Synergistic effects of antibiotics and an N-acyl homoserine lactone analog on Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms

Aims: To investigate the effects of the combined application of an N‐acyl homoserine lactone (HSL) analog and antibiotics on biofilms of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen of periodontal disease. Methods and Results: Antibiotics used were cefuroxime, ofloxacin and minocycline. A flow‐cell model was used for biofilm formation. Samples were divided into four groups: control, analog‐treated, antibiotic‐treated and combined application groups. Biofilm cell survival was determined using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence and confocal laser microscopy (CLSM). In the combined application group, the ATP count in biofilm cells was significantly decreased compared with the antibiotic‐treated group (Games–Howell test, P < 0·05). A combination of cefuroxime and the analog was most effective against the P. gingivalis biofilm. CLSM observations revealed that the proportion of dead cells was highest in the combined application group. Conclusions: The combined application of the N‐acyl HSL analog and antibiotics was effective at reducing the viability of P. gingivalis cells in biofilms. Significance and Impact of the Study: The combined application of the N‐acyl HSL analog and antibiotics may be successful for eradicating infections involving bacterial biofilms, such as periodontitis.