风筝果镜像花的雌雄异位变化及传粉生态型的形成

亚洲特有植物风筝果(Hiptage benghalensis)镜像花(mirror-image flowers)的雌雄异位变化极大, 柱头与可育花药的空间距离在海南岛与云南西双版纳种群仅有2-4 mm, 而在贵州及云南东南部种群可达10-12 mm。为验证 “镜像花雌雄异位的变化是各个地理种群受到传粉昆虫体型大小选择的结果”假说, 本文开展了传粉生态学与分子生物学研究, 探讨风筝果不同地理种群的雌雄异位变化是否与当地传粉者体型相关, 是否有着遗传基础, 以及是否形成了“传粉生态型”(pollination ecotype)。结果表明, 雌雄异位程度大的贵州种群和云南东南部种群, 其传粉者也是体型较大的木蜂(Xylocopa nasalis)和熊蜂一种(Bombus sp.); 雌雄异位程度小的海南岛种群和云南西双版纳种群的传粉者则是体型较小的大蜜蜂(Apis dorsata)、西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)。除了雌雄异位的明显分化(F = 53.69, P < 0.01)之外, 花柱长度也在这两类种群之间差异显著(F = 12.5, P < 0.05), 与传粉昆虫身体长度密切相关。通过叶绿体ycf1b、rbcL和细胞核ITS 3个DNA片段的序列分析, 由大型蜂传粉的雌雄异位程度较大的3个种群(贵州和云南东南部种群)遗传关系极近, 与小型蜂传粉种群(雌雄异位较小的海南岛种群和云南西双版纳种群)存在明显的遗传分化。这些结果显示, 风筝果不同地理种群的镜像花雌雄异位程度的变化可能是适应局域不同体型大小的传粉昆虫的选择结果, 而且种群间出现了基因流的隔断, 可能与大型蜂、小型蜂传粉的两种生态型有关。镜像花通过雌雄异位的变化适应不同地域的传粉者而形成传粉生态型, 这种传粉生态型及其传粉隔离机制可能是风筝果属物种形成与维持的一个重要原因。     

濒危植物凹叶厚朴的花部综合特征和繁育系统

为了解凹叶厚朴(Magnolia officinalis subsp.biloba)濒危的生殖生物学原因,通过野外观测,运用杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比、花粉活力和柱头可授性观测、人工授粉和套袋实验等方法,对凹叶厚朴种群的开花生物学、繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明:凹叶厚朴单花花期一般为4～5d,单花花期根据形态和散粉时间可分为4个时期:蕾期、初开期、盛开期和凋零期;种群于4—5月开花,一般开花历时30d左右,但不同地点、年份间有所差异;种群无开花高峰,单株平均开花数量为171.4～188.8朵,平均开花振幅为5～6朵·株-1·d-1;凹叶厚朴杂交指数为4,花粉胚珠比为5728.86,结合人工套袋和授粉实验结果可确定,繁育系统为异交,传粉过程需要传粉者;花粉活力较高(94%),且花粉活力可维持至散粉后的第6天。散粉后,柱头可授性显著下降,花粉高活力期与柱头可授期有5～6h的重叠;自然状况下结果率和单果出种百分率低,异株异花授粉可明显提高结果率和单果出种百分率,二者相对自然状况分别提高14.25%和43.66%。表明自然状态下传粉效率低、柱头最佳可授期短、同株自花授粉败育严重是其濒危的主要生殖生物学原因。     

珍稀濒危植物细果秤锤树开花生物学特性和繁育系统

为了解珍稀濒危植物细果秤锤树（Sinojackia microcarpa）开花特征和有性繁殖,对其花部形态特征、开花动态、花粉胚珠比（P/O）、柱头可授性、花粉活力、套袋试验、访花昆虫及访花频率进行观测。结果表明：（1）细果秤锤树的杂交指数（OCI）为4,单花期5~7 d,种群花期可持续20 d左右。花粉与胚珠比为4 093.21±498.56。开花后第3天的花粉活力最高（76.21%）,而开花后第7天时花粉活力较低（18.37%）。细果秤锤树柱头最适可授期在开花后第2天。（2）套袋试验表明,细果秤锤树存在部分自交不亲和性,同时不存在无融合生殖,传粉昆虫是其完成生殖过程所必需的,且异株授粉能够提高其坐果率和结籽率。细果秤锤树的访花昆虫有3目5科7种,主要访花昆虫有黄胸木蜂（Xylocopa appendiculata）、熊蜂（Bombus sp.）、胡蜂（Vespa sp.）、中华蜜蜂（Apis cerana）、黑带食蚜蝇（Episyrphus balteatus）、其中熊蜂平均访花频率最高,达（8.67±0.21） 次·h^-1。对该物种开花生物学特征与繁育系统进行深入研究,有利于进一步探究其濒危机制,为后续珍稀濒危植物的研究提供理论依据和参考。     

入侵植物美洲商陆的传粉生态学特性

从开花物候、花朵数量性状、花粉活力、花粉组织化学、柱头可授性、花粉在柱头上的萌发状况、杂交指数、花粉胚珠比、传粉媒介以及繁育系统等方面,研究了外来入侵植物美洲商陆(Phytolacca americana)的传粉生态学特性,为揭示该物种成功入侵的机理提供依据.结果表明:美洲商陆种群花期可达45~70 d,单花花期为2~3d,可进一步分为杯状花期、花瓣平展期、花瓣下垂期、花瓣反卷期;花冠直径在下垂期最大且不超过1 cm,花药与柱头间距离在1 ~2.5 mm,有利于自交的发生;花瓣平展期与花瓣下垂期花粉活力差异显著(P<0.05),杯状花期与花瓣平展期花粉活力差异不显著(P>0.05),花瓣平展期花粉活力可达85%;雌蕊柱头可授性在花瓣平展期最强;杯状花期合生柱头开裂,花瓣平展期柱头9~ 10裂,接受花粉的表面积增大;花药散粉时间与合生柱头开裂时间相吻合,有助于柱头接受花粉;扫描电镜下观察到花粉在花瓣平展期的柱头上已萌发;每朵花可提供1667~3222粒花粉,胚珠9~10个,花粉胚珠比(P/O)为340.88±34.99,表现为兼性自交;美洲商陆杂交指数(OCI)为3,花粉粒属于含脂型,主要传粉昆虫有蜜蜂、胡蜂、食蚜蝇、细腰蜂.综上所述,美洲商陆自交亲和,花粉活力高、柱头可授性强,且高花粉活力与强柱头可授性出现在相同的时期,增加了花粉落置柱头及在柱头上萌发的几率;虫媒花,访花者行为与花朵相适应,有利于提高坐果率,这样的繁殖机制与传粉特点是美洲商陆成功入侵的主要因素之一.     

香石竹开花结实生物学研究

通过田间观察,运用TTC法、联苯胺-过氧化氢法、杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比和套袋实验等方法,对香石竹的开花状态及繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明:在人工栽培条件下,香石竹种群可周年开花,单株花期35～61d,单花花期9～15d;花粉在开花第1～5天具有活力,柱头在开花第4～12天具可授性,第8～11天可授性最强;杂交指数为5,P/O值为307.84～790.52,结合坐果率结果,判断其繁育系统属于异交,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者。     

贯叶连翘的开花动态与繁育系统研究

野外观察贯叶连翘的开花进程和花部形态特征,运用花粉萌发、杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比等方法测定其繁育系统。结果显示:贯叶连翘雌雄异熟,柱头先花药成熟,雌雄蕊无明显异位。单花花期4～5d。仅在开花当日有昆虫传粉,蜜蜂为主要传粉者。花粉在花药开裂1h后活力最大,萌发率达40.10%,花粉在柱头萌发3h后接近子房。根据杂交指数(OCI)推测其繁育系统属于异交,部分自交亲和,有时需要传粉者。花粉-胚珠比(P/O)则表明贯叶连翘的繁育系统为兼性异交。贯叶连翘结实率低,可能与花粉活力,花粉管的生长速度及花粉在柱头的竞争有关。     

野生翠雀传粉生物学特性研究

对从北京郊区引种的野生翠雀(Delphiniun grandiflorum L.)的开花习性进行了观察,对其花粉活力、柱头可授性,花粉/胚珠比(P/O),杂交指数(OCI)进行了检测,并进行了人工授粉实验。结果表明:(1)翠雀的花序为总状花序,具3~15朵花,花梗长1.5~3.8cm,单花期10d,花序花期15~18d。(2)翠雀花粉活力日变化呈先升高后降低的趋势;柱头在开花当天至开花后4d无可授性,在开花后的5d、6d有可授性。(3)翠雀的花粉胚珠比(P/O)为2 159.14,杂交指数OCI为5;人工授粉实验表明,翠雀在自然条件下能够结实,结实率为100%;存在自主自花授粉现象,部分自交亲和,结实受传粉者限制;不存在无融合生殖现象。(4)翠雀主要的访花昆虫有四条无垫蜂和短腹管蚜蝇。研究认为,翠雀的繁育系统为兼性异交或专性异交,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者。     

黄花牛耳朵(苦苣苔科)的传粉生物学

通过野外观察和繁育系统的实验,对黄花牛耳朵(Chirita lutea Yan Liu et Y.G.wei)的传粉生物学进行了研究.结果表明,黄花牛耳朵的花期从7月初至8月底,单株花期约35～47 d,单花化期约6～10 d,花的开放无固定的时间.在花期内花粉活性约80%,柱头可授性约75%～90%.花粉/胚珠比率(P/O)为1 215.73±266.13.柱头在花药散粉时已生长至花筒口部,明显高于花药,便于接受异花花粉.黄花牛耳朵不存在无融合生殖,高度白交亲和,但较难发生自动的白花授粉,产生种子主要依靠传粉媒介.自然授粉的结实率明显低于人工授粉的结实率,存在传粉限制,蜜蜂(Apidae sp.)、方头泥蜂(Crabro sp.)、无垫蜂(Ameglla sp.)是主要的传粉者.     

宁夏枸杞传粉生态学初步研究

田间观察检测了宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)9个品系的开花物候、开花动态、花粉活力、柱头可授性及其繁育系统,并对花粉萌发、花粉管生长以及访花者的种类和访花行为进行了初步研究.结果表明,宁夏枸杞整个居群有长达5个月的花期,单花的花期仅为3～4 d,花粉活力可保持15 d左右,柱头可授性在72 h左右,雌雄生殖单位在持续时间上有较长的相遇期;花粉数量与胚珠比(P/O)为4 000左右,杂交指数(OCI)介于3或4,繁育系统为异交型,需要传粉者;荧光显微观察表明,参试的3个品系的花粉均能在柱头上萌发,2个有自交不亲和现象,其位置发生在花柱的上半部分和子房内.访花昆虫有17种,分属双翅目、膜翅目和鳞翅目,花的结构和开花式样适合以意大利蜜蜂和食蚜蝇为主的多种昆虫传粉.     

七叶树繁育系统的研究

对七叶树的开花物候期、花部特征、单花开放动态、花粉活力、柱头可授性、花粉-胚珠比(P/O)和杂交指数(OCI)等有关生殖生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)在西安地区七叶树4月22日进入初花期,5月5日至13日为盛花期,5月14日进入终花期,整个群花期持续30d左右,单花花期持续5～8d。(2)七叶树的花有雄花和两性花两种形态,其在形态大小和生理上有显著差异,雄花小于两性花,其子房退化,雄花的花粉活力远远大于两性花的花粉活力,雄花开花当天花粉活力最强,达到75.69%,是七叶树授粉的最佳时间;两性花雌雄蕊发育正常,其柱头可授期持续8～9d,开花后3d柱头可授性达到最强。(3)P/O和OCI检测结果均表明,七叶树繁育系统为异交,需要传粉者,属于雄全同株植物。     

异型花柱植物喀什补血草的传粉者功能群与花粉转移效率

异型花柱是受遗传控制的花柱多态现象, 被达尔文认为是植物通过在传粉者体表不同部位滞落花粉以促进型间花粉准确传递的一种适应。该现象虽已受到广泛关注, 但在一些花型变异较大且不稳定的传粉系统中, 不同传粉者对各花型繁殖所产生的影响仍知之甚少。该研究以分布于新疆天山南坡的一个有同长花柱共存的异型花柱植物喀什补血草(Limonium kaschgaricum)种群为研究对象, 对其花型构成及频率、传粉者及花粉转移效率等进行了调查分析。结果表明: 1)种群中除了存在雌/雄蕊长度交互对应的长(L)/短(S)花柱型花外, 还有雌/雄蕊同长的花(H型), 且各花型花的花冠口直径、花冠筒长及花粉量等参数间无差异, 但花粉纹饰和柱头乳突细胞形态具二型性。其中, H型花的花粉和柱头形态与L型花(或S型花)的一致。2)花型内和自花授粉均不亲和; 型间授粉时, 花粉和柱头形态不同的花型间亲和, 反之不亲和。3)种群内存在长/短吻两类传粉昆虫。在以短吻传粉者为主的盛花初、中期, L和H型花柱头上的异型花粉数均显著高于S型花的, 且L和S型花高位性器官间的异型花粉传递效率高于低位性器官间的; 而在以长吻传粉者为主的盛花后期, L和S型花的柱头间异型花粉数无显著差异, 且高/低位性器官间具有相同的异型花粉转移效率; 与传粉者出现时期相对应的、在花期不同阶段开放花的结实率也明显不同。4)长/短吻昆虫具明显不同的传粉功能, 短吻昆虫只能对L和H型花进行有效传粉, 且访花频率和型间花粉转移效率较低, 为低效传粉者; 而长吻昆虫对各花型均能有效传粉, 具高的访花频率和型间花粉转移效率, 为高效传粉者。因为长吻昆虫的阶段性出现所形成的不稳定传粉系统, 使低效的短吻昆虫可能会成为种群中花型变异的驱动力, 并使S型花受到更大的选择压力。H型花克服了柱头缩入的弊端, 可能会成为不稳定传粉系统下的一个替代花型而持续存在。     

Altitude-related shift of relative abundance from insect to sunbird pollination in Elaeagnus umbellata (Elaeagnaceae)

The evolution of floral traits has been thought to be influenced by local, effective pollinators. However, little attention has been paid to the possibility that altitudinal variation in floral traits could be mediated by local pollinator functional groups, particularly a shift from bees to birds. Plant size, floral traits, pollinators and their pollination roles were investigated in the spring-flowering shrub Elaeagnus umbellata (Elaeagnaceae) at three altitudes (1160, 1676, and 2050 m) in Minshan, Sichuan Province, on the northern rim of the Hengduan Mountains, southwest China. Compared to lower altitudes, higher-altitude plants were smaller but the floral tubes were longer, with a larger volume of nectar of lower sugar concentration but with a greater proportion of sucrose. The visitation frequency of bees decreased with altitude, whereas the sunbirds did the opposite. Birds and bees foraged for nectar but not pollen, and birds deposited more pollen grains per visit relative to bees and least were syrphid flies. Excluding birds decreased seed set at high but not at mid- or low altitude. Our study of E. umbellata revealed an association between altitudinal variation in floral traits and a change in the relative abundance of the major pollinators with altitude from majority bees to majority sunbirds. Although abiotic factors also tend to vary with altitude and can affect floral traits, nectar properties of “pro-bird” pollination were observed at high altitude.     

舌瓣鼠尾草退化杠杆雄蕊的相关花部特征及传粉机制

杠杆状雄蕊是鼠尾草属(Salvia)物种形成的关键性状, 背部杠杆传粉模式作为该属植物与传粉者精确互作的经典案例被广泛深入研究, 但是在该属物种中还存在许多非典型的杠杆结构和传粉模式。雄蕊结构及其与传粉者互作的多样性, 使得鼠尾草属成为研究植物传粉模式转变的模式材料, 舌瓣鼠尾草(S. liguliloba)即是一种具非典型的退化杠杆状雄蕊结构和传粉特征的代表性物种。该文着重对舌瓣鼠尾草的花器官结构和传粉特征进行研究, 并与具有短药隔杠杆的毛地黄鼠尾草 (S. digitaloides)做比较分析, 以期揭示退化杠杆可能的进化选择压力及其生态学意义。结果表明, 舌瓣鼠尾草具有较短的花冠、更窄的冠筒和较短的雄、雌蕊(p < 0.05)。退化萎缩的雄蕊下臂, 冠筒内的狭小空间限制了唯一的有效传粉昆虫——三条熊蜂(Bombus trifasciatus)推动雄蕊做杠杆状运动, 而是靠近花药直接利用头部完成授粉。相比经典的杠杆状雄蕊结构及其传粉过程, 小型花冠和退化杠杆雄蕊是对专一性和活跃度较高传粉昆虫的适应, 可能具有完全不同的进化途径和繁殖策略。     

大蜜蜂的生物学特性、面临威胁与保护策略

昆虫传粉在维持植物的有性繁殖、物种形成及生态系统稳定中扮演着重要角色, 而野生传粉昆虫为生态系统提供了巨大的传粉服务功能。大蜜蜂(Apis dorsata)为亚洲特有的一种野生传粉昆虫, 是热带地区多种植物和农作物的有效传粉者, 在保障热带生物多样性及作物产量中有不可或缺的作用。但受全球气候变化、人类活动和生境恶化等因素的影响, 其种群数量日益减少, 开展大蜜蜂种质资源保护势在必行。本文综述了大蜜蜂筑巢、迁飞和传粉服务功能, 分析了人为猎取蜂巢, 栖息生境遭受破坏, 杀虫剂和除草剂滥用, 昆虫、螨类和病原物侵染, 气候变化等威胁种群的因素, 以期从强化大蜜蜂基础研究和保护、推动生态农业发展、建立适合大蜜蜂迁飞生态廊道、加强检验检疫及科学合理利用大蜜蜂种质资源等方面制定相应的保护措施。     

Effective pollinators of Asian sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera): contemporary pollinators may not reflect the historical pollination syndrome

Background and Aims

If stabilizing selection by pollinators is a prerequisite for pollinator-mediated floral evolution, spatiotemporal variation in the pollinator assemblage may confuse the plant–pollinator interaction in a given species. Here, effective pollinators in a living fossil plant Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbonaceae) were examined to test whether beetles are major pollinators as predicted by its pollination syndrome.

Methods

Pollinators of N. nucifera were investigated in 11 wild populations and one cultivated population, and pollination experiments were conducted to examine the pollinating role of two major pollinators (bees and beetles) in three populations.

Key Results

Lotus flowers are protogynous, bowl shaped and without nectar. The fragrant flowers can be self-heating during anthesis and produce around 1 million pollen grains per flower. It was found that bees and flies were the most frequent flower visitors in wild populations, contributing on average 87·9 and 49·4 % of seed set in Mishan and Lantian, respectively. Beetles were only found in one wild population and in the cultivated population, but the pollinator exclusion experiments showed that beetles were effective pollinators of Asian sacred lotus.

Conclusions

This study indicated that in their pollinating role, beetles, probable pollinators for this thermoregulating plant, had been replaced by some generalist insects in the wild. This finding implies that contemporary pollinators may not reflect the pollination syndrome.     

Pollination and seed dispersal of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg (Thymelaeaceae): An economic plant species with extremely small populations in China

Pollination and seed dispersal in angiosperms have long been investigated in order to understand the coevolution of plants and animals. However, the signals from flowers and/or seeds to attract pollinators and/or seed dispersers have received comparatively little attention. In this study, the pollination biology and seed dispersal of the vulnerable agarwood plant Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg, a traditional medicinal plant in China, was studied in its natural distribution range. The reproductive tactics of A. sinensis were studied in detail by employing various tests dealing with fruit set and also seed dispersal. Dynamic headspace extraction followed by GC-MS analysis was also performed in order to reveal the composition of floral scent. The results showed that noctuids and pyralids are the most effective pollinators of pollinator-dependent A. sinensis. The main compounds of the floral scent were (E, E)-α-Farnesene (61.9±3.2%), trans-Ocimene (16.6±1.2%), and Benzyl salicylate (4.6±1.1%). The results obtained from seed dispersal experiments indicate that hornets are effective seed dispersers and they may play an important role in long-distance seed dispersal of A. sinensis. Based on our findings, we recommend several protection methods for this threatened agarwood plant in China.     

Floral resources,pollinators and fruiting in a threatened tropical deciduous tree

Aims Nothapodytes nimmoniana (Family Icacinaceae) is a deciduous tree species distributed in Asia facing severe population decline. Wood chips from the tree are a source of camptothecin, a globally sought-after alkaloid with cancer-treating properties, and are harvested unsustainably in natural forests. We studied the pollination ecology of the species and asked if there are constraints in pollination and fruiting success in its natural populations. We also discuss the potential effects of wood extraction on pollinators and reproductive success in the population.Methods The study was carried out during the flowering season in two populations with varying exploitation levels, both located in the Protected Area Network in the Western Ghats of Karnataka State. We assessed floral resource availability and measured pollinator diversity and activity in the canopy from the perspective of the biology of the species. We quantified pollinator abundance and percent fruit set as a function of population density.Important findings Flowers belong to the fly pollination syndrome and are open to visits by generalists such as Apis dorsata and Trigona iridipennis. Fruiting success did not vary between exploited and unexploited sites, but there was a significant difference in pollinator assemblage. In a lean male flowering year, fruit set was low, suggesting pollen limitation in the population. No fruiting was recorded in the second year at the site where trees were felled soon after the flowering period. We argue that when male floral resources are altered in exploited populations, pollinators of generalist nature may show a shift in foraging pattern. Also, generalist plants may be as susceptible to pollination loss as are specialist plants. The need for outcrossing in the species would probably exacerbate this vulnerability.     

早春短命植物黑鳞顶冰花的花粉呈现时序及其适应性

花粉的时序呈现是指植物花药按一定次序释放花粉的现象, 被认为是对传粉者访问频率的一种适应。在传粉者充足的环境中, 植物通过限制花粉1次被移出的数量, 使花粉供体能作为多个父本, 从而提高雄性适合度。该文从开花习性、花部特征、传粉者及繁育系统等方面对早春短命植物黑鳞顶冰花(Gagea nigra)的花粉呈现时序及其适应性进行研究, 结果表明, 黑鳞顶冰花单花期约5-7天; 白天开放, 晚上闭合, 花药次序开裂, 呈拉链式散粉, 散粉期4-6天。黑鳞顶冰花以异交为主, 部分自交亲和。蝇类和食蚜蝇为主要传粉者, 访花频率为(0.141±0.078) flower∙h^-1。在雄蕊的时序散粉过程中, 雌蕊持续生长, 经历了从低于雄蕊到等高、再到高于雄蕊阶段。在等高阶段, 单花早晚的开闭, 使得雌雄蕊紧靠在一起, 促成了自动自花授粉。在传粉者缺乏的环境中, 黑鳞顶冰花的花粉时序呈现延长了散粉期, 在等待传粉者和分摊风险方面具重要作用。这种花粉渐次呈现的策略, 在新疆的早春开花植物中可能广泛存在。     

宁夏枸杞的花粉呈现式样及交配系统研究北大核心CSCD

被子植物的花回馈、雌雄蕊时空分离特征和花粉呈现式样等花部特征及传粉者效率会影响雄性适合度和有性繁殖过程。宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum)是中国宁夏、新疆、内蒙等干旱和半干旱地区分布的特有种。该研究对新疆喀什地区宁夏枸杞自然种群的花部综合征、花粉呈现式样、花回馈、传粉者行为与交配方式的关系进行观察及统计分析,以探讨其花粉逐步呈现的适应性及其在提高雌雄繁殖过程中的意义。结果表明:(1)宁夏枸杞的单花寿命为(4.07±0.15) d,而雄性持续时间(0.07±0.01 d)比雌性持续时间短(4±0.01 d);花寿命内雌蕊长度比雄蕊长,属柱头探出式异位类型;花粉呈现式样为不完全逐步呈现。(2)花寿命不同阶段花回馈间存在显著差异。(3)意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)、熊蜂(Bombus sp.)、食蚜蝇(Syrphidae sp.)是宁夏枸杞在自然居群的主要访花者,其中熊蜂和食蚜蝇是主要传粉者,但传粉者效率低,属于高移出低沉积类型。(4)宁夏枸杞的花粉胚珠比(2 448.11±448.32)及授粉实验结果均表现出兼性异交特征;自发自交及人工自花授粉花的座果率及结籽率很低,属于自交不亲和类型;自然传粉花的座果率及结籽率比人工去雄异花低,存在其较高的花粉限制(40.71%)。研究发现,宁夏枸杞花部综合征表现出雌雄异位和花粉不完全逐步呈现式样,这是避免雌雄功能及雄蕊各花药间的干扰、减少花粉同步移出及保障其雄性适合度的有效途径,但自然居群的传粉者种类限制、传粉效率低以及自交不亲性是导致宁夏枸杞花粉限制及降低雌性繁殖成功的主要原因。     

Phenotypic selection on flowering phenology and pollination efficiency traits between Primula populations with different pollinator assemblages

Floral traits have largely been attributed to phenotypic selection in plant–pollinator interactions. However, the strength of this link has rarely been ascertained with real pollinators. We conducted pollinator observations and estimated selection through female fitness on flowering phenology and floral traits between two Primula secundiflora populations. We quantified pollinator‐mediated selection by subtracting estimates of selection gradients of plants receiving supplemental hand pollination from those of plants receiving open pollination. There was net directional selection for an earlier flowering start date at populations where the dominant pollinators were syrphid flies, and flowering phenology was also subjected to stabilized quadratic selection. However, a later flowering start date was significantly selected at populations where the dominant pollinators were legitimate (normal pollination through the corolla tube entrance) and illegitimate bumblebees (abnormal pollination through nectar robbing hole which located at the corolla tube), and flowering phenology was subjected to disruptive quadratic selection. Wider corolla tube entrance diameter was selected at both populations. Furthermore, the strength of net directional selection on flowering start date and corolla tube entrance diameter was stronger at the population where the dominant pollinators were syrphid flies. Pollinator‐mediated selection explained most of the between‐population variations in the net directional selection on flowering phenology and corolla tube entrance diameter. Our results suggested the important influence of pollinator‐mediated selection on floral evolution. Variations in pollinator assemblages not only resulted in variation in the direction of selection but also the strength of selection on floral traits.