Comparison of two equivalency factor approaches with simplified risk assessment for lcia of toxicity impact potential |
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Authors: | Duane A Tolle David J Hesse G Bradley Chadwell Joyce S Cooper David P Evers |
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Institution: | (1) Battelle, 505 King Avenue, 43201-2693 Columbus, OH, USA;(2) University of Washington, Box 352600, 98195-2600 Seattle, WA, USA |
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Abstract: | Three approaches recommended for characterization of toxicity impact potential in a life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) are
tested on a case study and compared. The two equivalency factor methods are the Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity
(PBT) method and the Multimedia Fate Modeling (MFM) method using a Mackay Level III model with state-specific environmental
data. The simplified risk assessment (SRA) method involved dispersion modeling using site-specific environmental data. The
life cycle inventory information evaluated by all three methods was limited to manufacturing of the RDX-based explosive in
Kingsport, Tennessee. The effort to collect site-specific environmental data and conduct air dispersion modeling for the SRA
method required about 24 times more effort than the PBT method and about 4 times more effort than the MFM method. Direct comparison
of impact potential scores for the three approaches were limited to inhalation toxicity scores for nine air pollutants modeled
by SRA. Correlations were made on the rank order of the impact potential scores for the nine air emissions evaluated for all
three LCIA methods. Although the number of chemicals compared is very limited, the best correlation coefficient (0.96) was
between the rank orders for the MFM and the SRA methods. The minimal effort and reduced accuracy of the PBT approach make
it best suited for screening large numbers of chemicals for further evaluation of the highest ranked chemicals. The intermediate
effort and reasonable accuracy (includes transfers to other media) of the MFM approach make it well suited for LCIAs involving
comparative assertions or governmental policy decisions. The maximum effort and assumption of highest accuracy make the SRA
approach suitable only after limiting the locations of interest to a few sites by screening with the other two approaches. |
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Keywords: | Air dispersion modeling aquatic toxicity equivalency factor fugacity InLCA inhalation toxicity Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) LCIA multimedia fate model simplified risk assessment terrestrial toxicity toxicity impact potential |
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