Actinomyces strains. The same pretreatment of the Actinomyces strains had no effect on their ability to coaggregate with untreated Prevotella strains. Pretreatment of all coaggregating P. nigrescens strains with trypsin abolished coaggregation, whereas the coaggregation ability of the P. intermedia and Actinomyces strains was resistant to trypsin pretreatment. Pretreatment of the strains of both Prevotella species and the Actinomyces with periodate abolished coaggregation in all cases. These results suggest that the Prevotella strains each possess a protein coaggregation adhesin, which for the P. intermedia strains is resistant to trypsin, that interacts with a non-protein receptor on the A. naeslundii strains.     

SEROLOGICAL GROUPING OF ACTINOMYCES BY MEANS OF FLUORESCENT ANTIBODIES.

Slack, John M. (West Virginia University, Morgantown), Ann Winger, and Dane W. Moore, Jr. Serological grouping of actinomyces by means of fluorescent antibodies. J. Bacteriol. 82:54-65. 1961.-Serological groups A, B, C and D of actinomyces were established using fluorescent antibody techniques. One hundred and thirty-eight cultures were included in the study. Eighty-nine were classed in group A, 15 in B, 13 in C, and 21 in D.The isolates were from patients and animals with actinomycosis and from healthy human beings. There was no correlation between source of the isolate and serological group. Furthermore, no one species could be placed exclusively in one group although the majority of those designated as Actinomyces bovis were in group A.Seventeen anaerobic diphtheroids and seven Corynebacterium acnes isolates were placed in group A. One diphtheroid was in each of groups B and D. On this basis it is suggested that these organisms be included in the genus Actinomyces.Additional species of Corynebacterium as well as Lactobacillus Propionibacterium, Streptomyces, and Nocardia did not fluoresce with any of the group antisera.     

Characterization of Actinomyces species isolated from failed dental implant fixtures

In the oral cavity, Actinomyces form a fundamental component of the indigenous microflora, being among initial colonizers in polymicrobial biofilms. However, some differences may exist between different species in terms of their attachment not only to teeth but also to biomaterials. In this study we investigated the distribution of Actinomyces in 33 dental implant fixtures explanted from 17 patients. The identification was based on comprehensive biochemical testing and gas-liquid chromatography and when needed, 16S rRNA sequencing. Actinomyces was the most prevalent bacterial genus in these failed implants, colonizing 31/33 (94%) of the fixtures. Proportions of Actinomyces growth of the total bacterial growth in the Actinomyces-positive fixtures varied from 0.01% up to 75%. A. odontolyticus was the most common Actinomyces finding, present in 26/31 (84%) Actinomyces-positive fixtures. Actinomyces naeslundii and A. viscosus were both detected in 10/31 (32%) and A. israelii in 7/31 (23%) fixtures. Other Actinomyces species, including A. georgiae, A. gerencseriae and A. graevenitzii, were detected less frequently. Our results suggest that Actinomyces species are frequent colonizers on failed implant surfaces, where A. odontolyticus was the far most prominent Actinomyces species.     

Assignment of Actinomyces pyogenes-like (CDC coryneform group E) bacteria to the genus Actinomyces as Actinomyces radingae sp. nov. and Actinomyces turicensis sp. nov.

In a previous study the authors reported the characterization of some facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive, non-sporeforming rods which were found in mixed cultures from various infectious processes, including patients with otitis, empyema, perianal abscesses and decubitus ulcers. Phenotypically these organisms closely resembled Actinomyces pyogenes although their precise taxonomic position remained unknown. In the present investigation the authors have determined the 16S rRNA gene sequences of some representative strains of the Actinomyces pyogenes -like bacteria and report the results of a comparative sequence analysis. On the basis of the results of the present and earlier findings two new Actinomyces species, Actinomyces radingae sp. nov. and Actinomyces turicensis sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains are DSM 9169^T and DSM 9168^T, respectively.     

Effect of metabolic substances of oral Actinomyces on Candida albicans

Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces viscosus and Candida albicans are associated with root cavity. The aim of this study was to determine, in vitro, the effect produced by the metabolic substances elaborated by Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces viscosus on Candida albicans. The strains were isolated of saliva. There were used the double plaque diffusion method (DPDM) and the method of radial diffusion (MRD). The effect of the time of incubation and of different concentrations of metabolic substances elaborated by Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces viscosus on the kinetics of growth of C. albicans were studied. Later, the nature of the substances produced by the two strains of Actinomyces was determined. It was found that there was no inhibition of the growth of C. albicans by A. naeslundii and A. viscosus in the DPDM and the MRD. There was stimulation of the growth of C. albicans by the two strains of Actinomyces when the DPDM was used. In the MRD the results were negative. Metabolic substances produced by both species stimulated the growth of C. albicans in low concentrations but at high concentrations inhibition was observed. The best concentration of the stimulating factor, a protein substance stable to 70 degrees C, corresponds to a dilution of 1/80. The inhibition of the growth of C. albicans was produced by the decrease of the pH, the higher effect being obtained with the dilution 1/5. The metabolic substances produced by A. naeslundii and A. viscosus can have both inhibitory and stimulant effects on C. albicans, according to their concentration. These metabolic interactions would condition the proportion of C. albicans in the oral microbial ecosystems.     

Transformation of Actinomyces spp. by a gram-negative broad-host-range plasmid.

The gram-negative broad-host-range vector pJRD215 was transferred by electroporation into strains of Actinomyces viscosus or Actinomyces naeslundii at efficiencies which ranged from 10(2) to 10(7) transformants per microgram of plasmid DNA. The Actinomyces transformants expressed pJRD215-encoded resistance to kanamycin and streptomycin. Moreover, the transforming plasmid DNA had not undergone any deletions or rearrangements, nor had it integrated into the genomes of these strains.     

The occurrence of antagonistic actinomycetes in bulgarian soils and their antibiotic properties

Of 1448 actinomycete strains isolated from different types of soils 46% exhibited an antibiotic activity. Strains exhibiting a narrow antibiotic spectrum were more usual than those exhibiting a broad spectrum. An antifungal effect was the most common property. Strains exhibiting a considerable activity against pathogenic, phytopathogenic and dermatophytic microorganisms were found among isolated cultures. Fifty-three antagonistic actinomycetes were classified in 29 species.Actinomyces candidus, Actinomyces flaveolus, Actinomyces flavoviridis andActinomyces griseovariabilis were the most common. The antibiotic spectrum of individual strains belonging to the same species was qualitatively different in most cases.     

Reclassification of Corynebacterium pyogenes (Glage) in the genus Actinomyces, as Actinomyces pyogenes comb.nov

Corynebacterium pyogenes (Glage) differs to such an extent from the type species of Corynebacterium, Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Lehmann and Neumann), that it cannot be retained in this genus. Numerical phenetic and chemical data indicate a close relationship between Corynebacterium pyogenes and the species Actinomyces bovis (Harz). It is proposed that Corynebacterium pyogenes be reclassified in the genus Actinomyces, as Actinomyces pyogenes (Glage) comb.nov.     

一株瘤胃厌氧菌Actinomyces ruminicola的分离鉴定

目的从健康奶牛瘤胃液中分离、筛选出1株以产乙酸为主Actinomyces ruminicola。方法无菌采取装有瘤胃瘘奶牛的瘤胃液,按照厌氧茵分离步骤,通过Actinomyces ruminicola的特异性培养基进行筛选,提取分离菌的基因组DNA,克隆其16SrRNA基因,进行序列测定,分离出1株Actinomyces ruminicola。结果通过形态学观察、生化反应和序列分析证实所分离的1株产乙酸的杆菌为Actinomyces ruminicola。结论从健康牛瘤胃液中成功分离出1株Actinomyces ruminicola,为进一步研究其对瘤胃发酵的影响奠定了基础。     

Aggregation of Actinomyces strains by extracellular vesicles produced by Bacteroides gingivalis

The aggregation of Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii with extracellular vesicles of Bacteroides gingivalis was studied. Factors influencing the aggregation phenomenon were examined. L-Arginine was found to effectively inhibit aggregation as was an antibody preparation directed against a B. gingivalis surface hemagglutinin. Aggregation occurred over a wide pH range and did not seem to be affected by high salt concentrations or the presence of carbohydrates. Treatment of the vesicle preparation with proteases, sodium dodecyl sulphate, and high temperatures diminished or eliminated aggregation, while similar treatment of the Actinomyces had no effect on aggregation.     

一株降解纤维素放线菌的分类研究

从高温稻草堆肥中分离到1株能降解纤维素的放线菌CN9,分别对其表型特征、化学特征和16SrRNA基因序列进行了分析,根据实验结果,CN9属于高温链霉菌。     

Thermogenesis of mesophilic, thermotolerant and thermophilic strains of microorganisms--producers of fungal cell wall--destroying enzymes]

Investigations were carried out to clarify the relationship between thermogenesis and production of yeast wall lyzing enzymes by the mesophilic strain of Bacillus subtilis, thermotolerant strain of Actinomyces sp. II and thermophilic strain of Actinomyces sp. 10. The enzymic lyzing activity was measured in the culture liquid filtrate of those microorganisms. The thermophilic strain of Actinomyces sp. 10 showed the highest enzymic activity. The thermogenetic curves of the cultures had several inflections. The mesophilic culture of Bacillus subtilis whose enzymic lyzing activity was the lowest displayed the highest heat release.