沈阳城市森林常见树种的物候特征

城市绿化树种的物候配置是城市园林的一个重要组成部分。本文以沈阳城市森林常见树种为对象,利用6年的物候观测数据,绘出了28种主要乔灌木的物候谱。分析各物候现象之间关系,将其划分成4大组:萌动展叶现象组、叶变色现象组、落叶现象组和花果现象组;并根据叶变色和开花早晚对其进行聚类分组,为城市森林树种选择、树种组成和效益评价,提供科学依据。     

沈阳城市三维景观空间格局分异特征

城市三维景观的研究有助于景观生态学研究向三维的发展和指导城市科学规划。本文利用Quick Bird影像提取了沈阳建成区的建筑三维信息,采用5个景观指标(平均高度、景观高度标准差、容积率、建筑体形系数和建筑密度)及空间统计分析方法研究了沈阳市建筑景观空间格局分异特征。结果表明:沈阳建成区的建筑景观主要以平房和多层建筑为主,中高层以上建筑数量最多的是铁西区,其他各区均有分布。沈阳市建成区不同高度的建筑在空间上呈现聚集分布状态并且存在显著的空间正相关关系;同时,沈阳市建成区的各个行政区不同高度的建筑也在各自行政区呈现聚集分布状态。沈阳市建成区的建筑密度与容积率在空间分布上存在明显的差异,高密度、高容积率的区域面积比重相对较少,城市土地利用强度有一定的提升空间。     

沈阳城市森林生态规划建设

工业发展与城市化使城市环境不断恶化,城市森林作为改善环境质量的有效途径日益受到人们的关注与重视。本文首先对城市森林生态规划的内涵、原则及其总体目标进行了阐述,然后重点对沈阳城市森林生态规划建设进行了介绍,同时,针对沈阳市城市森林建设中存在的问题提出了相应的建设性意见,以期对沈阳城市生态建设与城市的可持续发展提供理论依据。     

沈阳城市绿化生态工程树种综合评价分级选择

开展城市绿化生态工程建设是保护城市生态环境、促进城市可持续发展的必由之路,对城市绿化树种生态适应性及生态功能性相结合的综合评价,是构建城市生态工程、合理应用选择城市绿化植物的科学依据,通过专家咨询评价的方法,从生态适应能力、绿化生态效益、美化效果、抗病虫害性、抗污染性、经济效益等方面全面系统地建立了沈阳市绿化树种生态功能与生态适应性评价应用的综合指标体系。并根据专家第一轮评价和沈阳市特定区域和范围,在对绿化树种的综合应用评价的基础上,选定耐寒性、耐旱性、耐瘠薄、抗病虫能力、抗污染能力、观赏性和生态效益7项评价指标为主要的评价指标因子。对沈阳常见的200种绿化树种进行了综合评判与分级,评价结果表明,综合效能为1级植物有58种;2级植物为93种;3级植物38种;4级植物11种。     

珠江三角洲城市森林建设问题探讨

过去10年间珠三角地区城市森林建设成效显著,但仍存在着森林网络体系不健全、森林覆盖率低、“绿积量”低以及林种树种结构不合理等问题。从建设生态化城市和建立珠江三角洲城市林业生态圈的高度来确立珠江三角洲城市森林建设的发展思路,体现创新性变革,立足区域整体,构建全区域的城市森林网络系统进行了探讨。建议规划和构建连接区域内各主要城市的贯通性森林生态廊道,重视区域植被特点和发挥地带性建群树种的作用,引进水网化、林网化的核心理念,同时要重视城市建成区的森林生态建设与改造。     

沈阳城市森林景观连接度距离阈值选择

利用2006年沈阳市QuickBird遥感影像城市森林解译数据,借助地理信息系统,以沈阳市三环以内区域城市森林景观斑块为研究对象,基于生境可利用性和动植物的扩散能力,选取50、100、200、400、600、800、1000、1200 m 8个距离阈值,采用整体连通性指数、可能连通性指数和景观中各斑块的重要性对研究区城市森林景观连接度的距离阈值进行了分析和筛选.结果表明：2006年沈阳城市森林景观连接度的适宜距离阈值范围在100～400 m,以200 m尤为适宜.距离阈值的选择可因城市森林景观连通性的可执行性和不同层次需求而适当增大或减小.     

济南城市森林景观生态格局

城市森林景观生态格局研究不仅是城市森林系统规划与城市生态建设的基础和前提,而且是优化城市空间结构、充分发挥城市森林生态功能以及创建生态宜居环境的重要途径和手段.本研究以RS和GIS技术为支撑,通过总体景观生态格局定量分析和梯度分析等研究方法,采用10个景观指数从斑块水平和景观水平两方面,对济南市建成区城市森林景观生态格局进行定量分析,并提出优化对策.结果表明: 济南市建成区城市森林覆盖率为15.8%;城市森林总体景观生态格局在景观水平上表现为城市森林景观斑块类型较齐全、景观破碎化程度较大、各类型城市森林所占面积存在差异、以大斑块为主且同种斑块高度连接,在斑块类型水平上表现为生态公益林以大斑块为主且占优势地位、风景游憩林形状较规则且以大中型斑块为主、道路林及附属林形状复杂且以小斑块为主、生产经营林缺乏;在斑块类型水平上,以风景游憩林为主导类型、生态公益林斑块面积最大、道路林及附属林破碎度大,在景观水平上,城市中心森林景观破碎度大、人为干扰严重、景观形状复杂;在城市森林景观生态格局分析基础上,提出“一环二网、三片四轴、多点棋布”的济南市城市森林生态网络构建方案,从而加强各类型城市森林的连接度,发挥大尺度生态系统的整体生态效益.     

基于夜间灯光数据的环杭州湾城市扩张及植被变化

综合运用遥感与GIS技术,基于2000、2007和2013年的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据和MODIS NDVI数据,利用灯光阈值提取法、植被指数分析等方法,研究环杭州湾地区城市扩张和建成区植被变化特征.结果表明: 采用最佳阈值方法,能够实现对城市地区用地信息的有效提取;环杭州湾地区城市用地整体围绕杭州湾呈“V”型模式扩展,并表现出面状、线状和点状3种扩张模式;从城市扩张速度、动态度和形态紧凑度来看,各地级市表现出较大的时空差异,但整个研究区的城市扩张速度和动态度普遍呈现降低趋势,平均城市形态紧凑度则经历了先下降后上升的过程.各城市建成区的植被状况也存在显著差异,2000—2007年,除嘉兴市建成区植被状况变差外,其余各地级市建成区植被状况均变好;2007—2013年,所有城市建成区植被状况变差;2000—2013年,城市扩张对建成区植被均产生了不利影响.     

沈阳市行道树树种的选择与配置

采取典型抽样的方法对沈阳市行道树进行了全面的群落调查。结果表明 ,研究区内行道树共 13科 ,2 4属 ,2 2 91株 ,森林覆盖率为 15 13%。胸径 <0 2 5m(1级胸径 )和 0 2 5～ 0 5m(2级胸径 )的树木分别占 4 3 0 %、17 9% ;树高 <4 6m (1级 )的树木占 4 9 8% ,介于 4 6～10 7m(2级 )为 4 3 3% ;健康状况为中等以上 ,沈阳市行道树处于种群稳定时期 ,但树种多样性指数不高 ,结构单一。根据城市的自然条件和行道树的选择标准 ,提出了沈阳市行道树树种选择与配置的对策与建议。     

基于CITYgreen模型的城市森林管理信息系统的构建与应用

通过Arcview3．2开发语言Avenue,建立了基于CITYgreen模型的城市森林管理信息系统,为城市森林结构研究、生态效益综合评价提供了理论与技术依据,并利用该系统对沈阳市区城市森林进行了结构分析和生态效益定量评价。     

沈阳市城市森林结构与效益分析

采用样方调查方法对沈阳市243km^2范围的树木进行每木实地调查,在地理信息系统应用软件Arc View3．2平台上建立了基于CITYgreen模型的城市森林信息管理系统,应用该信息系统分析了沈阳市土地利用及树木分布的格局、树种构成、树木密度、树高、胸径、健康状况等反映城市森林结构特征的指标结果表明,2001年沈阳市有树136种,1 914 500株树木,森林覆盖率为9．77％,25种主要树木占树木总数的84．78％,胸径小于0．25m(一类胸径)和大于0．5m(三类胸径)的树木占82．8％;幼龄树27％、中龄树58％、老龄树15％;84％的树木健康状况为中等以上,城市森林信息管理系统计算表明,沈阳市城市森林每年生态效益折合经济价值为2．65千万美元。     

沈阳城市森林主要树种叶片形态生态特征与生长规律

利用统计和多元分析方法研究了沈阳城市森林10个主要树种叶片的形态生态特征和生长规律.结果表明,影响树木叶片生长发育节律的主要气象因子是≥5 ℃积温、累积日照时数和各物候期中旬平均温度.不同物候期树木所需要的气象因子有所变化,树木萌动期要求低温和寒冷指数,而在生长期需要一定的温暖指数和湿润指数.10个树种的叶片形态数量特征差异较大,按叶形指数依次为短序胡枝子＞华北丁香＞国槐＞银白杨＞红瑞木＞金银忍冬＞水腊＞水曲柳＞稠李＞黄菠萝;按叶面积依次为华北丁香＞银白杨＞黄菠萝＞稠李＞水曲柳＞红瑞木＞短序胡枝子＞金银忍冬＞国槐＞水腊.在10个树种叶长度与宽度、周长、叶面积之间相互关系中,基本属于异速生长类型,符合y=ax^k模型,但在叶长度与宽度之间关系中,除银白杨k＞1外,其它9个树种均k＜1;在叶长度与周长关系中,黄菠萝k＞1, 银白杨k≈1,呈线性关系,其它树种均k＜1;在叶长度与叶面积关系中,10个树种k＞1,而 银白杨k=2.1028,叶面积增长速率近似于叶长的2倍.建立了10个树种的叶面积最优回归估测模型,并对模型进行了估测检验.     

Habitat composition and connectivity predicts bat presence and activity at foraging sites in a large UK conurbation

Background

Urbanization is characterized by high levels of sealed land-cover, and small, geometrically complex, fragmented land-use patches. The extent and density of urbanized land-use is increasing, with implications for habitat quality, connectivity and city ecology. Little is known about densification thresholds for urban ecosystem function, and the response of mammals, nocturnal and cryptic taxa are poorly studied in this respect. Bats (Chiroptera) are sensitive to changing urban form at a species, guild and community level, so are ideal model organisms for analyses of this nature.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We surveyed bats around urban ponds in the West Midlands conurbation, United Kingdom (UK). Sites were stratified between five urban land classes, representing a gradient of built land-cover at the 1 km² scale. Models for bat presence and activity were developed using land-cover and land-use data from multiple radii around each pond. Structural connectivity of tree networks was used as an indicator of the functional connectivity between habitats. All species were sensitive to measures of urban density. Some were also sensitive to landscape composition and structural connectivity at different spatial scales. These results represent new findings for an urban area. The activity of Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber 1774) exhibited a non-linear relationship with the area of built land-cover, being much reduced beyond the threshold of ∼60% built surface. The presence of tree networks appears to mitigate the negative effects of urbanization for this species.

Conclusions/Significance

Our results suggest that increasing urban density negatively impacts the study species. This has implications for infill development policy, built density targets and the compact city debate. Bats were also sensitive to the composition and structure of the urban form at a range of spatial scales, with implications for land-use planning and management. Protecting and establishing tree networks may improve the resilience of some bat populations to urban densification.     

北京建成区外来植物的种类构成

大量种植外来植物已成为我国城市绿地建设的一个主要问题。开展城市建成区外来植物种类构成的研究, 可为城市植物的多样性保护及绿地的科学设计提供重要依据。本文采用分层随机抽样法, 调查了北京市五环以内的乔木样地1,050个, 灌木样地797个, 草本样地2,228个, 共记录外来维管束植物80科208属324种。统计分析的结果显示, 北京建成区植物的外来种比例高达53%, 其中64%的国外外来种来自美洲和亚洲; 不同生活型植物中以常绿植物和藤本植物的外来种比例最高。根据其盖度、密度和频度值, 北京建成区主要外来种有野牛草(Buchloe dactyloides)、凹头苋(Amaranthus blitum)、虎尾草(Chloris virgata)、大叶黄杨(Euonymus japonicus)、圆柏(Sabina chinensis)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、白皮松(Pinus bungeana)等15种, 部分外来种已成为建成区绿地的优势植物。外来种比例最高的绿地类型是观赏性要求较高的公共设施绿地。外来植物属的区系地理分布很广泛, 与北京建成区的乡土植物相比, 热带成分的比例增加而温带成分的比例降低。北京建成区外来植物的种类构成特点反映了城市建成区为了增加观赏植物种类而人为引入大量外来植物所造成的影响。     

城市森林结构的量化研究——以沈阳树木园森林群落为例

采用遥感图像判读和野外调查相结合的方法,定量分析了沈阳树木园植物群落的物种结构及空间格局。结果表明,沈阳树木园植被的生长状况良好;物种丰富,其中黄蘖(Phellodendron amugense)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)在树木株数和相对优势度上均占优势,为群落的主林木;植被在高度和胸径上的分布均表现为具有向上发展的潜力,整个植被群落正处于一个快速的生长期,属于发挥生态效益的最佳时期,沈阳树木园的树种多度与基于叶面积的相对优势度之间无明显关联,数量上占优势的树种,其相对优势度不一定很高,沈阳树木园植被树木株数与不同树高等级间的分布关系表现为上凸的曲线,随着树木高度级的增加,树木株数开始分布比较平稳,当高度超过12m后,树木株数明显减少,曲线急骤下降,树木株数分布与不同胸径等级间的关系也呈现类似的情况。     

Habitat selection of breeding riparian birds in an urban environment: untangling the relative importance of biophysical elements and spatial scale

Aim Urbanization is a leading threat to global biodiversity, yet little is known about how the spatial arrangement and composition of biophysical elements – buildings and vegetation – within a metropolitan area influence habitat selection. Here, we ask: what is the relative importance of the structure and composition of these elements on bird species across multiple spatial scales? Location The temperate metropolitan area of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Methods We surveyed breeding birds on 71 plots along an urban gradient. We modelled relative density for 48 bird species in relation to local woody vegetation composition and structure and to tree cover, grass cover and building density within 50–1000 m of each plot. We used an information‐theoretic approach to compare models and variables. Results At the proximate scale, native tree and understory stem frequency were the most important vegetation variables explaining bird distributions. Species’ responses to landscape biophysical features and spatial scales varied. Most native species responded positively to vegetation measures and negatively to building density. Models combining both local vegetation and landscape information represented best or competitive models for the majority of species, while models containing only local vegetation characteristics were rarely competitive. Smaller spatial scales (≤ 500 m) were most important for 36 species, and eight species had best models at larger scales (> 500 m); however, several species had competitive models across multiple scales. Main conclusions Habitat selection by birds within the urban matrix is the result of a combination of factors operating at both proximate and broader spatial scales. Efforts to manage and design urban areas to benefit native birds require both fine‐scale (e.g., individual landowners and landscape design) and larger landscape actions (e.g., regional comprehensive planning).     

Use of exotic conifers as nesting sites by Black-faced Ibis (Theristicus melanopis melanopis) in an urban area of southern Chile

We studied the influence of seven habitat variables, including tree species, for nesting by the Black-faced Ibis (Theristicus melanopis melanopis) in an urban area of southern Chile. Variables were compared between 30 trees with nests and 30 randomly selected trees without nests. Nests were found in big trees with large diameters and heights. However, the only variable found to have a significant effect on site selection was tree species, which explained 57.9% of data variability (deviance) and suggested a selection of exotic conifers, mainly Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Tree species and tree diameter also had significant effects upon the number of nests per tree, jointly explaining 68.9% of data deviance. Our results suggest that in urban environments the Black-faced Ibis uses larger trees that provide greater nest stability and protection.     

Growing the urban forest: tree performance in response to biotic and abiotic land management

Forests are vital components of the urban landscape because they provide ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, storm‐water mitigation, and air‐quality improvement. To enhance these services, cities are investing in programs to create urban forests. A major unknown, however, is whether planted trees will grow into the mature, closed‐canopied forest on which ecosystem service provision depends. We assessed the influence of biotic and abiotic land management on planted tree performance as part of urban forest restoration in New York City, U.S.A. Biotic treatments were designed to improve tree growth, with the expectation that higher tree species composition (six vs. two) and greater stand complexity (with shrubs vs. without) would facilitate tree performance. Similarly, the abiotic treatment (compost amendment vs. without) was expected to increase tree performance by improving soil conditions. Growth and survival was measured for approximately 1,300 native saplings across three growing seasons. The biotic and abiotic treatments significantly improved tree performance, where shrub presence increased tree height for five of the six tree species, and compost increased basal area and stem volume of all species. Species‐specific responses, however, highlighted the difficulty of achieving rapid growth with limited mortality. Pioneer species had the highest growth in stem volume over 3 years (up to 3,500%), but also the highest mortality (up to 40%). Mid‐successional species had lower mortality (<16%), but also the slowest growth in volume (approximately 500% in volume). Our results suggest that there will be trade‐offs between optimizing tree growth versus survival when implementing urban tree planting initiatives.     

沈阳清墓木质葬具的树种鉴定及生态环境的指示潜力

古墓葬器所用木材是我们了解当时植被、气候以及社会状况的重要材料。本文利用木材解剖学和树木年代学方法,对沈阳浑南水家村墓葬群出土的木质葬具进行树种识别与树木年轮定年研究。结果表明: 16个木质葬具样本中有7个为松科松属油松木材,有8个为松科落叶松属木材,很可能为长白落叶松,有1个为槭树科槭树属木材。这些树种至今在辽宁地区仍广泛分布,说明该地区森林结构(树种组成)相对稳定,在一定程度上反映了当时气候与现在相似。也表明清代盛京(今沈阳)地区平民墓葬木质葬具所用木材存在区域性的植物地理特征,并反映出当时的生产力发展水平,即均是低成本、易获得的乡土树种,且这些木材以针叶树为主,也有少量阔叶树。这些木材很可能来源于沈阳当地或辽东山区森林,浑河水道是木材运至沈阳的重要途径。部分油松和落叶松葬具木材可以较好地交叉定年,确定树木生长年代在1680s—1770s(清朝早期至中期)。这些样本的年轮宽度变化具有较好的一致性和较高的气候敏感度,反映出区域气候环境的一致性。这些木质葬具对清朝早期至中期的气候条件具有一定的指示潜力。