The leaf tonoplast V-H(+)-Atpase activity of a C3 halophyte Suaeda salsa is enhanced by salt stress in a Ca-dependent mode

Suaeda salsa seedlings grown in Hoagland nutrient solution were treated with different concentrations of NaCl combined with two levels of Ca2+ (0 and 20 mmol/L) to study the effect of Ca2+ nutrition on the growth and activity of leaf tonoplast V-H(+)-ATPase. Increase of Ca2+ concentration in the solution markedly increased the relative growth quantity of S. salsa seedlings and Ca2+ and K+ concentration in the leaf cell sap under NaCl stress. The leaf V-H(+)-ATPase activity was significantly increased with increasing NaCl concentration under high Ca2+ application (20 mmol/L), but little changed under Ca2+ starvation (0 mmol/L). Western blot analysis showed that the leaf V-H(+)-ATPase of S. salsa was at least composed of A, B, D and c subunits, and their protein amounts were not affected by NaCl treatments under Ca2+ starvation (0 mmol/ L) with an exception of 100 mmol/L NaCl, but increased under high Ca2+ application (20 mmol/L). There was a positive correlation between activity of V-H(+)-ATPase and the protein amounts of the subunits. The results suggest that Ca2+ nutrition played an important role in the salt tolerance of S. salsa, and that enhancement of V-H(+)-ATPase activity under salt stress was Ca2(+)-dependent.     

NaCl胁迫对2种表型盐地碱蓬种子萌发的渗透效应和离子效应研究

采用高低2个浓度的NaCl、LiCl及等渗甘露醇溶液处理紫红色表型(紫色型)和绿色表型(绿色型)盐地碱蓬种子,通过测定它们的种子萌发率、吸胀速率和胚内离子含量,研究NaCl胁迫对2种表型种子萌发的离子效应和渗透效应.结果表明:(1)2种表型盐地碱蓬种子萌发率在高浓度(300 mmol/L)和低浓度(100 mmol/L)NaCl处理下均显著降低,紫色型种子萌发率在低浓度下显著低于绿色型,而在高浓度下却显著高于绿色型;绿色型种子萌发率在高浓度(30 mmol/L)和低浓度(10 mmol/L)LiCl处理下均未受到显著影响,但紫色型种子萌发率却均极显著降低;2种表型盐地碱蓬种子萌发率在低浓度等渗甘露醇处理下均极显著低于低浓度NaCl处理,而高浓度等渗甘露醇处理却均与高浓度NaCl处理无显著差异.(2)2表型种盐地碱蓬种子的吸胀速率在低浓度NaCl处理下没有受到显著影响,但高浓度NaCl处理及与之等渗的高浓度甘露醇处理下都显著降低,而且紫色型种子的吸胀速率在等渗甘露醇处理时显著高于绿色型.(3)2种表型盐地碱蓬种子胚中的Na 含量和Na /K 在对照和低浓度NaCl处理下无显著差异,但紫色型种子胚中的Na 、K 含量在高浓度NaCl处理时都显著高于对照,且K 含量增加的幅度远大于Na 含量,导致紫色型种子胚中的Na /K 显著低于绿色型.研究发现,盐地碱蓬种子萌发在低浓度NaCl胁迫下主要受离子效应抑制,而高浓度NaCl胁迫下则主要受渗透效应抑制,紫色型种子萌发率在高浓度NaCl胁迫下高于绿色型的原因之一是前者能维持更低的Na /K 比.     

盐旱互作对不同生境盐地碱蓬种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了盐旱互作对潮间带和盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬棕色种子萌发、地上部生长和离子积累的影响。不同盐浓度预处理后,未萌发的种子风干后复水,其萌发率与对照相比没有降低,说明两种生境盐地碱蓬种子萌发期间都耐干湿交替。400mmol/LNaCl溶液浇灌的潮间带生境盐地碱蓬幼苗在第3次干旱处理后萎蔫幼苗的百分比高于盐碱地生境的,而复水后正常幼苗的百分比却相反。400mmol/LNaCl溶液处理下,第3次干旱处理复水后,盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬幼苗地上部离子含量(主要是Na+和Cl-)高于潮间带生境的。表明在干旱情况下,盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬幼苗能积累更多的无机离子,降低渗透势,提高根系吸收水分的能力。上述结果说明,盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬幼苗较潮间带生境盐地碱蓬幼苗更耐盐与干旱的交互作用。     

Role of 5-aminolevulinic acid on growth,photosynthetic parameters and antioxidant enzyme activity in NaCl-stressed <Emphasis Type="Italic">Isatis indigotica</Emphasis> Fort.

5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a key precursor for the biosynthesis of porphyrins such as heme and chlorophyll. ALA alleviates salinity stress damage in germinating seeds and improves seedling growth. Exogenous application of ALA at low concentrations has been shown to enhance salt tolerance in a number of plants. In the present study, we studied the effect of exogenous application of ALA on enhancing salt stress tolerance in Isatis indigotica Fort. (Anhui population as S1, Shanxi population as S2). A foliar application of 0, 12.5, 16.7, 25.0, and 50.0 mg/L ALA was given to the leaves of I. indigotica plants treated with 100 mmol/L NaCl. The fresh weight of leaves and roots; chlorophyll relative content (SPAD value); photosynthetic parameters, such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) and water use efficiency of the treated plants were determined. The third leaf of each treated plant was used to determine the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), nitrate reductase (NR) activities and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased in response to 100 mmol/L NaCl in both S1 and S2 plants. However, the fresh weight of leaf and root, chlorophyll relative content, Pn, Gs, Ci decreased in response to salt stress in both S1 and S2 plants. In all foliar application of ALA in S1 plants, the MDA content, and the activities of SOD and POD were the highest in response to 50.0 mg/L foliar application of ALA. GOGAT and NR activities were the highest in response to 16.7 mg/L foliar ALA. Chlorophyll content and Pn were the highest in S1 plants treated with by 25.0 mg/L ALA. In S2 plants, plant fresh weight, chlorophyll relative content, SOD, CAT, NR activities and Pn treated with 16.7 mg/L ALA were higher than that of the control (CK0). POD, MDA, GOGAT activities in S2 plants treated with 25.0 mg/L ALA were the highest among all treatments. Thus, our results showed that the optimal concentration of ALA (16.7 ~ 25.0 mmol/L) increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which in turn helps to abate the damage caused by salt stress in I. indigotica seedlings. Furthermore, ALA also results in an increase in chlorophyll content, Pn and the activities of GOGAT and NR.     

盐地碱蓬二型性种子及其幼苗对盐渍环境的适应性

研究了盐地碱蓬二型性种子中离子含量与刚萌发幼苗耐盐性之间的关系,以及盐分对砂培盐地碱蓬二型性种子的幼苗生长、离子含量及光合特性的影响.棕色种子中离子含量显著高于黑色种子.与对照相比,100和400 mmol/L NaCl对棕色种子幼苗伸长没有抑制作用,却显著抑制黑色种子幼苗的伸长.NaCl处理下棕色种子的幼苗地上部分干重和主茎一级分枝数比黑色种子幼苗高,但二型性种子的幼苗叶片中离子含量、叶绿素含量及光合放氧速率却没有明显差异.上述结果说明盐地碱蓬棕色种子较高的离子含量可能是棕色种子刚萌发幼苗耐盐性较强的重要原因.棕色种子幼苗较高的生物量可能与其较多的分枝数有关.二型种子的这些特征可能决定了其在群落建成中所起到的不同作用.     

外源硫化氢和水杨酸对盐胁迫下加工番茄幼苗生长与生理特性的影响

以加工番茄KT-7为材料,在水培条件下,研究外源水杨酸(SA,0.15 mmol/L)、硫化氢(H2S)供体硫氢化钠(NaHS,50 mmol/L)对150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下加工番茄幼苗的渗透调节、活性氧代谢和快速叶绿素荧光的影响,以探讨H2S和SA这2种信号分子协同作用、以及实际生产中缓解加工番茄幼苗盐胁...     

真盐生植物盐地碱蓬根系边缘细胞在耐盐中的作用初探

以黄河三角洲潮间带盐地碱蓬种子生成的幼苗为材料,研究了NaCl胁迫对盐地碱蓬生长与根系边缘细胞的影响。盐地碱蓬的第一个边缘细胞几乎与根尖同步产生,当根长达到13mm时,边缘细胞数目达到最大值。NaCl胁迫抑制边缘细胞的活性,但低浓度的NaCl处理增加边缘细胞的数目。低浓度NaCl处理时果胶甲基酯酶（PME）的活性比对照有明显增加,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性随着NaCl浓度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,低浓度NaCl可以增加盐地碱蓬根内过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性,NaCl处理时间和处理浓度都对过氧化物酶（POD）活性的影响不明显。这些结果表明,盐地碱蓬至少部分通过增加调控活性氧（ROS）水平增加PME活性及根系边缘细胞数目来抵抗NaCl胁迫。     

人工合成甘蓝型油菜早期世代及其亲本对盐胁迫的生理响应

以白菜‘矮抗青’(基因组AA)和‘中花芥蓝’(基因组CC)及其人工合成异源四倍体甘蓝型油菜(AACC)的早期世代(F1~F4)为实验材料,采用水培方法分别比较它们在100、200mmol/L NaCl处理下的生理指标差异。结果表明:(1)在盐胁迫条件下,‘中花芥蓝’植株的生物量、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性均最低,而相对电导率、MDA含量则最高。在100mmol/L NaCl处理下,F2代植株的生物量、叶绿素含量、SOD活性最大,MDA含量最低;在200mmol/L NaCl处理下,F4代的生物量、叶绿素含量、POD活性最大,MDA含量最低。研究发现,亲本‘矮抗青’的耐盐特性高于亲本‘中花芥蓝’,它们的杂种后代(异源四倍体)遗传了AA基因组的耐盐特性,从而比二倍体亲本具有更强的抵御盐胁迫的能力。     

盐胁迫对中国柽柳幼苗生理特性的影响

以中国柽柳(Tamarix chinensis Lour.)插穗为研究材料,在装有不同土壤盐分梯度(0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%、2.0%、2.4%)的盆钵中进行扦插试验,测定柽柳扦插成活率、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量等指标,研究分析柽柳扦插成活率及幼苗生理特性对盐分胁迫的响应特征。结果表明:(1)柽柳扦插成活率随盐胁迫增强逐渐降低,适合扦插繁殖的土壤含盐量低于0.8%;土壤含盐量超过0.8%后,扦插成活率太低,不适合柽柳进行扦插繁殖。(2)柽柳可通过提高叶绿素含量来适应盐胁迫,随着盐胁迫增强,柽柳扦插幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量先升高后降低,但过高的盐胁迫会破坏叶绿素的合成。(3)柽柳扦插幼苗叶片SOD和POD活性随盐胁迫增强先升高后降低,通过提高SOD和POD活性来清除细胞内多余的活性氧自由基,但活性氧自由基积累过多时,膜脂过氧化作用会破坏细胞膜的稳定性,导致抗氧化酶活性降低。(4)柽柳扦插幼苗叶片MDA含量随盐胁迫的增强先升高后降低。在土壤含盐量0.4%—1.2%范围内,MDA含量虽高于CK,但各盐分处理之间差异不显著。在含盐量为1.6%时,叶片细胞受到膜脂过氧化作用加强,MDA含量显著升高,但含盐量为2.0%时,MDA含量降低。     

K+营养对NaCl胁迫下盐地碱蓬生长及叶片液泡膜V-H+-ATPase和V-H+-PPase活性的影响

对溶液培养的盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa L.)幼苗进行不同浓度NaCl胁迫并改变培养液中K+浓度,以了解K+营养对NaCl胁迫下盐地碱蓬幼苗生长及叶片液泡膜V-H+-ATPase、V-H+-PPase活性的影响.提高培养液K+浓度可明显增加盐胁迫下碱蓬植株的鲜重、干重,促进盐地碱蓬叶片及根部组织K+积累.盐地碱蓬叶片液泡膜V-H+-ATPase至少由A、B、C、D、E及c亚基组成,其表达量在缺K+处理(12 μmol/L K+)下随盐胁迫浓度的增加而减小,而在正常K+(6 mmol/L)培养下则随盐胁迫浓度的增加而增加;盐地碱蓬叶片液泡膜V-H+-PPase分子量为72 kD,在缺K+和正常K+供应情况下,V-H+-PPase均有较高表达.V-H+-ATPase及V-H+-PPase活性变化与其亚基表达量变化基本成正相关.结果表明: K+对盐生植物碱蓬的耐盐性有重要作用,盐胁迫下,K+可能参与了V-H+-ATPase和V-H+-PPase活性调控.     

NaCl胁迫下外源NO供体硝普钠（SNP）对盐地碱蓬种子萌发的影响

用添加与不添加0．1mm01．L^-1NO供体硝普钠（sNP）的800mmol．L^-1NaCl溶液处理盐地碱蓬种子后,800mmol·L^-1NaCl处理下盐地碱蓬种子的萌发率、含水量和吸水速率显著增加,胚中脯氨酸的含量降低,但对Na^＋、K^＋和可溶性糖含量无显著影响。表明0．1mmol．L^-1SNP缓解800mmol．L^-1NaCl对盐地碱蓬种子萌发抑制的主要原因是盐地碱蓬种子含水量的提高,从而缓解了盐的渗透胁迫。     

盐胁迫对冬小麦幼苗干物质分配和生理生态特性的影响

以冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种周麦18(Zhoumai18)和豫麦49(Yumai49)为材料,采用盆栽培养,研究100、250、350 mmol/L和450 mmol/L NaCl 浓度胁迫下,小麦幼苗干物质分配、根系特征、叶绿素含量、游离脯氨酸含量和根系活力变化规律.结果表明,随着盐分浓度的增加,两个品种小麦的叶面积、地上干重以及根的长度显著减小;根系干重、根直径、根表面积、根体积、根系活力以及叶绿素含量呈先上升后下降趋势,在250 mmol/L NaCl处理下达最大.叶绿素a/b随NaCl浓度升高而上升.随盐分浓度变化周麦18叶片游离脯氨酸含量高而变化幅度大,450mmol/L处理组的含量高于对照组1.5倍.供试品种冬小麦耐盐阈值为250～350 mmol/L.     

Osmotic adjustment, gas exchanges and chlorophyll fluorescence of a hexaploid triticale and its parental species under salt stress

The effect of salt stress (NaCl 85.7 or 110 mmol/L) was investigated in the triticale T300 and its parental species, Triticum dicoccum farrum (Triticum df) and Secale cereale cv. Petkus. Triticum df and T300 were more salt-tolerant than the rye (110 mmol/L NaCl was the highest concentration allowing rye growth to the three-leaf stage). Na+, K+ and Cl- ions accounted for almost half of the osmotic adjustment in Triticum df and T300, and up to 90% in rye. Salinity decreased the net photosynthesis and transpiration rates of the three cereals as compared to control plants, but induced no significant change in chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. Water-use efficiency (WUE) increased with salinity. In the presence of 110 mmol/L NaCl, the K+/Na+ ratio decreased markedly in rye as compared to the other two cereals. Proline concentration, which increased in Triticum df and T300, could have protected membrane selectivity in favour of K+. Proline content remained low in rye, and increasing soluble sugar content did not appear to prevent competition between Na+ and K+. The salt sensitivity of rye could be due to low K+ uptake in the presence of a high NaCl concentration.     

NaCl和Na2CO3对盐地碱蓬胁迫效应的比较

在相同的Na 浓度(如100 mmol/L)下,NaCl处理促进碱蓬植株干重增加,提高根系活力,而Na2CO3处理导致植株干重减少,根系活力降低;与NaCl胁迫相比,Na2CO3胁迫下叶片内Na 含量上升和K 含量下降幅度更大,叶肉细胞质Na 含量和叶内脯氨酸含量增加幅度更大,而V-H -ATPase(液泡膜H -ATPase)和V-H -PPase (液泡膜H -PPase)增加幅度较少;与NaCl胁迫不同,Na2CO3胁迫下SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性不是增加,而是降低,与此相一致,MDA(丙二醛)含量大幅度增加.上述结果表明,碱蓬对Na2CO3胁迫的抗性低于对NaCl的抗性,这可能与Na2CO3胁迫引起的Na 、K 离子严重失衡、活性氧清除能力降低有关.     

外源钙降低拟南芥幼苗盐害效应

用5mmol／L CaCl2喷叶后的拟南芥幼苗,在100mmol／L NaCl胁迫下,SOD、CAT和POD的活性以及叶绿素含量降低幅度明显低于对照,MDA含量增加幅度显著低于对照,由此表明钙与拟南芥幼苗盐害效应的降低有关。     

2种鼠尾草对NaCl胁迫的耐受性比较及其生理机制研究

以具有较高药用和观赏价值的美丽鼠尾草和贵州鼠尾草为实验材料,分析2种鼠尾草在NaCl(0、200、300、400、500、600mmol·L-1)胁迫下的生长、叶绿素含量、保护酶活性和有机渗透调节物质含量的变化,以明确2种鼠尾草对NaCl胁迫的耐受性差异及其生理机制。结果显示:(1)在实验NaCl浓度范围内,美丽鼠尾草的受害程度均高于贵州鼠尾草;(2)随着NaCl浓度的提高,贵州鼠尾草叶片叶绿素含量无显著变化,而美丽鼠尾草叶绿素含量逐渐显著降低;(3)当NaCl浓度从0增加到500mmol·L-1时,2种鼠尾草叶片的POD、CAT活性以及可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量逐渐升高,且美丽鼠尾草叶片的SOD活性也逐渐升高;(4)当NaCl浓度达到600mmol·L-1时,美丽鼠尾草叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量继续增加,SOD、POD和CAT活性开始降低但仍显著高于对照,而贵州鼠尾草叶片的POD和CAT活性继续增加,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量开始降低但仍显著高于对照。研究表明,贵州鼠尾草在NaCl胁迫下具有较高的渗透调节物质含量,而且随着NaCl浓度的增加能够维持较高的保护酶活性,因此对NaCl胁迫的耐受性强于美丽鼠尾草。     

喷施多效唑提高麻疯树幼苗耐盐性的生理机制

研究了600 mg?L-1 PP333喷施对200 mmol?L-1 NaCl胁迫处理下麻疯树幼苗干重、含水量、叶片细胞超微结构、光合作用、叶片渗透调节能力、叶片丙二醛含量和叶片抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明：600 mg?L-1 PP333喷施处理能显著提高200 mmol?L-1 NaCl胁迫下植株的干重、根冠比和叶片含水量,同时显著降低叶片电解质外渗率（ELP）,降低叶片细胞超微结构的伤害程度,显著提高了其叶绿素含量、净光合速率、渗透调节能力、SOD酶活性和CAT酶活性,显著降低了MDA含量和POD酶活性。可见,PP333喷施能显著提高麻疯树幼苗对盐渍的适应,主要因为其提高了植株的抗氧化能力、光合作用、渗透调节能力。     

Glycine betaine accumulation,ionic and water relations of red-beet at contrasting levels of sodium supply

Exposure of plants to sodium (Na) and salinity may increase glycine betaine accumulation in tissues. To study this, red-beet cvs. Scarlet Supreme and Ruby Queen, were grown for 42 days in a growth chamber using a re-circulating nutrient film technique with 0.25 mmol/L K and either 4.75 mmol/L (control) or 54.75 mmol/L (saline) Na (as NaCl). Plants were harvested at weekly intervals and measurements were taken on leaf water relations, leaf photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll levels, glycine betaine levels, and tissue elemental composition. Glycine betaine accumulation increased under salinity and this accumulation correlated with higher tissue levels of Na in both cultivars. Na accounted for 80 to 90% of the total cation uptake under the saline treatment. At final harvest (42 days), K concentrations in laminae ranged from approximately 65-95 micromoles g-1 dry matter (DM), whereas Na in shoot tissue ranged from approximately 3000-4000 micromoles g-1. Leaf sap osmotic potential at full turgor [psi(s100)] increased as lamina Na content increased. Glycine betaine levels of leaf laminae showed a linear relationship with leaf sap [psi(s100)]. Chlorophyll levels, leaf photosynthetic rates, and chlorophyll fluorescence were not affected by Na levels. These results suggest that the metabolic tolerance to high levels of tissue Na in red-beet could be due to its ability to synthesize and regulate glycine betaine production, and to control partitioning of Na and glycine betaine between the vacuole and the cytoplasm.     

NaCl胁迫对菜用大豆种子膨大过程中抗氧化系统及渗透调节物质的影响

采用蛭石栽培试验,在100mmol.L-1 NaCl胁迫下,对耐盐性不同的两个菜用大豆品种种子膨大、抗氧化系统及渗透调节物质进行了研究。结果显示:(1)耐盐品种‘绿领特早’种子干质量及大小的增加在NaCl胁迫15d时未受显著影响,而盐敏感品种‘理想高产95-1’种子的膨大受到了显著抑制。(2)NaCl胁迫导致菜用大豆种子超氧阴离子(O2.-)、过氧化氢(H2O2)及丙二醛(MDA)的过量积累,但‘绿领特早’种子的相对积累量均低于‘理想高产95-1’。(3)与‘理想高产95-1’相比,‘绿领特早’在NaCl胁迫期间维持了相对较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,以及较高的抗坏血酸(AsA)、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量;胁迫中期维持了相对较高的过氧化物酶(POD)活性,胁迫后期维持了相对较高的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性;胁迫前中期维持了相对较高的谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量。研究发现,‘绿领特早’种子在NaCl胁迫期间能够保持较高且协调平衡的保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性和较高的AsA-GSH循环效率,同时维持了较强的渗透调节能力,有效抑制了O2.-和H2O2的过量积累,进而有效降低了细胞膜质过氧化程度,这可能是其耐盐性较强的重要原因之一。     

AM真菌对盐胁迫下番茄幼苗生理特征及AVP1表达的影响

采用温室盆栽试验研究不同NaCl浓度（0、50 和85 mmol/L）持续胁迫接种摩西球囊霉和地表球囊霉 2种AM真菌对加工番茄耐盐性的影响。结果显示:（1）在0 mmol/L NaCl处理条件下,2种菌的番茄菌根化苗的根系活力、叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、根系脯氨酸含量以及超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性均高于非菌根植株,且丙二醛含量低于非菌根植株,但差异不显著。（2）在50、85 mmol/L NaCl浓度胁迫下,接种2种菌根真菌可显著提高番茄植株根系活力,促进叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及根系脯氨酸含量的积累,显著提高叶片中与抗逆相关的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性,减少丙二醛在根系中的积累;随着NaCl浓度的增加,效果更为明显。（3）RT-PCR分析显示,AM真菌和盐胁迫共同调控H⁺转运无机焦磷酸酶H⁺- PPase的表达,随NaCl浓度的增加,AVP1基因表达量下降,但菌根化番茄植株的AVP1基因表达量显著高于非菌根植株。研究表明,接种AM真菌后,菌根化植株可通过显著促进幼苗体内渗透调节物质积累和抗氧化酶活性的提高,有效降低体内膜脂过氧化水平,同时过量表达AVP1基因增加了番茄植株中离子向液泡膜的转运,从而缓解盐胁迫对植株的伤害,增强番茄幼苗对盐胁迫的耐性。