浙江古田山亚热带常绿阔叶林叶衰老物候影响因子研究

该文选取浙江省古田山亚热带常绿阔叶林72种木本植物,探究气候因素、系统发育关系和功能性状对亚热带常绿阔叶林叶衰老物候的影响。结果表明,叶变色期在9—12月,落叶期在10—12月。每月落叶物种数与月均温、月均降水量和月均日照时数没有显著相关性,每月叶变色物种数与月均温和月均日照时数呈弱相关;落叶性对叶变色期和落叶期具有显著影响;植物间系统发育关系对叶变色期和落叶期没有显著影响。因此,生物和非生物因子都会影响常绿阔叶树种的叶衰老,这对于提高秋季物候预测模型具有重要价值。     

沈阳城市森林群落的树种组合选择

通过对沈阳市建成区公园树木的调查分析,获得各树种的综合表现排序,并利用Jaccard定量修正系数进行树种问关联性分析。结果表明,沈阳市建成区城市森林群落的最佳树种组合为5组,参考树种组合3组,且选择树种与各树种的综合表现评价相一致;对沈阳城市森林的树种进行选择分析,提出沈阳城市森林的参考骨干树种和基调树种;分析了沈阳市建成区公园树种分布的现状,并提出其发展建议。     

澳门5种植物叶变色盛期对气候因子的响应

叶变色盛期是植物生长季结束时的重要物候指标。为探究澳门地区气候因子对植物叶变色盛期的影响,利用3个固定物候监测样地2012-2018年的物候资料和气象数据,对5种野生植物叶变色盛期的年际变化及其对前期各种气候因子的响应进行了研究。结果表明,不同物种叶变色盛期不同,集中在12月的有山乌桕（Sapium discolor）、野漆（Toxicodendron succedaneum）和天料木（Homalium cochinchinenense）,假苹婆（Sterculia lanceolata）的叶变色盛期在5月,秤星树（Ilex asprella）集中在1月。不同样地共有种叶变色盛期不同,大潭山样地秤星树的叶变色盛期显著早于九澳山样地,松山样地假苹婆的叶变色盛期显著早于大潭山样地。叶变色盛期与春夏季温度的变化呈正相关,与秋冬季的呈负相关。叶变色盛期与冬、春季降水量的变化呈正相关,与夏、秋季的呈负相关。相对湿度与植物的叶变色盛期亦有显著相关性。温度是影响这5种植物叶变色盛期最主要的气候因子。     

Coloration and phenology manifest nutrient variability in senesced leaves of 46 temperate deciduous woody species

颜色和物候表明46种温带落叶木本植物衰老叶片的养分变异 不同共生植物的叶片养分含量差异显著,反映了不同的叶片养分利用策略。然而,衰老叶片养分的种间变异及其驱动因素尚不清楚。本研究旨在探讨衰老叶片养分的种间变异及其驱动因素。我们在中国东北的帽儿山森林生态系统研究站测定了46种共存温带落叶木本植物新鲜落叶的碳、氮、磷浓度。 采用随机森林模型量化10个生物因素(菌根类型、固氮类型、生长形态、耐阴性、叶片质地、变色程度、变色类型、叶片变色峰期、落叶峰期和落叶末期)的相对重要性。研究结果表明,落叶氮浓度种间变化为4倍,磷浓度变化达9倍。较高的氮和磷平均浓度(15.38和1.24 mg g⁻¹)表明该森林氮和磷限制较弱。功能群仅对特定养分及其比值有显著影响。磷浓度、氮磷比与外生菌根树种的落叶高峰日和落叶结束日呈负相关。颜色鲜艳的叶片(红色＞棕色＞黄色＞黄绿色＞绿色)倾向于比绿色叶片氮和磷浓度更低而碳氮比和碳磷比较高。随机森林模型表明,秋季叶变色和落叶物候贡献了80%的种间变异解释量。这些结果增加了我们对温带森林木本植物营养策略之衰老叶片养分变异性的理解。     

干旱沙区46种木本植物的物候研究——以民勤沙生植物园栽培植物为例

以民勤沙生植物园 46种主要沙生、旱生和中生木本栽培植物为观测对象 ,研究其物候特性 ,绘制物候谱 ,以植物物候期对应的日平均温度、≥ 5℃积温、地面温度、日照时数进行多元统计分析 ,初步划分出这些植物的萌动期、展叶期、开花期、叶变色期的物候类型各 4种。     

干旱沙区46种木本植物的物候研究：以民勤沙生植物园栽培植？…

以民勤沙生植物园４６种主要沙生、旱生和中生木本栽培植物为观测对象,研究其物候特性,绘制物候谱,以植物物候期对应的日平均温度、≥５℃积温、地面温度、日照时数进行多元统计分析,初步划分出这些植物的萌动期、展叶期、开花期、叶变色期的物候类型各４种。     

西安4种落叶乔木物候期对气候变化的响应

以西安1979—2018年的气候资料和植物物候观测资料为基础,采用分段回归和趋势倾向率等方法,分析了毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)、杜梨(Pyrus betulifolia)、七叶树(Aesculus chinensis)和灯台树(Bothrocaryum controversum)4种落叶乔木展叶盛期和叶全变色期的生长趋势,使用偏相关分析探讨了气温、降水和日照时数与物候期的关系并通过偏最小二乘回归(Partial Least Squares, PLS)判断气候变量对物候期的综合影响。结果表明：(1)1979—2018年,4种乔木的生长季长度延长,整体表现为春季物候期提前,秋季物候期推迟;(2)展叶盛期物候指标与叶全变色期物候指标,转折均发生在1982年;转折后,物候特征变化显著,春季物候的提前速率和秋季物候的推迟速率加快,展叶盛期平均提前3.8d/10a,叶全变色期平均推迟4.7d/10a;(3)展叶盛期与春季气温表现为极显著负相关,叶变色期与秋季气温表现为显著正相关;降水对植物物候的影响不显著;春季物候与日照时数呈现极显著负相关关系,秋季物候期与日照时数呈不显著正相关...     

中国温带旱柳物候期对气候变化的时空响应

为了揭示中国温带植物物候随时间变化和植物物候对气候变化响应的空间格局及其生态机制,利用52个站点1986—2005年的旱柳展叶始期、开花始期、果实成熟期、叶变色始期和落叶末期的物候数据,分析其时间序列的线性趋势,并通过建立基于最佳期间日均温的物候时间模型,确定物候发生日期对气温年际变化的响应。在研究的时段内,区域平均旱柳展叶始期、开花始期和果实成熟期的发生日期分别以-4.2 d/10 a、-3.8 d/10 a和-3.3 d/10 a的平均速率显著提前,而区域平均旱柳叶变色始期和落叶末期的发生日期则分别呈不显著推迟和以2.4 d/10 a的平均速率显著推迟的趋势。单站展叶始期、开花始期和果实成熟期发生日期的线性趋势以提前为主,显著提前的站点分别占40%、41%和29%;叶变色始期发生日期呈显著提前和显著推迟趋势的站点数相当,分别占17%和19%;落叶末期发生日期的线性趋势以推迟为主,显著推迟的站点占23%。各站展叶始期、开花始期和果实成熟期发生日期的线性趋势空间序列与相应的最佳期间日均温的线性趋势空间序列之间呈显著负相关,表明一个站点前期气温升高的速率越快,该站这些物候期发生日期提前的速率就越快。在物候期对气温年际变化的响应方面,区域平均春季最佳期间日均温每升高1℃,展叶始期、开花始期和果实成熟期的发生日期分别提前3.08 d、2.83 d和3.54 d;区域平均秋季最佳期间日均温每升高1℃,叶变色始期和落叶末期的发生日期分别推迟1.69 d和2.28 d。单站展叶始期和落叶末期发生日期对气温年际变化的响应表现出在温暖地区的站点比在寒冷地区的站点更为敏感的特点。总体上看,基于日均温的物候时间模型对春、夏季物候期的模拟精度明显高于对秋季物候期的模拟精度。建立了基于最佳期间日均温和日累积降水量的改进秋季物候模型,该模型使旱柳叶变色始期和落叶末期的模拟精度显著提高。由此可见,旱柳叶变色始期和落叶末期的发生日期受到前期气温和降水量的综合影响。     

沈阳城市森林主要树种叶片形态生态特征与生长规律

利用统计和多元分析方法研究了沈阳城市森林10个主要树种叶片的形态生态特征和生长规律.结果表明,影响树木叶片生长发育节律的主要气象因子是≥5 ℃积温、累积日照时数和各物候期中旬平均温度.不同物候期树木所需要的气象因子有所变化,树木萌动期要求低温和寒冷指数,而在生长期需要一定的温暖指数和湿润指数.10个树种的叶片形态数量特征差异较大,按叶形指数依次为短序胡枝子＞华北丁香＞国槐＞银白杨＞红瑞木＞金银忍冬＞水腊＞水曲柳＞稠李＞黄菠萝;按叶面积依次为华北丁香＞银白杨＞黄菠萝＞稠李＞水曲柳＞红瑞木＞短序胡枝子＞金银忍冬＞国槐＞水腊.在10个树种叶长度与宽度、周长、叶面积之间相互关系中,基本属于异速生长类型,符合y=ax^k模型,但在叶长度与宽度之间关系中,除银白杨k＞1外,其它9个树种均k＜1;在叶长度与周长关系中,黄菠萝k＞1, 银白杨k≈1,呈线性关系,其它树种均k＜1;在叶长度与叶面积关系中,10个树种k＞1,而 银白杨k=2.1028,叶面积增长速率近似于叶长的2倍.建立了10个树种的叶面积最优回归估测模型,并对模型进行了估测检验.     

七种云杉针叶非结构性碳与光合特性随物候期的动态变化特征

云杉作为我国东北和西部高山地区的主要树种,在森林碳汇、水源涵养、生态安全屏障等方面具有重要的意义,其非结构性碳(NSC)的动态变化为研究森林碳储存和碳供应提供重要参考.为探究不同云杉树种针叶NSC含量与光合特性随物候期的动态变化特征,对同质园内7个云杉属树种幼树的物候期进行了观测,并测量了各物候期一年生和当年生叶中NSC的含量以及净光合速率.结果表明:各树种的萌动期从早到晚依次为粗枝云杉<青扦<白扦<林芝云杉<青海云杉<川西云杉<红皮云杉,伸展期从早到晚依次为白扦<青海云杉<粗枝云杉<青扦<红皮云杉<川西云杉<林芝云杉,顶芽期则无显著差异;物候期的差异不仅存在对当前生境如有效积温(R=0.996^*)、土壤含水量(R=-0.807^*)等的响应,也存在对原生境的适应;各树种NSC含量随物候期变化规律一致,当年生和一年生叶中淀粉含量均呈单峰型变化,可溶性糖含量则是先升高后趋于稳定;当年生叶中NSC含量均低于一年生,其中淀粉含量变化范围分别是20~50、70~ 150 mg·g^-1,可溶性糖含量变化范围分别是80~150、200~350 mg·g^-1.此外,不论在新老龄叶片中,淀粉含量下降后光合速率均会升高,净光合速率与淀粉和可溶性糖含量存在协调性.以上结果为全面理解云杉属树种NSC的季节动态及种间差异的变化规律提供了重要参考.     

沈阳市城市森林结构与效益分析

采用样方调查方法对沈阳市243km^2范围的树木进行每木实地调查,在地理信息系统应用软件Arc View3．2平台上建立了基于CITYgreen模型的城市森林信息管理系统,应用该信息系统分析了沈阳市土地利用及树木分布的格局、树种构成、树木密度、树高、胸径、健康状况等反映城市森林结构特征的指标结果表明,2001年沈阳市有树136种,1 914 500株树木,森林覆盖率为9．77％,25种主要树木占树木总数的84．78％,胸径小于0．25m(一类胸径)和大于0．5m(三类胸径)的树木占82．8％;幼龄树27％、中龄树58％、老龄树15％;84％的树木健康状况为中等以上,城市森林信息管理系统计算表明,沈阳市城市森林每年生态效益折合经济价值为2．65千万美元。     

Uncertainties involved in leaf fall phenology detected by digital camera

We evaluated the uncertainty in the estimation of year-to-year variability in the timing of leaf fall detected by the analysis of red, green and blue (RGB) values extracted from daily phenological images in a deciduous broad-leaved forest in Japan. We examined (1) the spatial distribution of individual tree species within a 1-ha permanent plot and the spatio-temporal variability of leaf litter of various species for 8 years; and (2) the relationship between the year-to-year variability of leaf fall detected by leaf litter and that detected by phenological images of various species. Uncertainties were caused by (1) the heterogeneous distribution of each species within the whole forest community; (2) the year-to-year variability of the timing of leaf fall among species; and (3) differences in leaf colouring and leaf fall patterns among species. Our results indicate the importance of integrating RGB analysis of each species and of the whole canopy on the basis of spatial locations of individuals and proportions of tree species within a forest to reduce uncertainty.     

Leaf dynamics and shoot phenology of eleven warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved trees near their northern limit in central Japan

Dynamic features of shoot phenology including leaf emergence and leaf fall, and leaf life span for eleven evergreen broad-leaved tree species were investigated in a warm-temperate rain forest in Mount Kiyosumi, central Japan. All species had periodic leaf emergence or flushing pattern, and were classified into two types; single and multiple flush and only one species, Eurya japonica, represented the latter type and the rest had single flush in spring. The single flush type can further be subdivided into two groups according to their duration of shoot growth; short and long flush. Seasonal patterns of leaf fall were categorized into four; unimodal, bimodal, broad unimodal, and multimodal type though they were not fixed pattern. The leaf emergence and leaf fall patterns were correlated for the eleven species, and five phenological types were categorized. Four of them were the single flush types, i.e., short flush of leaf emergence with unimodal leaffall (SSU) type of Castanopsis sieboldii and Quercus salicina, short flush with bimodal leaf fall (SSB) type of Quercus acuta, Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and Cinnamomum japonicum, long flush with bimodal leaffall (SLB) type of Myrsine seguinii, and long flush with broad unimodal leaffall (SLR) type of Symplocos prunifolia, Cleyera japonica, and Illicium anisatum. The multiple flush type is only one species, Eurya japonica, and it had multimodal leaffall pattern (MM type). The phenological pattern varied in relation to leaf life span, leaf size, and tree habit. Leaf life span ranged from 1.1 to 5.8 yr. The short flush species or SSU and SSB types were all canopy or subcanopy trees, and the former had short and the latter had long leaf life spans. The long flush species were all microphyllous small trees, and SLB type had a relatively long leaf life span in understory, SLR type had a long leaf life span in understory or in open habitat and/or forest gap as a pioneer tree. MM type had a long leaf life span and colonizing species in open habitat but they can survive in understory as well. The phenological attributes of evergreen trees were well corresponded to the ecological guild of the tree in both forest structure and successional stage, and were also constrained by phylogenetic groups.     

Invasion of broad-leaf tree species into a larch plantation: seasonal light environment, photosynthesis and nitrogen allocation

We have studied how tree seedlings with differing leaf phenological traits change their nitrogen allocation in seasonally changing light environments. Specifically, we have investigated seasonal changes in maximum leaf photosynthetic rates in situ, and changes in nitrogen, chlorophyll and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) content. We have also estimated nitrogen allocation characteristics from leaf nitrogen to photosynthetic proteins, light-harvesting protein and other proteins in four successional tree species growing in a larch plantation. The gap phase species, Magnolia hyporeuca Siebold et Zucc., displays higher photosynthetic rates to compensate for the short leafy period and allocates more nitrogen to Rubisco. In contrast, tree species that grow at the forest floor, Prunus ssiori F. Schmidt and Carpinus cordata Blume, use the leafless period of the canopy trees to change their allocation of nitrogen from Rubisco to chlorophyll in line with canopy closure. Quercus mongolica Fischer ex Ledeb. var. crispula (Blume) Ohashi is a mid-successional tree species, and maintains a high photosynthetic rate in September because it allocates more nitrogen to Rubisco. We conclude that phenological differences in tree seedlings are clearly reflected in the nitrogen allocation pattern at gaps and at the forest floor in larch plantations.     

Fusing multi-season UAS images with convolutional neural networks to map tree species in Amazonian forests

Remote sensing images obtained by unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) across different seasons enabled capturing of species-specific phenological patterns of tropical trees. The application of UAS multi-season images to classify tropical tree species is still poorly understood. In this study, we used RGB images from different seasons obtained by a low-cost UAS and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to map tree species in an Amazonian forest. Individual tree crowns (ITC) were outlined in the UAS images and identified to the species level using forest inventory data. The CNN model was trained with images obtained in February, May, August, and November. The classification accuracy in the rainy season (November and February) was higher than in the dry season (May and August). Fusing images from multiple seasons improved the average accuracy of tree species classification by up to 21.1 percentage points, reaching 90.5%. The CNN model can learn species-specific phenological characteristics that impact the classification accuracy, such as leaf fall in the dry season, which highlights its potential to discriminate species in various conditions. We produced high-quality individual tree crown maps of the species using a post-processing procedure. The combination of multi-season UAS images and CNNs has the potential to map tree species in the Amazon, providing valuable insights for forest management and conservation initiatives.     

CO2 浓度升高对两种沈阳城市森林树种光合特性的影响

利用开顶式气室, 研究了CO2浓度升高条件下城市森林主要树种油松(Pinus tabulaefomis)和银杏(Ginkgo biloba)主要光合特性的变化。结果表明, 整个生长季, CO2浓度升高(700 mmol.mol-1)条件下2树种叶片的净光合速率、可溶性糖、淀粉和可溶性蛋白含量均接近或高于相应对照(自然CO2浓度)值, 但不同树种增加的幅度不同; 而2树种的叶绿素含量和Chl a/Chl b值对CO2浓度升高反应不一, 表现为CO2浓度升高条件下油松的叶绿素含量较对照值高, Chl a/Chl b值降低, 银杏的叶绿素含量为前期升高, 后期降低, Chl a/Chl b值变化与之正好相反, 说明城市森林组成树种对CO2浓度升高的响应具有复杂性。CO2浓度升高条件下, 两树种均未发生光合适应现象。     

城市森林结构的量化研究——以沈阳树木园森林群落为例

采用遥感图像判读和野外调查相结合的方法,定量分析了沈阳树木园植物群落的物种结构及空间格局。结果表明,沈阳树木园植被的生长状况良好;物种丰富,其中黄蘖(Phellodendron amugense)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)在树木株数和相对优势度上均占优势,为群落的主林木;植被在高度和胸径上的分布均表现为具有向上发展的潜力,整个植被群落正处于一个快速的生长期,属于发挥生态效益的最佳时期,沈阳树木园的树种多度与基于叶面积的相对优势度之间无明显关联,数量上占优势的树种,其相对优势度不一定很高,沈阳树木园植被树木株数与不同树高等级间的分布关系表现为上凸的曲线,随着树木高度级的增加,树木株数开始分布比较平稳,当高度超过12m后,树木株数明显减少,曲线急骤下降,树木株数分布与不同胸径等级间的关系也呈现类似的情况。     

Phenology of Tree Species in Bolivian Dry Forests

Phenological characteristics of 453 individuals representing 39 tree species were investigated in two dry forests of the Lomerío region, Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. The leaf, flower, and fruit production of canopy and sub–canopy forest tree species were recorded monthly over a two–year period. Most canopy species lost their leaves during the dry season, whereas nearly all sub–canopy species retained their leaves. Peak leaf fall for canopy trees coincided with the peak of the dry season in July and August. Flushing of new leaves was complete by November in the early rainy season. Flowering and fruiting were bimodal, with a major peak occurring at the end of the dry season (August–October) and a minor peak during the rainy season (January). Fruit development was sufficiently long in this forest that fruiting peaks actually tended to precede flowering peaks by one month. A scarcity of fruit was observed in May, corresponding to the end of the rainy season. With the exception of figs (Ficus), most species had fairly synchronous fruit production. Most canopy trees had small, wind dispersed seeds or fruits that matured during the latter part of the dry season, whereas many sub–canopy tree species produced larger animal– or gravity–dispersed fruits that matured during the peak of the rainy season. Most species produced fruit annually. Lomerio received less rainfall than other tropical dry forests in which phenological studies have been conducted, but rainfall can be plentiful during the dry season in association with the passage of Antarctic cold fronts. Still, phenological patterns in Bolivian dry forests appear to be similar to those of other Neotropical dry forests.