Identity and systematic position of Paradinium poucheti and other Paradinium-like parasites of marine copepods based on morphology and nuclear-encoded SSU rDNA

Paradinium and Paradinium-like parasites were detected in various copepod hosts collected in the NW Mediterranean Sea, the North Atlantic Ocean, and the Godth?bsfjord (Greenland). The identity and systematic position of the parasitic, plasmodial protist Paradinium was investigated on the basis of SSU rDNA and morphology. SSU rDNA sequences were obtained from 3 specimens of Paradinium poucheti isolated from their cyclopoid copepod host, Oithona similis. In addition, a comparable sequence was obtained from a hitherto undescribed species of Paradinium from the harpactacoid copepod Euterpina acutifrons. Finally, SSU rDNA sequences were acquired from 2 specimens of a red plasmodial parasite (RP parasite) isolated from Clausocalanus sp. Both morphological and SSU rDNA sequence data supported that P. poucheti and Paradinium sp. are closely related organisms. In phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequences, Paradinium spp. clustered with sequences from an uncultured eukaryote clone from the Pacific Ocean and two sequences from haplosporidian-like parasites of shrimps, Pandalus spp. This Paradinium clade branched as a sister group to a clade comprising the Haplosporidia and the Foraminifera. The RP parasite had a superficial morphological resemblance to Paradinium and has previously been interpreted as a member of this genus. However, several morphological characters contradict this and SSU rDNA sequence data disagree with the RP parasite and Paradinium being related. The phylogenetic analyses suggested that the RP parasite is a fast-evolved alveolate and a member of the so-called marine alveolate Group I (MAGI) and emerging data now suggest that this enigmatic group may, like the syndinian dinoflagellates, consist of heterotrophic parasites.