Branch Roots of Zea. V. Structural Features that may Influence Water and Nutrient Transport

First-order branch roots of field-grown Zea mays L. were examined by optical and electron microscopy. They were small-scale versions of nodal roots except for the usual retention of a live epidermis throughout their length. The Casparian strips and suberized lamellae of hypodermis and endodermis developed closer to the root tip than reported for main roots (in the zone 0.5 to 5.5 cm from the tip for the hypodermis, and 0.5 to 4 cm for the endodermis), in branches retaining an apical meristem. The hydrophobic deposits were in place to the distal ends of determinate branches. All hydrophobic deposits were fully formed before the late metaxylem elements were mature. Gaps in the suberized lamellae of both hypodermis and endodermis may permit apoplastic diffusion of solutes through these layers. Pit frequency in the outer tangential walls of the hypodermis and endodermis was 0.3 per 100 μm², and 0.6 to 0.7 per 100 μm², respectively, in both branch and main roots. Numbers of plasmodesmata per pit in the branches were 60 and 30 in the hypodermis and endodermis, respectively. Water fluxes from published data were used to calculated the possible flux through plasmodesmata on a symplastic path. Values up to 0.2 pl h^?1 for the hypodermis and twice this for the endodermis were obtained.