Differential responses of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides bloom to episodic typhoon events

To better understand the effect of typhoons on the harmful alga Cochlodinium polykrikoides, we investigated cell population dynamics in relation to hydrographic conditions in Korean coastal waters before and after the passage of typhoons. After typhoon Lingling passed through the Yellow Sea, significant accumulation of C. polykrikoides on the southern coast of Namhae Island was associated with southerly winds on September 8, 2019. Similar to field observations of red tide, a particle transport model simulation showed that the virtual particles were greatly influenced by wind-driven currents associated with typhoons, particularly when diel vertical migration was included in the model. However, a bloom of C. polykrikoides disappeared immediately after the passage of typhoon Tapah on September 23, 2019. Because of the different patterns of bloom behavior after the passage of these typhoons, characteristics of other typhoons that affected the Korean peninsula during previous C. polykrikoides blooms were investigated. Analysis of typhoon properties including wind direction, precipitation, and wave height and energy suggested that high wave energy during the passage of a typhoon plays a critical role in the termination of C. polykrikoides blooms, because of its generation of high turbulence relative to other factors. In our study, the wave energy associated with typhoon Tapah (753.6 kJ m^?2 over 48 h) was much higher than that associated with typhoon Lingling (441.7 kJ m^?2 over 48 h). The results indicate that typhoons have an important role in determining the accumulation and termination of C. polykrikoides blooms through the physical effects of wind direction and wave energy.