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Life span and reproductive cost explain interspecific variation in the optimal onset of reproduction
Authors:Emeline Mourocq  Pierre Bize  Sandra Bouwhuis  Russell Bradley  Anne Charmantier  Carlos de la Cruz  Szymon M Drobniak  Richard H M Espie  Márton Herényi  Hermann Hötker  Oliver Krüger  John Marzluff  Anders P Møller  Shinichi Nakagawa  Richard A Phillips  Andrew N Radford  Alexandre Roulin  János Török  Juliana Valencia  Martijn van de Pol  Ian G Warkentin  Isabel S Winney  Andrew G Wood  Michael Griesser
Institution:1. Anthropological Institute & Museum, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland;2. Institute of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom;3. Institute of Avian Research “Vogelwarte Helgoland,”, Wilhelmshaven, Germany;4. Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;5. Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, California;6. Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Montpellier, France;7. Biology & Ethology Research Group, University of Extremadura, Spain;8. Technical Resource Branch, Saskatchewan Environment, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada;9. Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Behavioral Ecology Group, E?tv?s Loránd University, Hungary;10. Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Szent István University, Hungary;11. Michael‐Otto‐Institute within NABU, Germany;12. Department of Animal Behavior, Bielefeld University, Germany;13. College of the Environment, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;14. Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique & Evolution, Université Paris‐Sud, F‐91405 Orsay, France;15. Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;16. Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia;17. British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom;18. School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom;19. Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, Switzerland;20. Department of Zoology, Cátedra Recursos Cinegéticos, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Spain;21. Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia;22. Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW), The Netherlands;23. Environmental Science Program, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada;24. Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Abstract:Fitness can be profoundly influenced by the age at first reproduction (AFR), but to date the AFR–fitness relationship only has been investigated intraspecifically. Here, we investigated the relationship between AFR and average lifetime reproductive success (LRS) across 34 bird species. We assessed differences in the deviation of the Optimal AFR (i.e., the species‐specific AFR associated with the highest LRS) from the age at sexual maturity, considering potential effects of life history as well as social and ecological factors. Most individuals adopted the species‐specific Optimal AFR and both the mean and Optimal AFR of species correlated positively with life span. Interspecific deviations of the Optimal AFR were associated with indices reflecting a change in LRS or survival as a function of AFR: a delayed AFR was beneficial in species where early AFR was associated with a decrease in subsequent survival or reproductive output. Overall, our results suggest that a delayed onset of reproduction beyond maturity is an optimal strategy explained by a long life span and costs of early reproduction. By providing the first empirical confirmations of key predictions of life‐history theory across species, this study contributes to a better understanding of life‐history evolution.
Keywords:Age at first reproduction  comparative method  cost of reproduction  family formation theory  life‐history theory   
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