Na+,K+-ATPase: structure, mechanism, and regulation

Structural organization of alpha- and beta-subunits of Na+,K+-ATPase in the membrane, the enzyme oligomeric structure, and mechanisms of ATP hydrolysis and cation transport are considered. The data on the structure of cation-binding sites and ion-conductive pathways of the pump are reviewed. The properties of isoforms of both subunits are described. Special attention was paid to the ATP modifying effect on Na+,K+-ATPase. To explain the rather complex dependence of the Na+,K+-ATPase activity on ATP concentration, a hypothesis is proposed, which is based on the assumption that the membrane contains the enzyme protomer exhibiting high affinity to ATP and an oligomer having low affinity to the nucleotide and characterized by positive cooperative interactions between subunits. Data on the Na+,K+-ATPase phosphorylation by protein kinases A and C are reviewed.