POLLEN FLOW AND FECUNDITY IN POPULATIONS OF LITHOSPERMUM CAROLINIENSE

Stigmatic pollen loads of pin and thrum forms of distylous Lithospermum caroliniense (Walt.) MacMill. generally have very large proportions of incompatible pollen grains. Assortative pollination probably results from large components of self-pollination rather than geitonogamous pollinations, because pollen loads of large and small individuals are the same, although large individuals would be expected to experience more geitonogamous pollinator flights than small individuals. The distylous reproductive system appears relatively insensitive to changes in pollinator activity and preferential pollen flow between pins and thrums cannot be demonstrated. In contrast to the relatively uniform proportions of pin and thrum pollen on stigmas, absolute pollen loads vary substantially in different years and localities. Extremely low fecundity, which appears to be characteristic of this species, may result in part from lack of pollinator activity. However, even under optimal conditions for pollination, fecundity is less than 20%. Although L. caroliniense appears to have an inefficient pollination system, intrinsic low fecundity may represent a more critical feature of the life history.