Use of GPS location clusters analysis to study predation, feeding, and maternal behavior of the Eurasian lynx

Analysis of global positioning system (GPS) location clusters (GLCs) is becoming increasingly popular in studies of carnivore ecology. While promising, this application of GPS technology is still poorly developed for most species. We applied this method to study predation and maternal behavior of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the Dinaric Mountains. Low population densities, rugged terrain, dense vegetation, and administrative borders make studies of this endangered population using traditional methods and a limited budget very challenging. We used the geographic information system and linear mixed-effects models to understand the movement of lynx during the consumption process and denning period and estimate lynx kill rates. A total of 99 % of kills were found at GLCs longer than 30 h and with minimum two locations within 300 m. We confirmed 86 % of potential kills and all potential dens that were searched for in the field. High success in predicting kill and den sites showed that the Eurasian lynx is a suitable species for application of the GLC analysis methods. Comparison of field-confirmed kills with model predictions showed the possibility for remote estimation of approximate kill rates in Eurasian lynx. Movements of the lynx were primarily affected by daytime period, time since the last kill/den translocation, lynx category, and their interactions. Based on the empirical data, we programmed simulations of lynx movements and elaborated recommendations for more efficient field procedures and study designs (GPS schedules) for future studies. We believe that our findings and approach will also benefit studies of other species with similar behavior.