Mycobiota of the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli in Japan,focusing on the molecular phylogenetic diversity of Fusarium and Trichoderma |
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Authors: | Tomohiko Kiyuna Kwang-Deuk An Rika Kigawa Chie Sano Sadatoshi Miura Junta Sugiyama |
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Affiliation: | (1) NCIMB Group, TechnoSuruga Laboratory Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan;(2) Independent Administrative Institution, National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo, Japan;(3) Tokyo Office, TechnoSuruga Laboratory Co., Ltd., Shinko Music Plaza Bldg., 5F-N, 2-1 Kandaogawa-machi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0052, Japan |
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Abstract: | In an effort to clarify the cause of the deterioration of the colorfully painted murals that adorn the inner walls of the small stone chambers in the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli in Japan, we enumerated the fungi that were isolated from moldy spots on the plaster walls collected between May 2004 and April 2005. The 262 fungal isolates from 79 samples of both tumuli were identified as approximately 100 species based on their phenotypic characters. Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Penicillium species were the predominant colonizers in the stone chamber interior and adjacent areas of both tumuli. In addition to the 28S phylogeny, neighbor-joining and Bayesian phylogenies of partial EF-1-alpha gene sequences revealed 24 genetically diverse fusaria in the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli. Most of the fusaria were nested in clade 3 of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC); however, a few isolates were members of the F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC) clade or the F. avenaceum/F. tricinctum species complex clade. The FSSC isolates were compared with those detected in the Lascaux cave in France. In addition, a partial EF-1α gene phylogeny indicated that 13 Trichoderma isolates clustered in the Harzianum-Virens clade and 5 isolates in the Viride clade or Trichoderma sect. Longibrachiatum. Our analyses suggest that most of the fungi recovered from both tumuli are typically soil dwellers. First two authors contributed equally to this work |
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Keywords: | Archaeology and biodeterioration Hypocreales Molecular phylogenetic analysis Mycobiota Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli |
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