The effect of nutrients on pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Senecio plants and their interactions with herbivores and pathogens |
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Authors: | W H G Hol |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Boterhoeksestraat 48, 6666 GA Heteren, The Netherlands |
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Abstract: | The aim of this review is to combine the knowledge of studies on effects of nutrients on pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in
Senecio with those studies of effects of PAs on herbivores and pathogens in order to predict the effects that nutrients may have
on herbivores and pathogens via changes in PAs. We discuss whether these predictions match with the outcome of studies where
the effect of nutrients on herbivores and insects were measured. PA concentrations in S. jacobaea, S. vulgaris and S. aquaticus were mostly reduced by NPK fertilization, with genotype-specific effects occurring. Plant organs varied in their response
to increased fertilization; PA concentrations in flowers remained constant, while shoot and roots were mostly negatively affected.
Biomass change is probably largely responsible for the change in concentrations. Nutrients affect both the variety and the
levels of PAs in the plant. The reduced PA concentrations after NPK fertilization was expected to benefit herbivores, but
no or negative responses from insect herbivores were observed. Apparently other changes in the plant after fertilization are
overriding the effect of PAs. Pathogens do seem to benefit from the lower PA concentrations after fertilization; they were
more detrimental to fertilized plants than to unfertilized control plants. Future studies should include the effect of each
element of nutrients separately and in combinations in order to gain more insight in the effect of specific nutrients on PA
content in Senecio plants. |
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