全球变暖与陆地生态系统研究中的野外增温装置

由于化石燃料燃烧和森林砍伐等人类活动引起的地球大气层中温室气体(主要是二氧化碳)的富集已导致全球平均温度在20世纪升高了0.6 ℃,并将在本世纪继续上升1.4~5.8 ℃。这种地质历史上前所未有的全球变暖将对陆地植物和生态系统产生深远影响,并通过全球碳循环的改变反馈于全球气候变化。作为全球变化生态学的主要研究方法之一,生态系统增温实验能够为生态模型提供参数估计和模型验证。然而由于在世界各地使用的增温装置不同,使得各个生态系统之间的结果比较和整合难以实施,增加了模型预测的不确定性。该文通过比较几种常见的野外增温装置在模拟全球变暖情形时的优缺点,指出利用不同增温装置进行全球变暖研究中应注意的一些问题;同时探讨了全球变暖控制实验研究中的一些关键性的科学问题。     

喜旱莲子草对模拟全天增温的可塑性: 引入地和原产地种群的比较

植物可以通过关键功能性状的表型可塑性来适应气候变暖背景下环境温度的增加。表型可塑性增强进化假说(evolution of increased phenotypic plasticity hypothesis)认为外来植物在引入地进化出了更强的表型可塑性。以往对该假说的验证多集中于外来植物对光照、水分、养分、邻体以及天敌等的可塑性进化, 而对增温条件下植物生长和功能性状可塑性进化的研究相对较少。仅有的几项研究多集中在温带地区, 且多集中于研究植物生长相关的性状, 而对植物的抗性和草食作用对增温的响应的关注相对较少。本研究采用同质园实验比较了喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)引入地(中国)和原产地(阿根廷)各8个种群的生物量、功能性状和草食作用在热带地区(广州市增城区)对模拟全天增温2℃的响应差异。结果表明: (1)模拟全天增温显著降低了喜旱莲子草总生物量(-7.8%)、贮藏根生物量(-12.8%)、分枝强度(-11.6%)和茎端取食率(-34.4%)。(2)模拟全天增温造成的引入地种群总生物量降低幅度大于原产地种群; 模拟全天增温使引入地种群的比茎长和茎端取食率降低, 而原产地种群则相反。(3)无论是否模拟全天增温, 引入地种群的贮藏根生物量(+31.5%)、分枝强度(+38.5%)、比茎长(+30.2%)、根冠比(+24.5%)和比叶面积(+20.0%)均高于原产地种群, 茎端取食率则低于原产地种群(-35.8%)。这些结果表明, 热带地区全天增温2℃对喜旱莲子草是一种胁迫; 引入地种群的生物量对模拟全天增温2℃的响应更强, 而其株形相关性状(比茎长)和草食作用(茎端取食率)对模拟全天增温的可塑性方向与原产地种群相反。由于引入地种群在热带地区模拟全天增温条件下生物量的下降和草食作用的增加明显高于原产地种群, 因此在未来全球气候变暖的背景下, 热带地区温度升高可能不利于喜旱莲子草种群多度的增加。     

喜旱莲子草在青藏高原对模拟增温的可塑性: 引入地和原产地种群的比较

气候变暖背景下植物可通过关键性状的表型可塑性来适应环境温度的增加。表型可塑性增强进化假说预测定植到新环境中的入侵植物种群具有演化出更强表型可塑性的潜力。此前对可塑性进化的研究涵盖了外来植物性状对水分条件、光照变化、土壤养分、邻体根系以及天敌防御等的响应, 而较少有研究关注增温条件下植物重要性状的可塑性进化。已有的部分研究多集中在温带和热带地区, 而较少关注入侵植物在高寒地区对增温的响应; 且研究多集中在植物生长相关性状, 较少关注功能性状和防御性状。本研究采用同质园实验比较了喜旱莲子草6个引入地(中国)种群和6个原产地(阿根廷)种群, 在西藏拉萨模拟全天增温2℃处理下的适合度性状、功能性状和防御性状的响应差异。结果表明: (1)高寒地区模拟全天增温显著提高了喜旱莲子草总生物量(+36.4%)、地上生物量(+34.5%)、贮藏根生物量(+51.4%)和毛根生物量(+33.6%), 降低了分枝强度(-19.8%)和比茎长(-30.2%); (2)模拟全天增温使引入地种群的比叶面积和黄酮含量增加, 而原产地种群则相反。这些结果表明高寒地区全天增温2℃对喜旱莲子草可能是一种有利条件。引入地种群的适合度性状对模拟全天增温2℃的响应比原产地种群更强, 而其光能利用相关性状和防御性状的响应可能提升了其在高寒地区的适合度。因此, 在未来全球气候变暖的背景下, 高寒地区温度升高可能更有利于喜旱莲子草引入地种群的定植和扩散。     

Climate change reduces reproductive success of an Arctic herbivore through trophic mismatch

In highly seasonal environments, offspring production by vertebrates is timed to coincide with the annual peak of resource availability. For herbivores, this resource peak is represented by the annual onset and progression of the plant growth season. As plant phenology advances in response to climatic warming, there is potential for development of a mismatch between the peak of resource demands by reproducing herbivores and the peak of resource availability. For migratory herbivores, such as caribou, development of a trophic mismatch is particularly likely because the timing of their seasonal migration to summer ranges, where calves are born, is cued by changes in day length, while onset of the plant-growing season on the same ranges is cued by local temperatures. Using data collected since 1993 on timing of calving by caribou and timing of plant growth in West Greenland, we document the consequences for reproductive success of a developing trophic mismatch between caribou and their forage plants. As mean spring temperatures at our study site have risen by more than 4 degrees C, caribou have not kept pace with advancement of the plant-growing season on their calving range. As a consequence, offspring mortality has risen and offspring production has dropped fourfold.     

气候变暖对陆生植物的影响

温度是影响植物生长、发育和功能的重要环境因子,是调节许多陆地生态系统生物地球化学过程的关键因素之一.全球气候持续变暖直接或间接地对陆生植物产生不同程度的影响.本文从不同方面分析了植物对温度升高及其它生态环境因子变化交互作用下的生理生态适应机制,包括生态系统的土壤呼吸、植物的气体交换、水分关系、生物量和生产力的响应等方面的研究进展,并就未来开展陆生植物对气候变暖响应研究提出加强和改进的设想.     

滇西北纳帕海湖滨带优势植物茭草茎解剖结构对模拟增温的响应

高原湿地湖滨带植物对气候变暖表现出强烈的功能响应,是全球气候变化的主要现象之一。植物解剖性状直接关系到植物的生态功能,为探讨气候变暖对湿地植物茎解剖结构的影响,该研究利用开顶式生长室分析了模拟增温对滇西北纳帕海湿地湖滨带挺水植物茭草茎解剖结构的影响。结果表明:(1)茭草地上茎在增温4 ℃的范围内,主要通过增加表皮结构厚度以增加表皮失水来响应增温; 地下茎在增温2 ℃的轻度增温条件下与地上茎的响应策略相同,而在增温4 ℃时主要通过减小维管结构大小以降低气穴化风险来响应增温。(2)年最高温度和夜间积温是影响茭草茎解剖结构性状的关键因子,但该两个温度因子仅对地下茎筛管大小的影响达到显著水平(R²=0.838, P<0.01)。(3)内表皮细胞厚度是地上茎响应增温的最主要性状,并与温度因子呈显著正相关。地下茎导管和筛管大小是地下茎响应温度升高的主要性状,二者与温度变量呈负相关关系。综上表明,茭草地上茎和地下茎对增温响应策略存在差异,为揭示高原湿地植物应对气候变暖的响应规律以及生态适应策略提供了科学依据。基于当前气候变暖的背景,建议未来采用更科学的实验方法对更多高原湿地植物的生态响应过程及规律进一步深入研究。     

Potential effects of warming and drying on peatland plant community composition

Boreal peatlands may be particularly vulnerable to climate change, because temperature regimes that currently constrain biological activity in these regions are predicted to increase substantially within the next century. Changes in peatland plant community composition in response to climate change may alter nutrient availability, energy budgets, trace gas fluxes, and carbon storage. We investigated plant community response to warming and drying in a field mesocosm experiment in northern Minnesota, USA. Large intact soil monoliths removed from a bog and a fen received three infrared warming treatments crossed with three water‐table treatments (n = 3) for five years. Foliar cover of each species was estimated annually. In the bog, increases in soil temperature and decreases in water‐table elevation increased cover of shrubs by 50% and decreased cover of graminoids by 50%. The response of shrubs to warming was distinctly species‐specific, and ranged from increases (for Andromeda glaucophylla) to decreases (for Kalmia polifolia). In the fens, changes in plant cover were driven primarily by changes in water‐table elevation, and responses were species‐ and lifeform‐specific: increases in water‐table elevation increased cover of graminoids – in particular Carex lasiocarpa and Carex livida– as well as mosses. In contrast, decreases in water‐table elevation increased cover of shrubs, in particular A. glaucophylla and Chamaedaphne calyculata. The differential and sometimes opposite response of species and lifeforms to the treatments suggest that the structure and function of both bog and fen plant communities will change – in different directions or at different magnitudes – in response to warming and/or changes in water‐table elevation that may accompany regional or global climate change.     

Examining the effects of chronic,lake-wide elevated temperatures on behavioural expression in largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides

Many behaviours have differential fitness consequences across thermal and ecological contexts, indicating that both ecological shifts and warming temperatures induced by climatic change may alter how organisms behave. However, empirical evidence of temperature-driven behavioural selection in natural systems is lacking. We compared behaviours and behavioural syndromes related to activity, exploration, boldness and aggression in populations of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from ambient lakes to the those from artificially warmed, power plant cooling lakes to investigate changes in behaviours associated with warmer environments. Activity, exploration, boldness and aggression of juvenile largemouth bass were assessed in laboratory conditions using a novel environment assay and a risky situation assay. We found that activity and exploratory behaviours were higher and decreased through first year ontogeny in populations from heated lakes, whereas these behaviours were lower and showed no relationship through ontogeny in populations from ambient lakes. We attribute these differences to the changes in food source availability in heated lakes associated with temperature-driven ecological effects. Bold and aggressive behaviours tended to differ between populations, as did correlations between behaviours, but did not differ between ambient and heated lakes. The findings of this work identify that large ecological changes associated with warming environments, such as food availability, may drive changes in some aspects of behavioural expression in largemouth bass but that other aspects of behavioural expression may be driven by lake-specific factors not related to warming.     

矮嵩草草甸植物群落数量特征对模拟增温的响应

在5个(A～E)直径不同的开顶式增温小室(OTCs)环境条件下,通过连续5年(2002～2006)的野外试验,分析了植物生长季矮嵩草草甸植物群落地上部分生物量、平均高度、盖度对模拟增温的响应.结果表明:(1)开顶式增温小室能够有效改变微气候环境,室内气温比室外增加0.24～3.41℃,其增温幅度与温室面积大小呈显著负相关(r=-0.993 1·).(2)随着试验时间的持续,各温室植物群落地上部分生物量均逐渐升高,第1年以温室B略高(202.01 g/m2),而第5年以温室A最高(414.56 g/m2)且显著高于其它处理和对照(P<0.05).(3)植物群落平均高度在同一温室呈逐年增加的趋势, 第5年显著高于其它年份(P<0.05);而不同温室间的植物群落平均高度随着室内温度的增高而逐渐显著增加.(4)植物群落总盖度呈逐年上升的趋势,至第5年已接近或达到100%;各温室间分盖度之和无显著差异(P>0.05),而其年际间变化差异极显著(P<0.001),2004～2006年分盖度之和均极显著高于2002和2003年,而2003年又显著高于2002年.可见,随着温室气温的逐渐增加,矮嵩草草甸植物群落地上部分生物量、平均高度、盖度均表现为逐渐上升的趋势.     

Measurement of cooling and warming rates in vitrification‐based plant cryopreservation protocols

Cryopreservation protocols include the use of additives and pretreatments aimed to reduce the probability of ice nucleation at all temperatures, mainly through micro‐viscosity increase. Still, there is a risk of ice formation in the temperature region comprised between the equilibrium freezing (T_f) and the glass transition (T_G) temperatures. Consequently, fast cooling and warming, especially in this region, is a must to avoid ice‐derived damage. Vitrification and droplet‐vitrification techniques, frequently used cryopreservation protocols based in fast cooling, were studied, alongside with the corresponding warming procedures. A very fast data acquisition system, able to read very low temperatures, down to that of liquid nitrogen, was employed. Cooling rates, measured between ?20°C and ?120°C, ranged from ca. 5°C s^?1 to 400°C s^?1, while warming rates spanned from ca. 2°C s^?1 to 280°C s^?1, for the different protocols and conditions studied. A wider measuring window (0°C to ?150°C) produced lower rates for all cases. The cooling and warming rates were also related to the survival observed after the different procedures. Those protocols with the faster rates yielded the highest survival percentages. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:1177–1184, 2014     

Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores

This review examines the direct effects of climate change on insect herbivores. Temperature is identified as the dominant abiotic factor directly affecting herbivorous insects. There is little evidence of any direct effects of CO₂ or UVB. Direct impacts of precipitation have been largely neglected in current research on climate change. Temperature directly affects development, survival, range and abundance. Species with a large geographical range will tend to be less affected. The main effect of temperature in temperate regions is to influence winter survival; at more northerly latitudes, higher temperatures extend the summer season, increasing the available thermal budget for growth and reproduction. Photoperiod is the dominant cue for the seasonal synchrony of temperate insects, but their thermal requirements may differ at different times of year. Interactions between photoperiod and temperature determine phenology; the two factors do not necessarily operate in tandem. Insect herbivores show a number of distinct life‐history strategies to exploit plants with different growth forms and strategies, which will be differentially affected by climate warming. There are still many challenges facing biologists in predicting and monitoring the impacts of climate change. Future research needs to consider insect herbivore phenotypic and genotypic flexibility, their responses to global change parameters operating in concert, and awareness that some patterns may only become apparent in the longer term.     

Explaining naturalization and invasiveness: new insights from historical ornamental plant catalogs

We identified plant attributes associated with naturalization and invasiveness using century‐old ornamental plant catalogs from Québec (Canada). We tested the hypothesis that naturalization is determined by fewer factors than invasiveness, as the latter also requires dispersal, which introduces additional complexity. The approach we used took into account not only plant attributes as explanatory factors, but also propagule pressure, while accounting for phylogenetic relationships among species. Museum collections were used, in combination with scientific journal databases, to assess invasiveness. Particular attention was given to species that never escaped from gardens and thus represent cases of “failed” invasions. Naturalization in cold‐temperate environments is determined by fewer factors than invasion, but only if phylogenetic links between species are taken into account, highlighting the importance of phylogenetic tools for analyzing species pools not resulting from a random selection of taxa. Hardiness is the main factor explaining naturalization in Québec. Invasion requires dispersal, as shown by three significant variables associated with the spread of diaspores in the invasiveness model (seed weight, hydrochory, number of seed dispersal modes). Plants that are not cold‐hardy are likely to disappear from the market or nature, but the disappearance phenomenon is more complex, involving also seed dispersal abilities and propagule pressure. Factors contributing to naturalization or invasiveness may differ greatly between regions. Differences are due in part to the plant traits used in the models and the methodology. However, this study, conducted in a cold‐temperate region, sheds new light on what is likely a context (climatic)‐dependant phenomenon.     

Thermal acclimation of leaf respiration varies between legume and non-legume herbaceous

Aims Ubiquitous thermal acclimation of leaf respiration could mitigate the respiration increase. However, whether species of different plant functional groups showing distinct or similar acclimation justifies the simple prediction of respiratory carbon (C) loss to a warming climate.     

不同降水条件下内蒙古荒漠草原主要植物物候对长期增温和氮添加的响应

植物物候是生态系统对气候变化响应的重要指示器, 是植物生产力与植被动态模拟的重要参数。但是植物物候对全球变化的响应是否存在年际间变异、年内变异、物种间变异或生境间变异, 以及如何改变, 目前仍然不明确。该研究基于内蒙古荒漠草原长期增温和氮添加实验平台, 选择优势植物短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)、冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)和木地肤(Kochia prostrata)为研究对象, 使用物候打分观测方法和Richards生长曲线拟合方法, 研究了实验处理第11、12和13年(2016-2018年)期间增温和氮添加对植物物候的影响。研究结果表明: (1)短花针茅开花时间集中在第129-145天, 冷蒿开花时间集中在第230-248天, 木地肤开花时间集中在第194-222天。增温、氮添加和增温+氮添加均使短花针茅和木地肤开花时间趋于提前, 冷蒿开花时间趋于推迟。(2)短花针茅结果时间集中在第134-148天, 冷蒿结果时间集中在第241-260天, 木地肤结果时间集中在第207-231天。增温、氮添加和增温+氮添加处理均使短花针茅和木地肤结果时间趋于提前, 冷蒿结果时间趋于推迟。(3)短花针茅生殖生长持续12-25天, 冷蒿生殖生长持续48-55天, 木地肤生殖生长持续45-77天。增温、增温+氮添加缩短了短花针茅而延长了冷蒿和木地肤的生殖生长时间。     

Warming changes plant competitive hierarchy in a temperate steppe in northern China

Aims Quantifying changes in plant growth and interspecific interactions, both of which can alter dominance of plant species, will facilitate explanation and projection of the shifts in species composition and community structure in terrestrial biomes expected under global warming. We used an experimental warming treatment to examine the potential influence of global warming on plant growth and interspecific interactions in a temperate steppe in northern China.Materials and Methods Six dominant plant species were grown in monoculture and all 15 two-species mixtures for one growing season under ambient and elevated temperatures in the field. Temperature was manipulated with infrared radiators.Important findings Total biomass of all the six plant species was increased by 34–63% in monocultures and 20–76% in mixtures. The magnitude of the warming effect on biomass was modified by plant interactions. Experimental warming changed the hierarchies of both competitive response and competitive effect. The competitive ability (in terms of response and effect) of one C₄ grass (Pennisetum centrasiaticum) was suppressed, while the competitive abilities of one C₃ forb (Artemisia capillaris) and one C₃ grass (Stipa krylovii) were enhanced by experimental warming. The demonstrated alterations in growth and plant interactions may lead to changes in community structure and biodiversity in the temperate steppe in a warmer world in the future.     

The effect of nitrogen and temperature changes on Solidago canadensis phenotypic plasticity and fitness

Phenotypic plasticity is commonly considered to contribute to the invasion success of invasive species. However, the importance of phenotypic plasticity, nitrogen (N) levels and warming to the invasion of invasive species is unclear. The effects of warming and N addition on the morphology, biomass allocation and biochemistry traits of Solidago canadensis and their plasticity were investigated by conducting a pot experiment. The results showed that the effect of N addition on biomass was improved for S. canadensis; whereas warming displayed no significant effect, their positive synergistic interact effect resulted in the overall significant increase in plant performance. The mean phenotypic plasticity indices (MPPI) of biochemistry and total parameters demonstrated a difference between operations, and the higher value was observed in N interaction with temperature treatments than N addition or warming alone. The observed MPPI indicated the biochemistry parameters > morphological parameters > allocation parameters. The MPPI of biochemistry parameters, morphological parameters and total parameters exhibited significant and positive correlations with N level and MPPI of morphological parameters was also significantly positively correlated with the fitness of S. canadensis. These results indicated that the global warming and N addition would make the invaded habitat more suitable for the growth of invasive S. canadensis, and even may effectively increase the invasion risk of S. canadensis through the enhanced phenotypic plasticity, which is a crucial factor to help species deal with the changing environment.     

Nitrogen Uptake During One Year in Subarctic Plant Functional Groups and in Microbes After Long-Term Warming and Fertilization

For the first time in an arctic long-term warming and fertilization experiment, the short-term (days) and longer-term (month and year) nitrogen (N) uptake and allocation in plants, microbes, and soil pools were studied, with ¹⁵N-labeling of an organic nitrogen form, glycine. The long-term warming and fertilization had no marked effect on soil inorganic N content, but both dissolved organic N (DON) and plant biomass did increase after fertilization. Soil microbes initially immobilized most of the added ¹⁵N, but in the following months, they lost two-thirds, while label concentration in plants increased. After a year, however, the ¹⁵N recovered in microbes was still 10-fold higher than that in the plant biomass, showing the high importance of soil microbes in nutrient retention in arctic ecosystems, irrespective of the impact of long-term warming or fertilization. The effects of the treatments on the uptake of label by deciduous shrubs and evergreens paralleled that of their N pool sizes, suggesting that their N uptake potential was unaffected by long-term warming and fertilizer addition. Mosses and herbs had high uptake potential but in fertilized plots they took up less ¹⁵N, that is, they were N saturated. The fraction of ¹⁵N in microbes tended to decrease after fertilization, but this was an effect of higher N pool dilution after 1 month and a year, and not due to lower initial uptake. Although the concentration of soil inorganic N did not change after fertilization, both increased DON and the results of the ¹⁵N label addition showed that the N availability in the ecosystem had increased. By contrast, warming had little effect on soil N pools and microbial ¹⁵N uptake, and, hence, had no detectable effects on ¹⁵N accumulation.     

民勤荒漠区植物物候对气候变暖的响应

近几十年来,全球气候普遍变暖.那么,荒漠地区的气候是不是响应了全球气候的这种变化?在全球气候变化过程中,荒漠区植物物候又是如何响应这种气候变化的呢?显然,研究荒漠地区植物物候对气候变化的响应对于深入研究荒漠植物物候与气候因子的关系以及荒漠地区的植物保护都具有重要意义.运用位于中国西北典型荒漠地区的民勤沙生植物园1974～2007年42种中生、旱生植物的物候观测资料进行分析.结果表明:研究区1974年以来气温抬升幅度大于其他文献的研究报道,春季物候期提前幅度明显大于其他国家文献报道;在气温变暖的过程中,不同月份的气温变化与年平均气温的变化趋势并不完全对应,物候期发生当月的平均气温对该物候期的影响＞物候期发生上月平均气温＞年平均气温;研究区位于中国典型荒漠化地区,属于干旱荒漠气候,春季气温升高较其他地区更加明显,这就是当地春季物候期提前幅度相对较大的原因所在,也是当地以及中国西北沙区近几十年来沙尘暴天气增多和沙尘暴发生日期提前的原因.植物物候变化既是植物对气候变化的综合反应过程,又是植物适应气候变化的过程,尤其是荒漠植物.因此,物候研究将会成为今后气候学和植物生态学研究的一个重要内容.     

Native woody legumes respond more negatively to extreme drought than invasive ones

本地木本豆科植物比外来入侵木本豆科植物对极端干旱事件的负面响应更强 植物入侵可能会受到极端干旱事件增加和大气氮沉降的影响。然而,极端干旱、氮沉降及其相互作用如何影响外来木本豆科植物的成功入侵尚不清楚。本研究选取3种入侵木本豆科植物和3种本地木本豆科植物,开展温室控制实验。分别将这些植物种植在不同干旱处理(极端干旱和对照)和不同氮水平(低氮和高氮)下,然后对比分析两类植物的株高、叶片数、生物量以及根质量分数的差异。研究结果表明,极端干旱对本地木本豆科植物生长的抑制效应强于入侵木本豆科植物。尽管土壤氮素有效性的增加降低了植物的根质量分数,但这并不影响植物的整体表现。入侵木本豆科植物比本地木本豆科植物更能耐受长期极端干旱的负面效应。本研究加深了我们对气候变化导致的干旱事件如何影响外来木本豆科植物入侵的了解。