| Abstract: | Abstract Natterjack toads (Bufo calamita) form metapopulations consisting of interacting local and temporal breeding assemblages. The gene flow between simultaneously reproductive local populations is limited at the adult stage to about 2% roaming males and around 20% of females. The gene flow between temporal populations breeding successively at the same locality is based on about 0–15% of males and 0–29% of females reproducing in different temporal breeding assemblages. The annual mortality rate of males ranges between 50 and 60%, corresponding to a maximum life expectancy of about 7 years. The main cause of local extinction is always deterioration of the habitat, namely destruction of the breeding habitat or a dry climate. |
