Using quantitative PCR to identify opportunities to strengthen soil-transmitted helminth control in Solomon Islands: A cross-sectional epidemiological survey |
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| Authors: | Brandon Le Naomi Clarke Sze Fui Hii Aisling Byrne Patsy A Zendejas-Heredia Susanna Lake Oliver Sokana Alam Khattak Lucia Romani Daniel Engelman Titus Nasi Dickson Boara John Kaldor Andrew Steer Rebecca Traub Susana Vaz Nery |
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| Institution: | 1. The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia;2. The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia;3. Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia;4. Ministry of Health & Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands;5. National Referral Hospital, Honiara, Solomon Islands;6. Gizo Hospital, Gizo, Solomon Islands; Washington University School of Medicine, UNITED STATES |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundThe Kato-Katz microscopy technique is the global standard for assessment of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) burden. However, major limitations include its poor sensitivity, requirement for rapid sample processing, and inability to differentiate hookworm species nor detect Strongyloides spp. infections. We assessed the prevalence and intensity of STH species in Solomon Islands by conducting a province-wide survey using quantitative PCR (qPCR) for diagnosis, which can provide much better characterisation of STH burden than microscopy.Methodology/Principal findingsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey in 18 villages in Western Province to detect infections with six STH species and quantify intensity with three. We used linear mixed model regression to identify potential water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and environmental risk factors for infection. We collected stool specimens from 830 village residents. Overall STH prevalence was 63.3% (range 27.5 to 91.5% across villages), led by Necator americanus (54.5% range 17.5–89.4%]), followed by Ancylostoma ceylanicum (15.5% range 2.8–45.8%]), Trichuris trichiura (9.1% range 0–79.2%]), and Strongyloides spp. (3.2% range 0–29.2%]). Most infections were of light intensity for N. americanus (85.7%) and T. trichiura (90.7%). Owning a household latrine was associated with a lower risk of N. americanus infection (AOR 0.41, 95% CI 0.24–0.68) while greater precipitation was linked to more common T. trichiura infection (AOR 1.14, 95% CI 1.04–1.25).Conclusion/SignificanceIn this first large-scale population survey of STH in the Pacific using qPCR, we found evidence that ivermectin should be incorporated into STH control programmes because of the presence of T. trichiura and Strongyloides spp., both of which are poorly responsive to albendazole. Furthermore, One Health strategies are needed for improved A. ceylanicum and Strongyloides spp. control, WASH access and use should be improved to complement deworming programmes, and control efforts should ideally be expanded to entire communities.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618001086257. |
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