Contribution of myeloid-derived suppressor cells to tumor-induced immune suppression, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis

Growing evidence suggests that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which have been named "immature myeloid cells" or "myeloid suppressor cells" (MSCs), play a critical role during the progression of cancer in tumor-bearing mice and cancer patients. As their name implies, these cells are derived from bone marrow and have a tremendous potential to suppress immune responses. Recent studies indicated that these cells also have a crucial role in tumor progression. MDSCs can directly incorporate into tumor endothelium.They secret many pro-angiogenic factors as well. In addition, they play an essential role in cancer invasion and metastasis through inducing the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), chemoattractants and creating a pre-metastatic environment. Increasing evidence supports the idea that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for tumorigenesis, resistance to therapies, invasion and metastasis.Here, we hypothesize that CSCs may "hijack" MDSCs for use as alternative niche cells, leading to the maintenance of stemness and enhanced chemo- and radio-therapy resistance. The countermeasure that directly targets to MDSCs may be useful for against angiogenesis and preventing cancer from invasion and metastasis. Therefore, the study of MDSCs is important to understand tumor progression and to enhance the therapeutic efficacy against cancer.