Gender differences in diabetes mellitus and effectson self-care activity |
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| Affiliation: | 1. University o f Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, School o f Pharmacy, Denver, Colorado, USA;2. Department o f Surgery, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA;1. University of Haifa, Israel;2. Department of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel;3. Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Israel;1. Department of Cardiology, Heraklion University Hospital, Heraklion, Crete, Greece;2. Division of Biostatistics, Department of Social Medicine, Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece;3. Department of Internal Medicine, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece;4. Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece;1. Physical-Technical Institute of the Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 34 Tat’yana Baramzina Str., Izhevsk 426067, Russia;2. Moscow State Open University, Pavel Korchagin Str., Moscow 107996, Russia;3. A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry of Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Str., Kazan 420088, Russia;1. Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Room 7040 N Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA;2. Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases, Prevention & Control, IDF Centre of Education, Chennai, India;3. Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Room 7000, Atlanta, GA, USA;4. Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Drive Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA;1. Fertility Institute of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii;2. John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii |
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| Abstract: | Background:Effective self-care, including adherence to diet, exercise, and medication regimens, is an essential component of health care for individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM).Objective:The goals of this study were to examine sex-based differences in DM and to explore the effects of gender on self-care.Methods:This study was conducted retrospectively using data from the 2001 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). People with DM were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnostic code; analyses were stratified by sex. Variables included age, race/ethnicity, education, income, body mass index (BMI), number of comorbidities, physical and cognitive limitations, smoking status, and depression. Outcome measures were assessed by Short Form-12 (SF-12) Mental Component Summary (MCS) and Physical Component Summary (PCS) scores. Univariate analyses were determined using t, χ2, or Fisher exact tests, as appropriate. Multivariate analyses examined associations between sex and SF-12 MCS/PCS scores adjusted for other variables.Results:A total of 1653 MEPS respondents (883 women, 770 men) with DM were identified for the current study. The women were significantly older than the men (61.2 vs 59.1 years), had less education (11.1 vs 12.0 years), and had lower incomes. Women had higher calculated BMI (31.4 vs 30.3), more comorbidities (7.8 vs 6.4), more depression, and more physical and cognitive limitations than did men. Women also scored lower than men on the SF-12 MCS and PCS (47.8 vs 49.9 and 38.2 vs 41.4, respectively). All these measures were statistically significant (P < 0.01). In multivariate analyses, physical limitations, BMI, and number of comorbidities were negatively correlated, and income and education were positively correlated, with MCS and PCS scores.Conclusions:Compared with their male counterparts, diabetic women scored lower on measuresof health status and functioning—factors that are likely to affect self-care activities. Sex-based differences should be considered when developing screening and treatment programs for people with DM. |
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